This dissertation represents the research and development of new concepts and techniques for modeling the knowledge about the many concepts we as hydrologists must understand such that we can execute models that operate in terms of conceptual abstractions and have those abstractions translate to the data, tools, and models we use every day. This hydrologic knowledge includes conceptual (i.e. semantic) knowledge, such as the hydrologic cycle concepts and relationships, as well as functional (i.e. procedural) knowledge, such as how to compute the area of a watershed polygon, average basin slope or topographic wetness index. This dissertation is presented as three papers and a reference manual for the software created. Because hydrologic knowledge includes both semantic aspects as well as procedural aspects, we have developed, in the first paper, a new form of reasoning engine and knowledge base that extends the general-purpose analysis and problem-solving capability of reasoning engines by incorporating procedural knowledge, represented as computer source code, into the knowledge base. The reasoning engine is able to compile the code and then, if need be, execute the procedural code as part of a query. The potential advantage to this approach is that it simplifies the description of procedural knowledge in a form that can be readily utilized by the reasoning engine to answer a query. Further, since the form of representation of the procedural knowledge is source code, the procedural knowledge has the full capabilities of the underlying language. We use the term "functional ontology" to refer to the new semantic and procedural knowledge models. The first paper applies the new knowledge model to describing and analyzing polygons. The second and third papers address the application of the new functional ontology reasoning engine and knowledge model to hydrologic applications. The second paper models concepts and procedures, including running external software, related to watershed delineation. The third paper models a project scenario that includes integrating several models. A key advance demonstrated in this paper is the use of functional ontologies to apply metamodeling concepts in a manner that both abstracts and fully utilizes computational models and data sets as part of the project modeling process.

Ce travail, adossé au paradigme de la prise de décision en situation (Klein, Orasanu, Calderwood, & Zsambok, 1993) porte sur le processus de prise de décisions d‘entraîneurs de handball au cours du match. La situation de match, caractérisée par ses aspects dynamiques, coopératifs et compétitifs, donne une conception chaotique de ce processus (Bowes & Jones, 2006). C‘est pourquoi, son étude nécessite de mobiliser plusieurs approches et modèles théoriques (e.g., cognition collective, théorie du focus régulateur [Higgins, 1997], théorie du contrôle [Carver & Scheier, 1982], modèles de persuasion [Chaiken, 1980 ; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986], communication dialogique [Goffman, 1961], modèle de l‘activité coopérative [Hoc, 2001]). Les données, issues de situations réelles de matchs (protocoles verbaux, choix de système défensif) ou d‘entretiens (e.g., auto-confrontations avec technique de rappel stimulé) font l‘objet d‘analyses quantitatives ou qualitatives. Les résultats révèlent les connaissances procédurales des entraîneurs concernant : la gestion de l‘équipe, les informations permettant aux joueurs d‘acquérir ou de mettre à jour des structures de connaissances adaptées à la situation, et les tentatives d‘influence des arbitres. Ces connaissances procédurales sont fonction des conditions du match (notamment le rapport d‘opposition entre les deux équipes) et influencées par des connaissances sur le jeu et les caractéristiques des joueurs. Différents modes de contrôle cognitif et styles de coaching sont aussi mis en évidence. Ainsi, le processus de prise de décisions d‘entraîneurs experts possède des régularités et suit des règles génériques, des heuristiques ou patterns. / This work, based on naturalistic decision-making paradigm (Klein, Orasanu, Calderwood, & Zsambok, 1993) is focused on team sport (handball) coaches decision-making during match. The coaching activity is dynamic and chaotic (Bowes & Jones, 2006) and generated by on-going events, especially during match. Therefore, coaches decision-making studies require to use many theoretical approaches and models (e.g., team cognition, regulatory focus theory [Higgins, 1997], control theory [Carver & Scheier, 1982], persuasive models [Chaiken, 1980 ; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986], dialogic communication [Goffman, 1961], cooperative activity model [Hoc, 2001]). Data have been collected from official games (verbal protocols, defense system choices) or interviews (self-confrontation with stimulated technique recall) and analysed with quantitative and qualitative approach. Results highlight procedural knowledge concerning team management, information allowing players to acquire or update knowledge structures, and influence referee. This procedural knowledge varied depending on the game conditions and is influenced by the coach‘s deep knowledge of the game and player profiles. Results highlight also different cognitive control modes, and different coaching styles. There exist contextual factors effects on procedural knowledge and cognitive control modes. Among these factors, ratio of strength between the two teams appears especially salient. Therefore, our empirical studies show that expert coaches‘ decision-making process have some regularity and follow generic rules, heuristics or patterns

