Burnout is a prominent issue among the social work profession. Methods to mitigate the effects of burnout have received considerable attention in social work research. This study focuses on a potential method of coping with burnout; volunteerism. While literature is scarce regarding the effects of volunteerism on burnout rates among social workers, studies in related fields such as nursing, public-sector public administrators, and nonprofit workers indicate that volunteerism has potential benefits against burnout. This study’s purpose is to determine whether involvement in volunteer service is related to lower rates of burnout among social workers. This quantitative study uses data from a non-random purposive sample of 442 social workers who completed a survey posted on the social work board of an online forum, Reddit and the networking site, LinkedIn. Survey questions captured participants’ demographic, volunteerism, and burnout rates using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). Analysis of the data led to findings which do not support the original hypothesis of this study or the available literature. A plausible explanation is, that for social workers, the volunteer work is so like their profession that engaging in volunteerism does not provide the respite necessary for recovery from the effects of burnout.

Background: The «Questionnaire for the evaluation of occupational burnout syndrome » («Cuestionario para la evaluación del síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (CESQT»)» has been proposed to evaluate this syndrome in different populations. However, it has not been used in Latin-American university students. Aim: To evaluate the dimensional structure of CESQT in medical students from Peru. Material and methods: This was an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study, that was performed in a sample of 71 medical students in the last year of their degree (also known as «Medical Internship») in a Public Hospital in Lima, Peru. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify the dimension structure with best fit to the data. A multivariate linear regression analysis was also performed to determine the relationship between the occupational burnout syndrome, gender, and their current clinical rotation (obstetrics and gynecology, surgery, pediatrics, and internal medicine). Results: The EFA found that the two dimensions model best explained the data variability (61.8% of the variance). These two factors were called illusion and exhaustion. The linear regression showed that gender and the current clinical rotation were not associated to any of the two factors (P > .05). Illusion was inversely associated with exhaustion, even after fitting it with gender and current clinical rotation (P = .007and = -.33, respectively). Conclusion: The information included in the CESQT is summed up in two highly correlated dimensions: illusion and exhaustion that are independent gender and the current clinical rotation in which the students were involved. / Revisión por pares

Introducción: El «Cuestionario para la evaluación del síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo»(CESQT) fue propuesto para evaluar este síndrome en diversas poblaciones, sin embargo, no hasido utilizado en estudiantes universitarios en Latinoamérica.Objetivo: Evaluar la estructura dimensional del CESQT en una población de estudiantes demedicina peruanos.Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal en una muestra de71 estudiantes de medicina que cursaban el último a˜no de la carrera (interno médico) en unhospital público en Lima, Perú. Se desarrolló un análisis factorial exploratorio para establecerla estructura de las dimensiones con mejor ajuste a los datos. Posteriormente, se realizó unanálisis de regresión lineal múltiple para explorar la asociación entre síndrome de quemarse porel trabajo con el sexo y la rotación clínica en la que se encontraban (ginecología-obstetricia,cirugía, pediatría y medicina interna).Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio encontró que el modelo con 2 dimensiones expli-caba mejor la variabilidad de los datos (61,8% de la varianza). Estas 2 dimensiones sedenominaron desgaste e ilusión. La regresión lineal mostró que el sexo y la rotación clínicaactual no estuvieron asociados a ninguna de estas dimensiones (p > 0,05). La ilusión estuvoinversamente asociada al desgaste, inclusive después de ajustar por sexo y rotación clínicaactual (p = 0.007; = −0,33).Conclusión: La información contenida en el CESQT se resume en 2 dimensiones altamentecorrelacionadas: ilusión y desgaste. Esta estructura es establecida independientemente delsexo y la rotación clínica que cursaban los alumnos.© 2013 SEP y SEPB. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L. Todos los derechos reservados. / brenda.caceres.mejia@gmail.com / Background: The ‘‘evaluation of occupational burnout syndrome questionnaire’’(‘‘Cuestionario para la evaluación del síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (CESQT)’’)has been proposed to evaluate this syndrome in different populations. However, there havenot been studies up to date that have tested this questionnaire in Latin-American universitystudents.Aim: To evaluate the dimensional structure of CESQT in medical students from Peru.Methods: This was an observational, analytical and cross-sectional study. The CESQT wasapplied to a sample of 71 medical students in the final year of their degree (also known as‘‘Medical Internship’’) in a Public Hospital in Lima, Peru. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA)was used to identify the dimension structure with best fit to the data. A multivariate linearregression analysis was also performed to determine the relationship between the occupa-tional burnout syndrome, gender, and their current clinical rotation (obstetrics and gynaecology,surgery, paediatrics, and internal medicine).Results: The EFA found that the two dimensions model best explained the data variability (61.8%of the variance). These two factors were called illusion and exhaustion. The linear regressionshowed that gender and the current clinical rotation were not associated to any of the twofactors (P > .05). Illusion was inversely associated with exhaustion, even after fitting it withgender and current clinical rotation (P = .007and = −.33, respectively). / Revisión por pares

