Global warming is believed to be caused by the extensive emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere by combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas.To reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and hence avoid global warming, alternative fuels derived from renewable resources are desired. Another reason for the worldwide interest in finding alternative fuels is that the reserves of the fossile fuels are limited and the oil and gas resources will eventually run out.Biogas and natural gas are interesting alternatives with no or at least reduced emission of fossil carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as compared to coal and oil. Both gases mainly consist of methane (60–95%) but may also contain a large fraction of carbon dioxide and water. Removal of carbon dioxide and water from biogas and natural gas is of great importance mainly to lower the transportation costs and to increase the heat value of the gas. The most commonly used separation technique is amine absorption. This is an expensive and complex process and alternative techniques are desired. Zeolites are an interesting alternative due to their great potential both as selective adsorbents and membranes. Due to the unique pore structure zeolites are capable of separating species in a mixture based on the molecule size and adsorption properties. Since water, carbon dioxide and methane all have a molecular size smaller than the pore size of the zeolite ZSM-5 studied in the present work, the molecules can enter and adsorb in the pores and hence the separation is based on adsorption rather than size.In the present work, the single component adsorption of water, carbon dioxide and methane in zeolite ZSM-5 was studied using in-situ Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and the method was successfully further used to study multicomponent adsorption in zeolites.For single gas adsorption experiments, recorded infrared spectra of adsorbed water, carbon dioxide and methane showed characteristic well separated bands for each gas. Adsorbed concentrations of water, carbon dioxide and methane were determined from the recorded infrared spectra. For single gas experiments, the Langmuir model was fitted to the adsorption isotherms and the model matched the experimental data very well. The fitted Langmuir parameters obtained in the present work showed good agreement with values reported in the literature.For multicomponent adsorption experiments, the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST) was used to predict the adsorbed concentrations of water, carbon dioxide and methane using the single component adsorption isotherm parameters as input. The IAST accurately predicted the adsorbed concentrations of both carbon dioxide and methane when adsorbed from binary mixtures. Internary mixtures, also including water, the IAST accurately predicted the adsorbed concentration of methane, however it severely underestimated the adsorbed concentration of carbon dioxide.The latter is probably an effect of a non-ideal behavior of carbon dioxide in the presence of water.The CO2/CH4 adsorption selectivity was determined for various gas compositions and temperatures showing a general increase in the selectivity with decreasing temperature, which is related to the higher heat of adsorption of carbon dioxide. This indicates that the separation of carbon dioxide from biogas and natural gas should be more efficient at lower temperatures. Compared to the literature, the selectivity observed in the present work is relatively high indicating that low silica Na-ZSN-5 may be an effective membrane material.

The common European Energy and Climate policy states that in 2020 the share of biofuels for inland transports should be 10 %. Such a stipulation calls for a commercially sustainable biofuel production. A promising route for Sweden is biofuel production via gasification of black liquor, which could replace about 25 % of the current Swedish consumption of transportation fuel. The main components in the gas produced by black liquor gasification are H2, CO, CO2, N2, CH4 and H2S, which has been reported in previous work. In the present work, trace components in synthesis gas produced via black liquor gasification have been characterized, since trace components could influence the subsequent fuel synthesis. Of the trace components, the most abundant ones were benzene at an average concentration of about 60 ppm, followed by COS, with an average concentration of about 50 ppm. In addition, low amounts (i.e. a few ppm), of C2-hydrocarbons were observed in the gas. No tars were observed in the gas, but tars were observed in some deposits at pipe walls. The concentration of particles in the synthesis gas was very low; < 0.1 mg/Nm3. Submicron particles were comprised of elements such as C, O, Na, Si, S, Cl, K, and Ca, and these particles probably originated from black liquor. Larger particles were comprised mainly of Fe, S and Ni and were probably the result of corrosion of steel in the plant pipe-work. Synthesis gas was also purified by passing beds of active carbon and zinc oxide, mixed with hydrogen gas from cylinders and in the present work, for the first time, catalytically converted to methanol using bench scale equipment during 45 hours in total. The space time yield of methanol produced at a pressure of 25 bar was 0.16-0.19 g methanol/ (g catalyst h) and comparable results were obtained using synthesis gas from gas cylinders with pure gas. The spent catalyst, exposed to gas from the gasifier, was slightly enriched in Ca and Na at the inlet of the reactor and in B and Ni at the outlet of the reactor. Ca, Na and B probably stem from black liquor whereas Ni probably originates from the stainless steel in the equipment. A slight deactivation of the catalyst exposed to gas from the gasifier was identified but it was not possible to reveal the origin of the deactivation. However, the surface area and mesoporosity of the catalyst was reduced. As expected, the produced methanol also contained water and traces of hydrocarbons up to C4, ethanol and dimethyl ether. In summary, this work has shown that the synthesis gas produced by gasification of black liquor is pure and that methanol synthesis from the gas is quite feasible.

