Face aux atrocités qu'ont connu les 19ème et 20ème siècles en terme de crimes de masse, de nombreuses tentatives ont mené la communauté internationale à la création d'une cour criminelle internationale capable de juger les responsables des « grands crimes de guerre » au cours des conflits mondiaux. A travers la lettre et l'esprit du Statut de la cour pénale internationale, on note avec soulagement le regain d'intérêt de la justice pénale internationale pour la victime et pour sa reconstruction. Jusque là, cette dernière était principalement centrée sur le criminel, le but premier de cette dernière étant la lutte contre l'impunité. L'une des innovations majeures qu'a apportée le Statut de Rome réside dans la place centrale accordée aux victimes dans la procédure. A la différence de ses prédécesseurs, la CPI leur confère à la fois un statut pénal et civil ; elles disposent d'un droit de participation au procès pénal dès son commencement sous des conditions strictement encadrées par le juge ainsi qu'un droit à la réparation du préjudice qu'elles ont subi. Mais quelle est l'étendue réelle de l'implication des victimes dans ces procédures et quelles en sont les limites et conséquences pratiques au regard des objectifs fixés à l'origine ? Cette étude se propose de procéder à un examen approfondi du dispositif consacrant les droits des victimes de crimes internationaux et à une analyse de ses premières applications. / To the atrocities experienced by the 19th and 20th centuries in terms of mass crimes, many attempts have led the international community to create an international criminal court to prosecute those responsible for the "big war crimes" during global conflicts. Through the letter and spirit of the Statute of the International Criminal Court, we note with relief the renewed interest of the international criminal justice for the victim and for its reconstruction. Until then, it was mainly focused on the criminal, the first goal of the latter being the fight against impunity. One of the major innovations made by the Rome Statute is the central place for victims in the proceedings. Unlike its predecessors, the ICC gives them both a criminal and civil status ; they have a right to participate in criminal proceedings from its beginning under conditions strictly controlled by the judge and a right to compensation for damage suffered. But what is the real victim involvement in these processes, and what are its limitations and practical implications to the objectives originally set extension ? This study aims to conduct a thorough review of the device providing the rights of victims of international crimes and an analysis of its first applications.

An injured party in criminal proceedings and his/her protection The diploma thesis deals with the position of the injured party and his protection during the entire criminal proceedings and a description of the rights at his disposal in its individual phases. It draws information from legislation, literature, case law and electronic resources. The diploma thesis is divided into five chapters. The first includes the definition of the term injured party, both its positive and negative definitions. It also describes the differences between the terms 'injured party' and 'victim of a crime'. The second chapter focuses on the description of the rights that belong to all injured, as well as those that belong only to the injured, who have the status of a subject in adhesion proceedings under § 43, paragraph 3 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The most important of these rights are characterized in more detail. It is also describing the possibility of injured party to waiver his procedural rights and analyzing the problem of partial waiver. The last part of the chapter is devoted to minors as the injured parties and their special position in criminal proceedings. The third chapter describes in more detail the position of the injured party in the individual stages of criminal proceedings, from the preparatory...

Participants in misdemeanor proceedings and their rights in application practice Abstract Misdemeanor proceedings are an administrative procedure of public authorities (administrative bodies). Through which, part of the criminal policy of states is implemented. Its main task is to hold the perpetrator liable for their wrongdoing and to protect society from less serious acts - misdemeanors. In essence, it is similar to criminal proceedings, whose objective differs only in that it protects society from more serious acts. It follows from this definition, that the misdemeanor proceedings should not differ significantly from the procedural guarantees observed in criminal proceedings. Procedural guarantees of criminal proceedings are provided through the rights of accused persons. The subject of this paper is the analysis of procedural rights, especially of those accused of a misdemeanor, but also other participants in the proceedings on the misdemeanor. Emphasis is placed on the content of these rights and the possibility of exercising them towards administrative authorities. To this end, the thesis examines the decision-making practice of supreme courts (European Court of Human Rights, Constitutional Court, Supreme Administrative Court), as well as administrative bodies in the field of administrative criminal...