The present study investigated three pretreatment therapist characteristics (professional burnout, counseling self-efficacy, and gender role orientation) in relation to the therapeutic alliance within the context of youth treatment. It was hypothesized that the emotional exhaustion and depersonalization dimensions of burnout would be negatively associated with the alliance, while the personal accomplishment dimension of burnout and counseling self-efficacy would be positively associated with the alliance. In addition, it was hypothesized that androgynous therapists would have superior alliances, relative to stereotypically masculine or feminine therapists. Participants were 42 pairs of therapists and youth clients. Prior to intake, therapists completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory -- Human Services Survey (MBI), a modified version of the Counselor Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES-M), and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). Clients and therapists completed parallel versions of the Child Therapy Bond Scale (CTBS) following the third session. As hypothesized, results indicated that depersonalization and personal accomplishment were significantly related, in the expected directions, to therapist ratings of the alliance. Other hypotheses were not supported. Future research directions and potential implications of these findings for professional training, service delivery, and quality management in mental health organizations are discussed.

The object of the study were employees of municipal dentistry. The subject of the study was the levels of stress manifestations. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography (51 sources) and an Appendix including forms of applied techniques. The volume of the master's thesis 92 pages, which contains 18 figures and 7 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the problem, the purpose and objectives of the study, the object and subject of the study are determined, the main and additional hypotheses are formulated, the methods and empirical base are specified. In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as the conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study and the possible prospects for further development of this problem are presented in a generalized form. / Объектом исследования явились сотрудники муниципальной стоматологии. Предметом исследования стали уровни проявления стресса. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (51 источник) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 92 страницы, на которых размещены 18 рисунков и 7 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.

This study aims to examine to what extent Dutch GPs are at risk for burnout, and to identify personal, professional and practice related characteristics that are associated with high burn out scores. In the extant literature, physicians are identified as professionals who are high risk for burnout. In the past decade, working conditions for general practitioners (GPs) in the Netherlands have changed for the worse. There are no recent data on GP burnout in the Netherlands. Although much is known in the literature about factors that are associated with burnout and the role job demands and resources play in getting burned out, the extent to which these findings apply in the context of Dutch GPs is unknown. This study is designed as a quantitative, survey based, empirical study. An invitation to complete an online survey was sent to 4,000 GPs in the Netherlands, of whom close to 1,300 participated in this study (33% response rate). The data were analysed using IBM SPSS 22.0. The data analysis consisted of a descriptive analysis of the data with an emphasis on the outcome of burnout measurements, as well as an inferential analysis of the data with an emphasis on the association between respondents’ characteristics and burnout measurements. The results from this study indicate, that one in seven practicing Dutch GPs could be classified as burned out with fulltime working GPs reporting an average working week of 62 hours. According to the findings, the amount of hours worked per week is the most important determinant of emotional exhaustion. Variation in emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and professional efficacy can to a large extent be explained by variation in demands (administrative burden, work-home conflict, psychological job demands) and resources (decision latitude, co-worker support and home support). Increased job demands are predominantly associated with emotional exhaustion, while a scarcity of resources predominantly leads to increased depersonalisation and reduced professional efficacy. The findings demonstrate, that a bigger job size, more hours worked and a more responsible position held, are associated with higher experienced demands, which is in turn associated with unfavourable burnout scores, particularly increased emotional exhaustion. Working in a group setting, being professionally active outside of one’s own practice and being in a relationship were found to be associated with increased resources, which is in turn associated with favourable burnout scores, particularly decreased depersonalisation and increased professional efficacy. Based on the findings of this study, three recommendations for government bodies, healthcare providers and other healthcare stakeholders were formulated: 1) Reduce the length of the working week, predominantly by reducing the number of allocated patients per GP. This recommendation implies an increase in the GP workforce; 2) Undertake a comprehensive analysis of the quantity, type and purpose of administrative duties currently performed by GPs and trim unnecessary paperwork and bureaucracy within the GP practice and 3) Increase co-worker support, either within the GP practice or by using the existing collegiate support infrastructure.