Zeolite membranes exhibiting high flux and high selectivity are of major interest for potential future applications. In order to achieve high flux and high selectivity, the zeolite film must be thin (< 1 µm) and free from flow-through defects. The development of thin defect free zeolite membranes requires powerful tools for characterization of flow-through defects in the membranes. Permporometry is one of the most straightforward and powerful techniques for characterization of flow-through pores in ceramic membranes. In permporometry, the flow of a non-condensable gas, e.g., helium, through the membrane is monitored as a function of the activity of a strongly adsorbing compound, e.g., hydrocarbon.In the present work, MFI membranes prepared by a seeding method were characterized by permporometry using helium as the non-condensable gas and n-hexane or benzene as the adsorbing compound. In order to appreciate permporometry data, the membranes were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), single gas permeation and separation experiments. The permporometry data were then compared to the SEM morphology of the membranes, permeances of different probe molecules and membrane separation performance.In order to determine the conditions of the permporometry experiment leading to blocking of zeolite pores, a model describing helium transport in the zeolite pores in the presence of n-hexane or benzene was developed. The model is based on percolation theory and knowledge of the adsorption isotherms and adsorption sites for n-hexane and benzene in the zeolite pores. Parameters needed in the model were estimated by Density Functional Theory (DFT) using a Local-Density Approximation (LDA), the most sophisticated theory yet applied to this system. Based on the permporometry data, it was demonstrated that the model could adequately describe helium transport in zeolite pores in the presence of the hydrocarbons.The sensitivity of the permporometry technique towards the defect size has been improved considerably. It was revealed that high quality MFI membranes prepared in the present work contained mainly micropore defects which are most like the defects in the zeolite crystal lattice (intracrystalline defects).The work has shown how permporometry data could be used to estimate the area distribution of the flow-through defects in the membranes. The results on the defect distribution were corroborated by the SEM observations and the separation experiments. The width of cracks, including support cracks, and open grain boundaries observed by SEM was in excellent agreement with the defect width estimated from permporometry data. A straightforward correlation was observed between separation data and permporometry data, i.e. membranes of higher quality according to permporometry analysis exhibited greater separation performance. Also, the permeance of molecules diffusing through defects in the membrane in the separation experiment was found to scale with the permeance of helium through the defects measured in the permporometry experiment. In addition, this work showed that single gas permeance ratios could not detect slight variations in the membrane quality. For membranes with similar however slightly different amount of defects, the ratios are mainly affected by the membrane thickness and support morphology.To summarise, the present work demonstrates that permporometry data adequately reflect membrane quality and that permporometry is a very powerful technique for MFI membrane characterization.

Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), image analysis (IA) of SEM micrographs and X-ray microtomography (XMT) were used to obtain new information about the morphology of iron ore green pellets in this work. Cryo-SEM and freeze fracturing was used to observe entrapped air bubbles and arrangement of particles around the bubbles and in the matrix of wet green pellets. The observations of samples prepared by plunge and unidirectional freezing indicate that unidirectional freezing facilitates the observation of entrapped bubbles with minimum formation of artifacts, whereas plunge freezing enables observation of the degree of water filling at the outer surface of wet pellets with minimum amount of artifacts. It was also observed in the wet pellets that the size of the water domains in the matrix is quite small and the finer grains are mixed with coarser grains resulting in a denser matrix, whereas no fine grains were observed in the vicinity of the air bubbles. Two types of pellets prepared with and without addition of extra flotation reagent prior to balling were studied using IA and XMT. IA of scanning electron micrographs of epoxy impregnated pellets was used to separate bubble porosity from packing porosity and to quantify the former. The individual SEM micrographs acquired by a backscattered electron detector were reconstructed to provide the entire two-dimensional (2D) sections of the pellets. The 2D data obtained by IA were unfolded to three-dimensional (3D) by stereology and relatively good agreement with XMT data was observed. The size and amount of air bubbles could be quantified with both techniques. The addition of extra flotation reagent was found to increase the number of entrapped air bubbles and slightly decrease the median bubble diameter. The additional entrapped air bubbles due to the addition of extra flotation reagent was shown to be responsible for the difference in total porosity observed by mercury porosimetry between the two types of pellets. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) is shown in this work to produce inappropriate results with regard to the porosity due to bubble entrapment, it only provides values for total porosity and the throat size distribution of the porosity. In summary, this work has shown that cryo-SEM, IA of SEM micrographs and XMT are powerful and very useful methods for characterization of the morphology of iron ore green pellets.

