SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund:Inom vården utsätts spädbarn för flertalet medicintekniska moment som kan ge upphov till procedursmärta. För att säkerställa att spädbarnen inte upplever procedursmärta krävs omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan minska denna typ av smärta. Omvårdnadsåtgärder som förebygger och minskar procedursmärta hos spädbarn kan vara farmakologiska och icke-farmakologiska. Procedursmärta hos spädbarn ger upphov till ett sjukdomslidande, vilket bör undvikas.  Syfte:Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att kartlägga om förebyggande farmakologiska samt icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder kan minska procedursmärta hos spädbarn under medicintekniska moment. Metod:För att besvara syftet gjordes en litteraturstudie med 11 kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat:De farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder som minskar procedursmärta hos spädbarn är sackaros och glukos medan paracetamol är en metod som inte har denna effekt. De icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärderna som minskar procedursmärta är bland annat amning, bekanta ljud och att linda spädbarnet. Att linda spädbarnet var även effektivt i kombination med sackaros och icke näringsrikt sugande medan icke näringsrikt sugande verkar smärtförebyggande i kombination med bröstmjölk och stödjande sammanhållning. Hud mot hud vård minskar procedursmärta både ensamt och i kombination med amning. Ingen evidens finns för att klassisk musik minskar procedursmärta hos spädbarn.  Slutsats:Det finns evidens för att farmakologiska och icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder minskar procedursmärta hos spädbarn under medicintekniska moment. Trygghet, beröring och närhet är viktiga faktorer för förebyggande av smärta hos spädbarn och kan uppnås genom användandet av olika icke-farmakologiska metoder. Trots att användandet av smärtförebyggande omvårdnadsåtgärder minskar procedursmärta kan frånvaro av smärta och sjukdomslidande inte säkerställas. / ABSTRACT Background:Infants are exposed to several medical technical procedures that can cause procedural pain. To ensure that infants do not experience procedural pain, it is required to find nursing methods that can reduce this type of pain. Nursing methods that prevent and reduce procedural pain in infants can be pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Procedural pain in infants leads to infants suffering from disease, which should be avoided. Aim:The aim of this literature study is to chart if preventive pharmacological and non-pharmacological nursing methods can reduce procedural pain in infants during medical technical procedures. Method:To answer the aim of the study, a literature study with 11 quantitative articles were conducted.  Result:The pharmacological methods that reduce procedural pain in infants are sucrose and glucose while paracetamol is a method that is not effective. The non-pharmacological methods that reduce procedural pain are for example breastfeeding, familiar auditory stimulus and swaddling. Swaddling was also effective in combination with sucrose and non-nutritive sucking while non-nutritive sucking had an preventing effect in combination with oral breastmilk and facilitated tucking. Skin-to-skin contact reduces procedural pain both alone and in combination with breastfeeding. There is no evidence that classical music reduces procedural pain in infants. Conclusion:There is evidence that pharmacological and non-pharmacological nursing methods reduce procedural pain in infants during medical technical procedures. Comfortability, physical contact and closeness are important factors in the prevention of pain in infants and can be achieved by use of various non-pharmacological methods. Although the use of pain prevention nursing methods reduces procedural pain, the absence of pain and suffering from disease can not be ensured.

A legitimidade na instituição das normas jurídicas e a racionalidade de sua aplicação são elementos fundamentais para a análise de um sistema jurídico inserido em um Estado Democrático de Direito. Esses critérios possibilitam a observação das normas pelos indivíduos mesmo ausente a coercibilidade imediata. A sua verificação no âmbito do Direito Tributário, portanto, revela especial importância em razão da sua característica principal de transferir dinheiro dos particulares para o Estado. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a possibilidade de ampliação da legitimidade e racionalidade das normas tributárias por meio da teoria procedimental da democracia. Para isso, analisa a teoria comunicativa frente o Estado Democrático de Direito, principalmente no que se refere à formação da vontade e à necessidade de autocertificação da modernidade, bem como descreve o processo de instituição e aplicação das normas tributárias no direito brasileiro, explicitando as formas pelas quais o Poder Executivo pode inseri-las no ordenamento jurídico. A partir da confrontação dos marcos teóricos estabelecidos e uma decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal, analisa a racionalidade das decisões judiciais por meio da retomada do procedimento legitimador de instituição das normas jurídicas. O estudo tem como método a revisão da bibliografia relacionada ao tema, bem como a utilização do estudo de caso em capítulo específico para exemplificação do objetivo pretendido. A descrição da teoria habermasiana mostra a sua eficácia no controle dos critérios de legitimação na instituição e aplicação das normas jurídicas, por meio do controle argumentativo, fundado na teoria do discurso. / The legitimacy of the institution of legal rules and the rationality of its implementation are fundamental to the analysis of a legal system inserted in a democratic rule of law. These criteria allow the observation of the rules by the citizens even without an immediate coercivity. This check about the tax law, therefore, reveals special importance because of its main feature to transfer money from the private to the State. The aim of this study is to verify the possibility of expanding the legitimacy and rationality of tax rules through procedural theory of democracy. For this, it analyzes the communicative theory in the democratic rule of law, especially as regards the training of the will and the need for self-certification of modernity, as well as describes the establishment and application process of tax rules in Brazilian law, explicit forms by which the executive branch can enter them in the legal system. From the comparison of the established theoretical frameworks and a decision of the Supreme Court, analyzes the rationality of judicial decisions through the recovery of legitimating procedure institution of legal rules. The study uses the method of the literature review related to the theme, and the use of case study in a specific chapter for exemplification of the intended goal. The description of Habermas\' theory shows its effectiveness in controlling the legitimacy of criteria in the institution and application of legal rules, through reasoning control, based on the theory of discourse.