La réflexion autour des droits fondamentaux des personnes morales n’est guère si nouvelle comme pourrions nous être tentés d’y croire ; elle interpelle toutefois par son caractère antithétique. La personne humaine apparaissant comme l'unique destinataire de ces droits, elle avait capté toutes les attentions doctrinales. L'intimité du lien entre l'Homme et le concept des droits de l'homme, d’où découlent les droits fondamentaux, justifiait aisément l'exclusion des personnes morales. L'idée d'inclusion des groupes et des organisations qui semblait impensable va in fine être admise, voire se rendre indispensable à la démocratie, chère au système européen de défense des droits de l’homme et cadre de notre étude. La personne morale joue indiscutablement sa partition à la réalisation de la société démocratique à travers notamment la presse ou le jeu des partis politiques. Elle contribue énormément à l’économie des États par l’action des sociétés commerciales ou autres entreprises, et même à l’épanouissement des individus par le biais des associations dont les missions sont diverses et variées. On ne saurait valablement refuser à un tel sujet de droit la protection de la Convention. D’ailleurs c'est avec la force de l'évidence que ces personnes morales ont pu bénéficier de diverses dispositions de cette dernière. Le groupement à but politique ou syndical ne pourrait paisiblement accomplir sa mission sans la couverture de l’article 11 de la convention consacrant la liberté d’association et de manifestation pacifique. Aussi l’entreprise dépourvue de l’exercice et de la jouissance du droit au respect des biens, tel que défini à l’article premier du Protocole additionnel n° 1, ne pourrait-elle prospérer dans un domaine où intervient régulièrement la puissance publique. La sauvegarde de ces droits, avec bien d’autres, est conséquemment vitale pour les personnes morales. Le décryptage des droits et libertés qui leur sont garantis par le texte européen appelle à observer méthodiquement les différents mouvements de la jurisprudence européenne. Pour ce faire, notre réflexion préfère à une approche dogmatique, s’appuyant sur le particularisme des personnes morales pour dégager leurs droits et libertés garantis, une méthode plutôt pragmatique. Cette approche se fonde uniquement sur la protection effective que le juge européen consent à l’organisation non gouvernementale aux prises à l’arbitraire des pouvoirs publics. Il convient d’analyser chacun de ces droits et libertés garantis, et d’en dégager un relief d’avec la nature et l’activité de la personne morale. L’interprétation prétorienne du texte et des notions, telles que la personne ou le domicile, se présente délibérément extensive, dans le but assumé de permettre aux groupements de prendre part aux bénéfices de la Convention. L’accès à la juridiction européenne est par ailleurs largement ouvert aux groupements : tout pour faire en effet de la personne morale un sujet à part entière apte à exercer et à jouir de droits fondamentaux dans la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. / The reflection about the fundamental rights of entities is not so new as we might be tempted to believe. However, the reflection raises the question by its antithetical. Natural persons appear to be the only beneficiaries of such rights. They were the centre of all doctrinal attention. The intimacy of the relationship between man and the concept of human rights, from which flows the fundamental rights, easily justified the exclusion of entities. The idea of including groups and organizations, which seemed unthinkable will be accepted in fine, indeed will become indispensable to an effective democracy, dear to the European system of human rights and our study. Entities undoubtedly play a vital role in the achievement of a democratic society, particularly through the press or the actions of political parties. They contribute enormously to a country's economy by the actions of commercial enterprises or other businesses, and even to the development and fufillment of individuals through associations whose missions are many and vary. We can not reasonably refuse such a subject of law the protection of the Convention. Beside, it is with the strength of the evidence that these entities have benefited from various provisions of the Convention. Groups for political purposes or unions cannot accomplish peacefully their mission without the protection of Article 11 of the convention enshrining the freedom of association and peaceful protest. Also, entities deprived of exercising the right to peaceful enjoyment of property, as defined in Article I of Additional Protocol No. 1, cannot thrive in an area where the public authority intervains regularly. Safeguarding these rights, with others, is therefore vital for corporations. Decryption of rights and freedoms guaranteed to them by the european legislation calls to observe systematically the different movements of European jurisprudence. To do this, our thinking prefers a dogmatic approach, based on the particularity of legal entities to the end of assertaining their rights and freedoms, to a more pragmatic approach. This approach is based solely on the effective protection that the european Court agrees to non-governmental organizations facing arbitrary actions of public authorities. It is necessary to analyse each of these rights and freedoms guaranteed, and to establish a link with the nature and activities of the entity. The Praetorian interpretation of the text and concepts such as individual or domicile is deliberately done in a broad sense in order to allow the groups to participate in the benefits of the Convention. Access to the European court is also provided for all groups: indeed, to the end of making the entities a full-fledged subject of human rights in the European Convention on Human Rights.