Thin zeolite films have great potential in several novel application areas such as: structured catalysts, membranes and sensors. To fully exploit the advantages of these films it is of great importance to determine the properties of the films. A powerful technique for studies of phenomena at surfaces or in thin films is FTIR/ATR-spectroscopy (Fourier Transform Infra Red / Attenuated Total Reflection). Furthermore, thin zeolite films may be utilized for enhanced selectivity and sensitivity for this technique. In this work films with a thickness of 200 nm of the zeolites ZSM-5 and silicalite-1 were grown on ZnSe, ZnS, ZrO2, Si and Ge ATR elements using a method that had been developed previously. The coated elements were evaluated in a gas sensor application by comparing the sensitivity for a hydrocarbon of zeolite-coated elements versus a standard 10 cm gas cell. The sensitivity was approximately 85 times higher for the coated elements compared to the gas cell at low hydrocarbon concentration. The response time was investigated by exposing the coated element to a step increase of an analyte and recording the response as a function of time. The response was relatively fast, equilibrium was achieved after approximately 250 s, but already after a few seconds a strong signal could be detected. The coated elements were also used to determine single gas adsorption isotherms. The systems studied were n-hexane/silicalite-1 and p-xylene/silicalite-1. Adsorption isotherms determined at varying temperatures were typical for microporous materials. Capillary condensation was observed at higher concentration of the adsorbent. Henry constants and heats of adsorption determined from low-pressure data agreed well with previously reported data in the literature. / Godkänd; 2004; 20070126 (ysko)

In this study, well defined ZSM-5 films were prepared on monoliths, ceramic foams, alumina beads, glass beads and crushed quartz glass by further refinement of a method originally developed at the division of Chemical Technology, Luleå University of Technology. The supports were seeded with silicalite-1 seeds and hydrothermally treated, either at 75 °C or at 150 °C in a single or several steps. By adding sodium to the solution the aluminum concentration increased in the zeolite, which is beneficial for catalytic activity. Consequently, films with different Si/Al ratios could be prepared. The film thickness could be controlled from 110 nm to 9000 nm. Short hydrothermal treatments and use of multi-step synthesis was utilized to prevent excessive bulk crystallization and ultrasound treatment was beneficial in order to remove sedimented crystals on top of the zeolite films. The choice of support material and its influence on the performance of thin ZSM-5 film catalysts was examined by testing the reactivity of the zeolite- coated materials in two reactions; para-xylene isomerization and triisopropylbenzene cracking. ZSM-5 films with a thickness of 150, 350, 800 and 2300 nm, respectively, were prepared on alumina beads and quartz glass. Based upon the zeolite content, the films on quartz glass were much more active for para-xylene isomerization and for cracking of triisopropylbenzene, which is attributed to poisoning of the films on alumina due to impurities in the support. Model parameters were fitted to experimental results. The simulations indicated that thicker films contained a higher fraction of defects, which may be caused by open grain boundaries and cracks. These defects explain higher xylene diffusivities and higher triisopropylbenzene cracking activity for thicker films. As expected, thicker films possessed higher diffusion resistance than thin films despite the higher fraction of defects. The present work has given substantial and valuable fundamental understanding of the performance of thin molecular sieve film catalysts. These findings will be beneficial for development of materials that may be used in novel industrial applications. / Godkänd; 2003; 20070216 (ysko)

Sammanfattning Examensarbete i logistik för civilekonomprogrammet, 30 hp. Kurskod 4FE19E VT 2016 Författare - Hanna Altsäter och Klas Lundvall Handledare - Petra Andersson Examinator - Helena Forslund Titel - Att synliggöra det dolda- En fallstudie om dolda skador i Elektronikbolagets materialflöde av tv-apparater Bakgrund - Muha (2012) menar att det förekommer en ökad oro bland tillverkare och distributörer som levererar känsliga produkter kring dolda skador i materialflödet. Elektronikbolaget har upplevt en ökning på dolda skador, skador som ej syns på förpackningen och därmed inte upptäcks förrän vid uppackning av produkten. Filip (2013) menar samtidigt att produkter som inte når upp till kundens förväntningar riskerar att ge negativa konsekvenser, något som Elektronikbolaget vill undvika. Syfte - Syftet är att kartlägga Elektronikbolagets flöde av tv-apparater från lager till återförsäljare för att identifiera kvalitetsbrister och de zoner där dolda skador riskerar att uppstå. Syftet är också att identifiera typer av dolda skador samt orsaker till dessa på tv-apparater. Utifrån förekommande kvalitetsbrister är sedan syftet att ge förslag på förbättringsåtgärder för dolda skador, med målet att minska antalet skador för Elektronikbolaget. Metod – Studien har en kvalitativ strategi och för att besvara studiens syfte har författarna gjort en fallstudie på Elektronikbolaget. Empiri har samlats in genom observationer, fokusgrupp och intervjuer. Slutsatser – I Elektronikbolagets flöde av tv-apparater har kvalitetsbrister inom följande riskzoner identifierats: lagerhantering, mottagning och förflyttning inom lagret, sampaketering, transport och lossning samt utleverans. I kapitel 4 har typer av dolda skador och möjliga orsaker diskuterats. För att minska antalet dolda skador och kostnaden för dessa har lämpliga förbättringsåtgärder tagits fram. De som bör prioriteras är riktlinjer för hantering, utökat samarbete vid lastning samt öka direktleveranser. Elektronikbolaget bör även underlätta mätning och uppföljning för dolda skador. Brister och riskzoner, orsaker, typer och förbättringsåtgärder sammanfattas sedan i tabell 9, se avsnitt 6.1.1.