Orientador: Flavia Foz Mange / Resumo: A presente pesquisa apresenta um estudo sobre a mediação pré-processual nos casos de compra e venda de imóvel no Centro Judiciário de Solução de Conflitos (CEJUSC) de São José do Rio Preto – SP à luz dos princípios estabelecidos na Lei de Mediação e no Código de Processo Civil de 2015. Objetivou-se, a partir de um estudo de caso, de caráter qualitativo, verificar como e quando é aplicada referida mediação e se são utilizados os princípios que a norteiam, a saber: princípio da isonomia, princípio da decisão informada e os princípios da celeridade e economia processual. Examinou-se, além disto, como referido CEJUSC estrutura a mediação pré-processual nos mutirões em relação aos contratos inadimplentes de compra e venda de imóveis, e os motivos que levaram os compradores a este descumprimento. Justifica-se a pesquisa pelo tema da mediação pré-processual no âmbito judicial ter recente visibilidade na área jurídica, sendo mais discutido após o advento dos já mencionados dispositivos legais, quais sejam, a Lei de Mediação e o Código de Processo Civil de 2015. Quanto ao método, trata-se de uma abordagem multimetodológica, pautada na pesquisa bibliográfica, no levantamento de dados por meio de entrevista e na análise de conteúdo. Obteve-se como resultado, nos casos analisados, o distanciamento da aplicação dos princípios da isonomia e da decisão informada, além de uma exacerbada prática do princípio da celeridade e o uso do princípio da economia processual apenas para uma das partes.... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present research presents a study on the pre-procedural mediation in the cases of purchase and sale of property in the Judicial Center for Conflict Resolution (CEJUSC) of São José do Rio Preto - SP in light of the principles established in the Mediation Law and in the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to verify how and when the aforementioned mediation is applied and whether the principles that guide it are used, namely: principle of isonomy, principle of decision informed and the principles of celerity and procedural economy. It was also examined how CEJUSC referred to the structure of pre-procedural mediation in the groups in relation to the delinquent contracts of purchase and sale of real estate, and the reasons that led the buyers to this non-compliance. It is justified the research by the subject of pre-procedural mediation in the judicial scope to have recent visibility in the legal area, being more discussed after the advent of the already mentioned legal devices, that is, the Mediation Law and the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015. As for the method, it is a multi-methodological approach, based on bibliographic research, data collection through interview and content analysis. As a result, in the cases analyzed the distancing of the application of the principles of isonomy and informed decision, as well as an exacerbated practice of the principle of celerity and the use of the principle of procedural economy only for one... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis investigates managers’ use of power and its relationship to employees’ organisational commitment and job satisfaction and any other potential factors influencing the relationship in Nationalised Commercial Banks (NCBs) in Bangladesh. Earlier research focused only on employees’ perceptions of managers’ use of power in NCBs, and findings indicated a positive relationship between managers’ use of power and employees’ perceptions. The present research differs from the previous studies by linking managers' use of power with employees' organisational outcomes. The objective was to gain insights into ways in which the management of NCBs might use their power to enhance the levels of employees’ commitment and job satisfaction. Data were collected from several sources. Likert-type questionnaires were distributed to 600 employees in three NCBs and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 36 branch managers and four experts on banking. Complete questionnaires (in total 321) were included for data analysis using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and stepwise regression analysis. Both the bank managers and experts on banking interview transcripts were coded according to the interview schedule questions. The findings indicated a relationship between managers’ use of power and procedural justice, and employees’ organisational commitment and job satisfaction in NCBs. In the quantitative findings no significant relationships were found between gender, age, and education level, and power, procedural justice, commitment, and job satisfaction. The qualitative findings, however, suggested that employees’ age and education level were related to criterion variables; but the findings indicated there was no relationship between gender and criterion variables. The results of this study provide insight into how the management of NCBs can enhance the level of their employees’ commitment and job satisfaction. To improve managers’ use of power and its relationships with employees’ commitment and job satisfaction in NCBs in Bangladesh, there have to be changes at the individual and organisational levels. At the individual level improving managers’ power bases would involve basic education and specific job-related training. Managers should also be encouraged to enhance their skills through continuous self-learning. At organisational level top management should provide appropriate reinforcements for managers in learning about and improving their power bases.