O objeto central desta pesquisa são as Poéticas Procedurais, manifestações artísticas baseadas fundamentalmente na programabilidade e autonomia das mídias digitais, e que portanto só podem ser realizadas através deste meio (independentemente do suporte de exibição da obra final). Nesta situação, o computador é empregado pelo artista como uma espécie de máquina criadora, contendo em si o projeto da obra na forma de um programa (ou algoritmo). Investigamos como estas práticas criativas específicas, pelo seu caráter de autorreflexão, podem servir como um olhar sobre o pensamento artístico. Também examinamos o papel fundamental destas estratégias procedurais de criação na consolidação do meio digital como forma expressiva independente. / The object of this research are the Procedural Poetics, artistic manifestations based fundamentally on the programmability and autonomy of digital media, and therefore that can only be achieved through this medium (regardless of the support of the final work). In this situation, the computer is used by the artist as a kind of creator machine, containing within itself the project of the work in the form of a program (or algorithm). We investigate how these specific creative practices, due to their aspect of self-reflection, can serve as a glimpse into the artistic thinking. We also examine the fundamental role of these procedural strategies of creation in the consolidation of the digital medium as an independent expressive form.

The relationship between the police and African Americans has been fraught for some time. In the 2010s, amid the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement, the relationship between African Americans and the police was marked by serious tensions including racism, White privilege, and perceptions of police brutality. The purpose of this case study was to explore the current relationship between the police and the Black Lives Matter social movement and assess movement activists' perceptions of police actions. The theoretical framework for this qualitative case study was based on procedural justice and the reason of actions component of Derrick Bell's critical race theory. Data for this study included more than 1,000 social media postings from Facebook and Twitter; 205 public documents, which included police interactions, incident reports, and interviews; and 25 observations from public gatherings between 2013-2016. Data were coded into a priori themes and then content analyzed. Findings indicated that the Black Lives Matter movement generally increases the tensions in the relationship between the police and African Americans, creating emotional strain due to activists' messages of racism, White privilege, and violence. Recommendations included expanding open communication with the police, providing more training for the police, and encouraging police officers to control their actions when having interactions with African Americans, all of which may result in positive social change. The study findings provided a blueprint for community policing in minority communities.

This study explored the perceptions and lived experiences of 10 transgender and gender nonconforming individuals who had interacted with the various sectors of the criminal justice system (i.e., law enforcement, the prison system, and the court system). The focus of this phenomenological qualitative study was providing insight into how sexual orientation and gender identity influenced transgender and gender nonconforming individuals' experiences and perceptions of the criminal justice system. Procedural justice theory guided this study by providing an understanding of how the behavior of the actors in the criminal justice system shaped the cooperation or resistance of transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. During semistructured telephonic interviews, participants were asked open-ended questions about their feelings, experiences, and perceptions regarding the various sectors of the criminal justice system (i.e., law enforcement, the prison system, and the court system). Using Moustakas's modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen approach, 3 themes were identified: (a) interactions with the criminal justice system, (b) thoughts about the criminal justice system, and (c) experiences with the criminal justice system. Findings indicated that the criminal justice system is not adequately prepared to accommodate or appropriately deal with transgender and gender nonconforming individuals and their unique needs. Implications for social change include the development of transgender-affirmative training programs and education for the criminal justice system and its personnel.