Sammanfattning Denna studie består av en kvalitativ undersökning grundad på semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem yrkesutövare inom mellanmänskliga arbeten. Studien har som syfte att undersöka vad som kan uppkomma i ett mellanmänskligt arbete om yrkesutövaren drabbas av utbrändhet, analyserat utifrån ett antal omedvetna socialpsykologiska processer med psykodynamisk ansats. Studien har också syftet att försöka förstå vad som minskar risken för att yrkesutövare ska utsätta klienter för dessa omedvetna processer på grund av utbrändhet. Resultatet av studien pekar på att det lättare kan uppkomma omedvetna socialpsykologiska processer i klientarbeten om yrkesutövaren drabbas av utbrändhet. Studien indikerar också att det finns faktorer som anses minska risken för att yrkesutövare ska utsätta sina klienter för omedvetna processer på grund av utbrändhet. / Abstract This study consists of a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with five professionals in interpersonal work. The study aims to explore what can occur in an interpersonal work on the professional experience of burnout and analyzed using a number of unconscious social psychological processes with psychodynamic assaulted. The study also aims to try to understand what reduces the risk that practitioners will expose clients for these unconscious processes because of burnout. Results of the study indicate that it can more easily occur unconscious social psychological processes in client work if the practitioner suffers from burnout. The study also indicates that there are factors that are considered to reduce the risk that professionals will expose their clients to unconscious processes because of burnout. Keywords: Professionals, clients, interpersonal relationships, social psychological processes, mentalizing.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur barn- och ungdomslitteratur inleds, samt om det finns några specifika parametrar som avgör hur en bok inleds. Undersökningen har gjorts på ett material av åtta stycken barn- och ungdomsböcker for åldrarna 6 år upp till tonår/ungdom, där det air de första 40 meningarna i varje bok som undersökts. Detta har gjorts med hjälp av den systemisk-funktionella grammatikens begrepp processer, som delar in skeenden med hjälp av fyra olika processtyper. Den materiella processen handlar om vad som sker, den mentala processen om vad som upplevs, den verbala processen om vad som sägs och den relationella processen om vad som air. Slutsatsen air att det i barn- och ungdomslitteratur air flest materiella processer, följt av de relationella, mentala och verbala. De parametrar som kan påverka barn- och ungdomslitteraturs inledningar är vilken ålder böckerna riktar sig till. De böckerna för yngre barn hade en tendens att innehålla mer fakta. Det kan också ha att göra med vilken genre de tillhör. De böcker som hade spänning som genre hade fler materiella och mentala processer som antyder på händelser och upplevelser medan de böcker med genre vardag hade fler relationella processer och innehåller mer fakta.

<p><p><p>Detta arbete handlar om vikten av att elever utvecklar en förståelse för resurshantering och</p><p>ekologiska processer i naturen. Denna förståelse är betydelsefull för en ekologiskt hållbar</p><p>utveckling. Hållbar utveckling innefattas även av sociala och ekonomiska aspekter, vilket jag</p><p>även tar upp i min litteraturgenomgång. Undersökningen är kvalitativ med en</p><p>fenomenografisk forskningsansats. I sex intervjuer med elever i 10-11 års ålder har jag</p><p>undersökt vilken förståelse de har för processer som återvinning och kretslopp. Jag har även</p><p>ställt frågor kring hur skolan bidragit till denna förståelse samt hur de använder skogen och</p><p>skolträdgården som lärmiljö.</p><p>Resultatet visar att eleverna var medvetna om att material kan återvinnas, men de hade</p><p>ingen utvecklad förståelse för varför det är viktigt att återvinna. Ekologiska processer som</p><p>kretslopp är svåra att uppfatta för elever i denna ålder, vilket också märks i resultatet.</p><p>Slutligen visar också min undersökning att undervisning utomhus inte alltid leder till att</p><p>eleverna tar till sig de kunskaper som läraren avser.</p><p> </p><p> </p></p></p>