<p><strong><p>Sammanfattning.</p></strong></p><p>I uppsatsen berörs ämnet bevisbördans placering i taxeringsprocessen. Detta görs</p><p>genom användning av en rättsdogmatisk metod. Av frågestelningen utgörs syftet att</p><p>utreda vart bevisbördan är placerad på kostnadssidan när det gäller inkomstslaget</p><p>näringsverksamhet. Som framgår av uppsatsen är bevisbördan generellt placerad på</p><p>den skattskyldige när det gäller kostnadsavdrag. Att så är fallet framgår av den i</p><p>doktrinen förda diskussion att placeringen har blivit vedertagen. Vissa undantag</p><p>finns, ett är då lag stadgar att bevisbördan är placerad på annat vis. Andra fall är vid</p><p>eftertaxering och påförande av skattetillägg, i båda dessa fall anses det så</p><p>betungande för den enskilde att bära bevisbördan att den istället placerats på</p><p>myndigheten. En bevisbördepunkt placeras även ut på sannolikhetsskalan, denna</p><p>placering utgör det beviskrav som skall vara uppnått för att den bevisskyldige skall få</p><p>bifall för sitt yrkande. Beviskravet fastställs i de flesta fall av domstolarna då lagen</p><p>oftast inte ger utryck för vilket krav som ställs. Om bifall kan medges är beroende av</p><p>den bevisning som läggs fram inför rätten samt vilket värde bevisningen ges. En fri</p><p>bevisvärdering skall tillämpas där varje enskilt bevis skall bedömas utifrån sitt</p><p>specifika värde.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna deskriptiva kvalitativa intervjustudie var att beskriva barns upplevelser av lustgasbehandling. Urvalet består av sex barn i åldern sex till fjorton år som behandlats med lustgas vid procedursmärta, akut eller planerat, på barnsjukhusets akutmottagning eller allmänna specialistmottagning. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Alla barnen upplevde annorlunda kroppskänslor eller abstrakta känslor som inte nödvändigtvis var obehagliga under lustgasbehandlingen. Samtidigt som flera av barnen beskrev en typ av frånvaro var de flesta medvetna om omgivningen och till viss del händelseförloppet. Vidare framkom att hörsel- och synintryck kunde förvrängas där ljud ibland förstärktes och kunde störa och påverka fokuseringen. Olika grader av smärta beskrevs. I barnens egen sammanfattning uttryckte fyra av barnen positiva upplevelser. Fem av barnen var positiva till att få lustgasbehandling igen om så behövdes medan ett barn svarade "kanske" och önskade i så fall en mindre mängd lustgas nästa gång. Behandlingen kan ytterligare utvecklas genom kombination med andra smärtstillande läkemedel.</p> / <p>The aim of this descriptive, qualitative interview study was to describe children´s experiences of treatment with nitrous oxide. The sample consists of six children aged six to fourteen who were treated with nitrous oxide for procedural pain, acute or planned, in the emergency room or special surgery of the Children´s hospital. The interviews were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. All children experienced different feelings in the body or intangible feelings that were not necessarily unpleasant during the treatment with nitrous oxide. Although some of the children described some kind of absence, most of them were aware of the surroundings and to some part what happened during the treatment. Further it appeared that hearing and sight impressions could be distorted and sounds were sometimes amplified and could disturb and affect the focusing. Varying degrees of pain were described. In their own summary four of the children expressed positive experiences. Five of the children were positive to receive nitrous oxide in the future if needed, while one child answered "perhaps" and in that case wanted less amount of nitrous oxide next time. The treatment could be developed further by combining with other analgesics.</p>