1 Abstract An injured party in criminal proceedings and his/her protection This diploma thesis is focused on position of an injured party in criminal proceedings and his/her protection, which means rights, that are given to an injured. The thesis is divided into five chapters. It draws information from legal literature, legal articles, case law and other. The first chapter focuses on definition of an injured and his/her position in criminal proceedings. This chapter contains interpretation of sections dealing with definition of an injured person (§ 43 paragraphs 1 and 2, § 44 paragraph 1 and § 310a of the Criminal Procedure Code) and interpretation of related topics such as representation of an injured, payment of the costs of an injured, distinguishing between the terms injured party and victim and the position of an injured as an entity involved in criminal proceedings and the procedural party. Procedural rights of an injured are introduced in the second part of the thesis. They are divided into two groups according to whether they are given to all injured or only to those meeting requirements in section 43 paragraph 3 of the Criminal Procedure Code. There are short subchapters concerning two interesting issues - a prosecution with consent of an injured and a right to effective prosecution. Decision...

The injured party in criminal procedure and his/her protection The diploma thesis deals with the position of the injured party in criminal proceedings and protection of the injured. It is divided into six chapters, the first chapter introduces the topic and the last presents the conclusions. The thesis is based on legal regulations, professional literature, case law, as well as electronic sources. The second chapter focuses on defining the concept of the injured party. It also addresses the difference between the injured party and the victim of a crime. The third chapter of the diploma thesis describes the aspects that may be used to classify the rights of the injured party. In this part of the diploma thesis, besides the first subchapter focused on the issue of classification of rights, there are four other subchapters. The first one is concerned with the rights of the injured party not entitled to monetary compensation, other than proprietary loss or surrender of unjust enrichment; the other deals with the rights of the injured party entitled to such claims. These chapters provide examples of such rights and deal with certain claims. These claims are described in more detail and deficiencies of the legislation are mentioned. The fourth subchapter focuses on the rights of the injured party stated...

O presente trabalho tem por escopo o estudo dos deveres de lealdade e cooperação intersubjetiva no direito processual civil brasileiro. Para tanto, parte-se do estudo do Processo Civil Constitucional, investigando temas como neoconstitucionalismo, neoprocessualismo e a teoria do diálogo das fontes como critério de aplicação do direito. Com esta análise, serão verificadas as opiniões de muitos teóricos acerca do conceito e do papel desempenhado pelos princípios, sobrelevando a importância do estudo dos princípios constitucionais aplicáveis ao processo, além de buscar uma breve distinção entre princípios e cláusulas gerais. Também se faz uma ponderação sobre o estudo da ideologia no processo, analisando as críticas e as respostas àqueles que entendem o dever de cooperação como traço autoritário do processo civil, além de trazer as advertências quanto ao uso excessivo dos institutos, e analisar os mecanismos de controle de aplicação. O trabalho ainda versa sobre a evolução conceitual do princípio do contraditório, e a sua correlação com o dever de cooperação, assim como sugere como premissas de aplicação adequada a boa-fé objetiva e a teoria do abuso do direito. O texto também analisa a natureza jurídica da cooperação processual, se ônus ou dever, para em seguida investigar a aplicação em relação aos sujeitos processuais, notadamente, as partes, seus procuradores e o juiz. Na última parte do seu desenvolvimento, a pesquisa passa a verificar a correlação entre os deveres de cooperação, lealdade e boa-fé processual perante o abuso do direito de ação, o abuso do direito de defesa, o dever de veracidade, a litigância de má-fé, o procedimento e a possibilidade de flexibilização, em matéria probatória (verificando, inclusive, quanto à flexibilização das regras de ônus da prova), as questões cognoscíveis de ofício (em especial, o conhecimento oficioso da prescrição), nos recursos e na fase de cumprimento de