Social media (SM) permits the sharing of personal information online, which can lead to employers accessing personal, non-job-related information about applicants throughout the selection process. Limited prior research (Jeske & Shultz, in press; Stoughton et al., 2015) has found that, to varying degrees, applicants find this access of their personal information to be an invasion of their personal privacy. The aim of the present study was to replicate prior findings regarding invasion of privacy moderating the relationship between SM screening presence and procedural justice perceptions and to expand on prior research by exploring whether the stage at which this information was collected (pre- and post- conditional job offer) would mediate the relationship between SM screening and perceived invasion of privacy. A survey was administered electronically and participants (N = 210) were randomly assigned to one of four SM screening conditions: (a) SM screening absent, job offer absent, (b) SM screening absent, job offer present, (c) SM screening present, job offer absent, and (d) SM screening present, job offer present. One component of the hypothesized model was supported, that those in the SM screening groups reported higher levels of perceived invasion of privacy as compared to the no SM screening groups. No interaction effects were found between SM screening and stage in the selection process on either perceived invasion of privacy or procedural justice perceptions, indicating limited to no support for the proposed model. Thus, alternative, more robust contextual models for the examination of SM screening in the selection process were proposed for future research.

Fish such as the Leopard Shark (Triakis semifasciata) can be tagged on their fin, released back into the wild, and their location tracked though technologies such as autonomous robots. Timestamped location data about their target is stored. We present a way to procedurally generate an animated simulation of T. semifasciata using only these timestamped location points. This simulation utilizes several components. Input timestamps dictate a monotonic time-space curve mapping the simulation clock to the space curve. The space curve connects all the location points as a spline without any sharp folds that are too implausible for shark traversal. We create a model leopard shark that has convincing kinematics that respond to the space curve. This is achieved through acquiring a skinned model and applying T. semifasciata motion kinematics that respond to velocity and turn commands. These kinematics affect the spine and all fins that control locomotion and direction. Kinematic- based procedural keyframes added onto a queue interpolate while the shark model traverses the path. This simulation tool generates animation sequences that can be viewed in real-time. A user study of 27 individuals was deployed to measure the perceived realism of the sequences as judged by the user by contrasting 5 different film sequences. Results of the study show that on average, viewers perceive our simulation as more realistic than not.

La population mondiale augmente rapidement, et avec elle, le nombre de citadins, ce qui rend d'autant plus importantes la planification et la gestion des villes.La gestion "intelligente" de ces villes et les nombreuses applications (gestion, tourisme virtuel, simulation de trafic, etc.) nécessitent plus de données réunies dans des modèles virtuels de villes.En milieu urbain, les rues et routes sont essentielles par leur rôle d'interface entre les espaces publics et privés, et entre ces différents usages.Il est difficile de modéliser les rues (ou de les reconstruire virtuellement) car celles-ci sont très diverses (de par leur forme, fonction, morphologie), et contiennent des objets très divers (mobilier, marquages, panneaux).Ce travail de thèse propose une méthode (semi-) automatique pour reconstruire des rues en utilisant le paradigme de la modélisation procédurale inverse dont le principe est de générer un modèle procéduralement, puis de l'adapter à des observations de la réalité.Notre méthode génère un premier modèle approximatif - à partir de très peu d'informations (un réseau d'axes routiers + attributs associés) - assez largement disponible.Ce modèle est ensuite adapté à des observations de façon interactive (interaction en base compatible avec les logiciels SIG communs) et (semi-) automatique (optimisation).L'adaptation (semi-) automatique déforme le modèle de route de façon à ce qu'il corresponde à des observations (bords de trottoir, objets urbains) extraites d'images et de nuages de points.La génération (StreetGen) et l'édition interactive se font dans un serveur de base de données ; de même que la gestion des milliards de points Lidar (Point Cloud Server).La génération de toutes les rues de la ville de Paris prends quelques minutes, l'édition multi-utilisateurs est interactive (<0.3 s). Les premiers résultats de l'adaptation (semi-) automatique (qq minute) sont prometteurs (la distance moyenne à la vérité terrain passe de 2.0 m à 0.5 m).Cette méthode, combinée avec d'autres telles que la reconstruction de bâtiment, de végétation, etc., pourrait permettre rapidement et semi automatiquement la création de modèles précis et à jour de ville / World urban population is growing fast, and so are cities, inducing an urgent need for city planning and management.Increasing amounts of data are required as cities are becoming larger, "Smarter", and as more related applications necessitate those data (planning, virtual tourism, traffic simulation, etc.).Data related to cities then become larger and are integrated into more complex city model.Roads and streets are an essential part of the city, being the interface between public and private space, and between urban usages.Modelling streets (or street reconstruction) is difficult because streets can be very different from each other (in layout, functions, morphology) and contain widely varying urban features (furniture, markings, traffic signs), at different scales.In this thesis, we propose an automatic and semi-automatic framework to model and reconstruct streets using the inverse procedural modelling paradigm.The main guiding principle is to generate a procedural generic model and then to adapt it to reality using observations.In our framework, a "best guess" road model is first generated from very little information (road axis network and associated attributes), that is available in most of national databases.This road model is then fitted to observations by combining in-base interactive user edition (using common GIS software as graphical interface) with semi-automated optimisation.The optimisation approach adapts the road model so it fits observations of urban features extracted from diverse sensing data.Both street generation (StreetGen) and interactions happen in a database server, as well as the management of large amount of street Lidar data (sensing data) as the observations using a Point Cloud Server.We test our methods on the entire Paris city, whose streets are generated in a few minutes, can be edited interactively (<0.3 s) by several concurrent users.Automatic fitting (few m) shows promising results (average distance to ground truth reduced from 2.0 m to 0.5m).In the future, this method could be mixed with others dedicated to reconstruction of buildings, vegetation, etc., so an affordable, precise, and up to date City model can be obtained quickly and semi-automatically.This will also allow to such models to be used in other application areas.Indeed, the possibility to have common, more generic, city models is an important challenge given the cost an complexity of their construction