<p>This thesis aims to answer the questions; what and were does peer mediation fit into the theoretical and practical frameworks of mediation? How does peer mediation fit into the retributive legal system as it stands today? What problems can arise with the use of peer mediation, its organizations and with the use of adolescent peer mediators, in a legal perspective? </p><p>When it comes to the question of where peer mediation has its theoretical framework the hypothesis in this thesis are that peer mediation, with respect to the practical framework, is a hybrid of the settlement driven mediation and the transformative mediation. The theoretical framework comes from the philosophy of restorative justice (RJ), primarily the victim-offender mediation in the sense that if peer mediation per se is not enough it has to bee a whole school approach for it to work. In RJ, the community is as important as the primarily parties, the offender and the offended. In school conflicts, the community is the whole school, and as such it has to bee the whole school that is involved in the conflict management program. </p><p>The method used in this thesis is the traditional method of jurisprudence combined with two case studies. The first case study is the "Peer mediations Project" that in fact was the starting point for the research. The aim with this case study is too show how peer mediation can work in Sweden, both on an organizational and a practical level. In doing so it also highlights which legal questions that is relevant for this thesis. The second case study is the "Spice conflict". This case study aims to make researcher go deeper in the legal issues as well as to illuminate a school conflict and how it can progress. </p><p>The fist chapter gives a background for peer mediation and the focus of this thesis, as well as the first contact with the two case studies. Chapter two gives a legal background for the thesis. Chapter three deals with conflict theory and chapter four with schools conflicts and the different programs there is to handle those conflicts. In chapter five the different mediations models are presented more in depth and discussed from at mediation perspective. Chapter six goes deeper into the second case study in an effort to resolve the legal issues that has arisen. In the last chapter there is a discussion which originates from the five Nordic principles of mediation, facilitative, peaceably, freely, confidently and restoratively, in conjunction whit mediation, conflict and legal theory.</p>

<p>Uppsatsen undersöker hur personalen på Eknäs ungdomshem upplever rättvisa på sin arbetsplats. I undersökningen deltog 31st anställda varav 15st män och 16st kvinnor. På arbetsplatsen finns en hög sjukfrånvaro och hög personalomsättning som kan leda till ökad upplevelse av orättvisa. Trots detta har de anställda ingen utbredd upplevelse av total eller allmän orättvisa, vissa saker upplevs mer rättvist medan andra saker upplevs mer orättvist. Personal upplever sig orättvist behandlade i situationer som härrör till ansträngning, de tycker inte de får de resurser de förtjänar eller kan påverka sin situation när de anstränger sig utöver det normala på arbetsplatsen. Däremot finns en utpräglad känsla av att alla får samma chans eller möjlighet från början att prestera eller att påverka. De anställda tycker inte att de får de resurser de förtjänar i möten och i beslutsfattandesituationer. Ingen av dem som deltog i undersökningen tyckte att om de skulle anstränga sig mer på arbetsplatsen så skulle det leda till mer beröm/belöning. Kvinnorna kände sig mer orättvist behandlade än män. Till exempel så tycker ingen kvinna som deltog i undersökningen att arbetsplatsen utnyttjar deras kunskaper på ett bra sätt. Inte heller tycker de att de kan påverka sin situation på arbetsplatsen genom att delta i möten.</p>

The increase in international trade creates a growing number of disputes between parties from different countries. International arbitration is the most preferred mechanism to solve disputes in international trade. If the failing party does not voluntarily comply with the award, the successful party must apply for recognition and enforcement of the award in order to obtain the remedies. Since China is one of the major business markets in the world, several of the companies committed to arbitral procedures are likely to have assets in China. This means that, if a party fails to honour an award, an enforcement procedure may begin within a Chinese court. The enforcement procedures in China are said to be insufficient and not to comply with international standards. International conventions and treaties provide for a high level of security in the recognition and enforcement procedure of the arbitral award. The most used and important instrument for recognition and enforcement is the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, to which China as well as Sweden are Contracting States. According to the Convention, an international arbitral award may only be refused under certain grounds laid down in the Convention. An analysis of the legal situation in China confirms that there are problems associated with the enforcement of arbitral awards. These problems are not, however, connected with the concept of international arbitral awards, but rather with the entire judicial system in China. Even though an enforcing party can do little to overcome these problems, certain measures can be taken in order to ease the enforcement procedure.

There have been good arguments made for the development of aggressive affirmative action policies with the end goal of quickly moving black South Africans into corporate and high ranks within management of organisations. One of the central arguments in favour of aggressive AA policies is the risk of racial polarization post-apartheid should a quick fix not be initiated. It makes good business and economic sense for AA policies to be implemented as black consumers coupled with black managers will have the eventual end point of lower unemployment and crime, through job creation and security of the representative majority.