sentença e no processo execução. Por derradeiro, buscam-se algumas outras aplicações exemplificativas em searas específicas do processo civil brasileiro. / The scope of the present work is to study the loyalty and intersubjective cooperation in the brazilian civil procedural law. Therefore, it starts from the Constitucional Civil Process conception, investigating matters as neoconstitutionalism, neoprocessualism and the theory of dialogue of sources as law application criterion. With this analysis, will be checked the views of many theorists about the concept and role of principles, stressing the importance of the study of constitutional principles applicable to the process, in addition to seeking a brief distinction between principles and general clauses. It also considers the study of the procedural ideology, by analyzing the criticsms and the response to those who understand the duty of cooperation as an authoritarian trace of civil procedural law, besides to warn about the \"overuse\" of institutions and to analyze control mechanisms application. The work also deals with the conceptual evolution of the adversarial principle, and its correlation with the duty of cooperation, as well as suggests objective good faith and the abuse of rights theories as premises of its correct application. The text also examines the legal nature of cooperation procedure, if it is a burden or a duty, to then investigate the application in relation to procedural subjects, notably the parties, their attorneys and the judge. In the last part of the research´s development, it shall verify the correlation between the duties of cooperation, loyalty, and procedural good faith in face to the abuse of the right to sue, abuse of the right of defense, the duty of truthfulness, litigation in bad faith, the proceedings and its flexibilization, proof matters (checking, also, the relaxation of the rules regarding the burden of proof), the issues that can be decided by the judge without requirement (especially, the prescription), appealing and phase of sentence enforcement and execution process. For the last, the survey seeks up some other exemplificative applications in specific areas of Brazilian civil procedural law.

It is the first Lithuania's steps towards legal state and that is why it is particulary important for the criminal procedure law and legal practise to clear out what kind of suspect right's procedural safeguards are settled in Criminal Procedural Code of Lithuania Republic and how efective and fulfilling the minimal standards,reflecting European countries traditions, they are.According to the above mentioned information, the objective of this work is to find out optimal suspects fundamental rights procedural safeguards.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo o estudo dos deveres de lealdade e cooperação intersubjetiva no direito processual civil brasileiro. Para tanto, parte-se do estudo do Processo Civil Constitucional, investigando temas como neoconstitucionalismo, neoprocessualismo e a teoria do diálogo das fontes como critério de aplicação do direito. Com esta análise, serão verificadas as opiniões de muitos teóricos acerca do conceito e do papel desempenhado pelos princípios, sobrelevando a importância do estudo dos princípios constitucionais aplicáveis ao processo, além de buscar uma breve distinção entre princípios e cláusulas gerais. Também se faz uma ponderação sobre o estudo da ideologia no processo, analisando as críticas e as respostas àqueles que entendem o dever de cooperação como traço autoritário do processo civil, além de trazer as advertências quanto ao uso excessivo dos institutos, e analisar os mecanismos de controle de aplicação. O trabalho ainda versa sobre a evolução conceitual do princípio do contraditório, e a sua correlação com o dever de cooperação, assim como sugere como premissas de aplicação adequada a boa-fé objetiva e a teoria do abuso do direito. O texto também analisa a natureza jurídica da cooperação processual, se ônus ou dever, para em seguida investigar a aplicação em relação aos sujeitos processuais, notadamente, as partes, seus procuradores e o juiz. Na última parte do seu desenvolvimento, a pesquisa passa a verificar a correlação entre os deveres de cooperação, lealdade e boa-fé processual perante o abuso do direito de ação, o abuso do direito de defesa, o dever de veracidade, a litigância de má-fé, o procedimento e a possibilidade de flexibilização, em matéria probatória (verificando, inclusive, quanto à flexibilização das regras de ônus da prova), as questões