The overall aim of the current research was to investigate the corticostriatal system in developmental language impairment (DLI) at the behavioral and neuroanatomical levels. Two groups of young adults, one with DLI (N = 25) and the other without (N = 23), participated in the behavioral study. A sample of procedural learning and reinforcement learning (RL) tasks was selected. Each task represents a unique aspect of procedural memory, and learning processes during these tasks have been linked, at least partially, to the functionality of the corticostriatal system. Findings showed that individuals with DLI demonstrated relatively poor performance on different aspects of procedural learning and on RL. Correlation results provide further evidence for a close relationship between individual differences in implicit learning and individual differences in language. These results implicate an abnormal corticostriatal system in DLI. In the structural imaging study, two subgroups of participants from the first study, one with DLI (n = 10) and the other without (n = 10), were matched on age, gender, and handedness. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used to investigate the subcortical components of the corticostriatal system in individuals with DLI. Results showed pathological enlargement in the bilateral putamen, the right globus pallidus, and the bilateral nucleus accumbens of individuals with DLI. In addition, the DLI group revealed decreased FA in the globus pallidus and in the thalamus, indicating abnormal white matter integrity in the two subcortical regions. These imaging results underpin the behavioral results, showing corticostriatal abnormalities in DLI at both macrostructural and microstructural levels. In addition to subcortical regions, the four cerebral lobes were also included for an exploratory analysis. Findings showed that individuals with DLI had global diffusion abnormalities in cerebral white matters in the absence of volumetric alterations, and these abnormalities were closely associated with impaired language performance. The results support a role of white matter integrity in language function. In conclusion, individuals with DLI have an abnormal corticostriatal system, which may lead to compromise of a wide variety of cognitive learning, including procedural learning, RL, and certain aspects of language learning.

This research study examined motor control and procedural learning abilities in the oral and manual motor systems of adults who stutter, using people with Parkinson's disease, and age-matched controls as comparison groups. Participants in this study were asked to track a moving target on a computer screen with their jaw and with their dominant hand. Specifically, we compared their tracking accuracy for predictable and unpredictable signals. Procedural learning (defined as increased accuracy over time) was assessed by examining changes in tracking accuracy within a single tracking trial and between consecutive tracking trials of the same predictable condition. There were two main findings in this study related to tracking accuracy and procedural learning in people who stutter (PWS) and age-matched controls (CPWS). First, our analyses revealed that there was no significant difference between PWS and CPWS in the accuracy of tracking of either predictable or unpredictable conditions for either the hand or the jaw, although a trend was observed in which PWS performed more poorly in both for decreased accuracy. Second, both PWS and CPWS showed evidence of procedural learning to the same extent. There were two main findings in this study related to tracking accuracy and procedural learning in people who have Parkinson's disease (PPD) and age-matched controls (CPPD). First, tracking accuracy analyses revealed that PPD performed significantly more poorly than CPPD during jaw tracking of predictable conditions, but they were not significantly different from CPPD in jaw tracking of unpredictable conditions. During hand tracking PPD differed significantly from CPPD in tracking of both predictable and unpredictable conditions for their less accurate performance. Second, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the extent of procedural learning during jaw tracking. However, during hand tracking the PPD group improved less with time than the CPPD, suggesting that the PPD group had reduced procedural learning ability in the manual motor domain. Lastly, age was found to be an important factor determining tracking accuracy in our participants. Younger participants (PWS and CPWS) in the age range of 18-40 years had significantly better accuracy of jaw and hand tracking than the older individuals (PPD and CPPD) in the age range of 57-79 years.