cognoscíveis de ofício (em especial, o conhecimento oficioso da prescrição), nos recursos e na fase de cumprimento de sentença e no processo execução. Por derradeiro, buscam-se algumas outras aplicações exemplificativas em searas específicas do processo civil brasileiro. / The scope of the present work is to study the loyalty and intersubjective cooperation in the brazilian civil procedural law. Therefore, it starts from the Constitucional Civil Process conception, investigating matters as neoconstitutionalism, neoprocessualism and the theory of dialogue of sources as law application criterion. With this analysis, will be checked the views of many theorists about the concept and role of principles, stressing the importance of the study of constitutional principles applicable to the process, in addition to seeking a brief distinction between principles and general clauses. It also considers the study of the procedural ideology, by analyzing the criticsms and the response to those who understand the duty of cooperation as an authoritarian trace of civil procedural law, besides to warn about the \"overuse\" of institutions and to analyze control mechanisms application. The work also deals with the conceptual evolution of the adversarial principle, and its correlation with the duty of cooperation, as well as suggests objective good faith and the abuse of rights theories as premises of its correct application. The text also examines the legal nature of cooperation procedure, if it is a burden or a duty, to then investigate the application in relation to procedural subjects, notably the parties, their attorneys and the judge. In the last part of the research´s development, it shall verify the correlation between the duties of cooperation, loyalty, and procedural good faith in face to the abuse of the right to sue, abuse of the right of defense, the duty of truthfulness, litigation in bad faith, the proceedings and its flexibilization, proof matters (checking, also, the relaxation of the rules regarding the burden of proof), the issues that can be decided by the judge without requirement (especially, the prescription), appealing and phase of sentence enforcement and execution process. For the last, the survey seeks up some other exemplificative applications in specific areas of Brazilian civil procedural law.

L’Etat d’accueil de l’investissement est, dans l’arbitrage CIRDI, un justiciable soumis, au même titre que l’investisseur étranger, à la rigueur du droit applicable à la procédure comme au fond. Le déséquilibre révélé par les développements récents de l’arbitrage transnational relatif à l’investissement et plus précisément de l’arbitrage CIRDI se confirme. Il justifie que l’on s’intéresse à la protection de l’Etat d’accueil. A cet égard, c’est au double plan procédural et substantiel qu’il convient d’examiner les droits dont bénéficie ce dernier. Compte tenu de ses propres obligations internationales, l’articulation de ces droits avec ceux des investisseurs apparaît à la fois nécessaire et difficile à raison notamment de l’imprécision des traités d’investissement. Il apparaît qu’en tant que justiciable public, l’Etat d’accueil de l’investissement est constamment défendeur à l’arbitrage CIRDI. Les investisseurs remettent en cause de plus en plus les mesures de politique générale relatives à l’environnement, à la culture ou encore à la santé adoptées dans un but d’intérêt général. Le traitement arbitral de la « liberté normative » de l’Etat est l’objet de toutes les préoccupations. / The host State of the investment is, in ICSID arbitration, a litigant subject, as well as the foreign investor, to the rigor of the law applicable to the procedure and in substance. The imbalance revealed by recent developments in transnational arbitration regarding investment and specifically ICSID arbitration is confirmed. It justifies that we are interested in protecting the host State. In this regard, it is the procedural and substantive dual plane that we should consider the rights enjoyed by the latter. Given its own international obligations, the articulation of these rights with investors appears to be both necessary and difficult in part because of the inaccuracy of investment treaties. It appears that as a litigant public, the host State of the investment is constantly defendant to ICSID arbitration. Investors challenge more and more policy measures related to the environment, culture or health adopted in the general interest. The arbitral process of the State right to regulate is the object of all concerns.