Introdução: O Burnout e o Sofrimento Moral são transtornos comuns entre profissionais de saúde, levando ao desgaste psíquico moral destes trabalhadores. A organização, a política e a prática de gestão de pessoas têm papel fundamental na forma como o trabalhador se relaciona com o trabalho. Assim, o desgaste psíquico moral e os transtornos por ele causados aos trabalhadores devem ser tratados, pelos gestores e avaliadores dos programas governamentais, como um problema organizacional que requer medidas coletivas e transformações no processo de trabalho, não se restringindo às ações de caráter individual como se observa comumente nas organizações. Na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), o desgaste do trabalhador também ocorre, como mostram estudos realizados. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que propõem intervenções para resolver estes problemas da saúde do trabalhador. O presente estudo foi proposto no intuito de contribuir para preencher esta lacuna. Objetivo Geral: Propor uma oficina para gestores locais da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Campinas, em parceria com o Programa Cuidando do Cuidador, com vistas a instrumentalizar os gestores para identificarem e lidarem com situações de burnout e sofrimento moral das equipes de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Desenvolvimento do estudo (Método): Para a elaboração da proposta de oficina, e respectivo material de apoio, para os gestores locais sobre reconhecimento e manejo do sofrimento psíquico moral no trabalho na atenção primária, houve algumas etapas e desdobramentos: Revisão da Literatura para identificar formas de lidar coletivamente com estresse laboral; Reuniões com as profissionais do Programa Cuidando do Cuidador, que integra um conjunto de ações para qualificar a gestão e promover a saúde do Trabalhador da Saúde de Campinas; Contato com grupo de pesquisa e extensão que implementa projetos e práticas para redução do estresse e melhora da Qualidade de Vida do trabalhador no SUS; Contato com o Projeto de Comunicação Não Violenta, do Comitê de Prevenção de Violência do Município de Campinas. Subsidiaram a construção da proposta da oficina alguns referenciais teóricos e estratégias apontadas como benéficas na prevenção e minimização do impacto causado pelo adoecimento laboral: fortalecimento do trabalho em equipe; desenvolvimento de aspectos relacionados à dinâmica de trabalho; habilidades fundamentais para o gestor; fortalecimento dos cinco pilares das relações interpessoais no trabalho, Comunicação Não Violenta, Mindfulness. Resultados (Produtos): Oficina para gestores locais e material de apoio. Os produtos que resultaram desse estudo coadunam com as iniciativas para melhoria do clima organizacional, recomendadas como medidas positivas para prevenção e manejo do desgaste psíquico moral dos trabalhadores em saúde: estimular o trabalho em equipe coordenado e cooperativo, facilitar a convivência e a comunicação no trabalho. O material traz noções de algumas ferramentas que poderão facilitar ao gestor local o reconhecimento e como lidar com este agravo nas equipes de saúde de atenção primária. / Introduction: Burnout and moral distress are common disorders among health professionals and are a cause of the moral psychic suffering to these workers. The organization, policy and practice of people management plays a key role in determining the way the workers face their job and tasks. The moral psychic suffering and the disorders it causes to the workers must be treated by managers and evaluators of government programs as an organizational problem that requires collective measures and changes in the work process. The measures cannot be limited to the individual realm as usual in the organizations. In Primary HealthCare (PHC) also occurs the suffering of the workers as some studies pointed. However, there are few studies that propose interventions to address these occupational health problems. This study was proposed in order to contribute to fill this gap. General Objective: To propose, in partnership with the Caring of Caregiver Program, a workshop for local managers of the Municipal Department of Health of Campinas, in order to prepare them to identify and address the situation of burnout and moral distress in the Primary Healthcare Teams. Development of the study (Method): To develop the workshop and its support material on recognition and dealing of moral and psychic distress among primary healthcare teams we carried out some steps: Literature Review for identify ways to collectively deal with work stress; Meetings with the professionals of the Caring of Caregiver Program, which integrates a set of actions to qualify the management and promote the health of the health workers of Campinas; to make contact with a research and extension group that implements projects and practices to reduce the stress and improve the quality of life among the workers of the SUS; to make contact with the Nonviolent Communication Project , of the Violence Prevention Committee in Campinas. The proposal of the workshop was based on some theoretical frameworks and some strategies identified as beneficial in preventing and minimizing the impact of burnout: strengthening teamwork; developing aspects related to work dynamics; fundamental skills for the manager; strengthening of the five pillars of interpersonal relationships at work, Nonviolent Communication, Mindfulness. Result (Products): Workshop for local managers and support material. The products which resulted from this study are in line with efforts to improve organizational climate and with what it is recommended as positive measures for preventing and managing moral psychic suffering of the health workers: stimulate coordinated and cooperative teamwork, facilitate interaction and communication at work. The support material brings notions of some tools that can facilitate to the local manager the recognition and how to deal with this health problem of the primary healthcare primary teams.

Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas - ištirti kaip darbinio streso raišką veikia tokie sociodemografiniai rodikliai kaip amžius ir lytis. Darbo konceptualioje dalyje atskleidžiami darbinio streso raiškos ypatumai bei darbinio streso sąryšiai su amžiumi ir lytiškumu. Išanalizavus tyrimo duomenis nustatyta, kad lytiškumo aspektu darbinio streso raiškos skirtumai labiausiai pasireiškia per menką profesinę savivertę; blogą sveikatą; psichosomatinius simptomus bei diskomfortą dėl menko profesijos prestižo. Amžiaus aspektu darbinio streso raiškos skirtumai labiausiai pasireiškia per netinkamą darbo aplinką ir darbinės aplinkos aprūpinimą; sudėtingą, nemalonų atvykimą į darbą; blogą sveikatą bei menką profesinę savivertę. / The aim of this master work is to explore how job stress expression is affected by sociodemographic characteristics such as age and gender. In the conceptual part of the work are the expression of job stress and correlation between job stress and age and gender relationship revealed. Analysis of survey data shows that the gender aspects of job stress expression occur in low professional self-esteem; poor health; psychosomatic symptoms and discomfort due to the low prestige of the profession. The age aspects of job stress expression occur in inappropriate working environment and working environment provision, difficult, unpleasant arrival to work, poor health and low professional self-esteem.

The aims of the present thesis were: * To investigate how women patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) perceive their suffering, quality of life and encounter with psychiatric care (paper 11 and III). * To describe BPD patients' and psychiatric professionals' perceptions of receiving and giving dialectical behavioural therapy, DBT (paper I). * To investigate how starting treatment of BPD patients with DBT affected the psychiatric professionals' experience of occupational stress and professional burnout (paper IV) Due to the different types of research questions the thesis deal with, it uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. In two of the studies (11 and 111) the main methods were qualitative. Data from free format questionnaires, individual- as well as group interviews and biographical texts, were analysed with content analysis or a hermeneutic approach. In study Ill the methods were quantitative. A summated rating scale measuring healthrelated quality-of-life (HRQOL) was analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. In study IV quantitative and qualitative methods were combined. Two burnout inventories were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics, and data from free format questionnaires and group interviews were analysed with qualitative content analysis. The main findings were that BPD patients suffer to an extent that is often unendurable, leading to deliberate self-harm (DSH) and suicide attempts to relieve suffering or just try to get away from it all (paper 11). In study Ill the BPD patients showed significantly poorer quality-of-life (even physical) than normal population controls of comparable age. The suffering, suicide attempts, DSH and poor quality-of-life (paper 11 and 111) put the patients in a position of voluntarily or involuntarily getting involved with psychiatric care. Study II revealed a double role of the psychiatric care in relation to BPD patients. On one hand, psychiatric professionals can add to the suffering by not being understanding and being disrespectful, on the other hand they can be helpful and relieve suffering by being respectful, understanding and validating. There was a clear relationship between the patients' experience of validation and the experience of being helped. DBT seems (both from the patients' and psychiatric professionals' perspective) to be a treatment with a philosophy, content and structure being able to relieve BPD patients suffering and helping them to independence and a bearable life-situation (paper I). Study IV confirms previous findings that psychiatric professionals experience treatment of self-harming patients as profoundly stressful. DBT was seen as stressful in terms of learning demands, but decreased the experience of stress in the actual treatment of the patients due to its high degree of structure and specific techniques. The DBT team-work and supervision were felt to be supportive, as was one particular facet of DBT, namely mindfulness training which some professionals felt also improved their handling of other work stressors not related to DBT. This finding also corresponds to BPD patients' perceptions of the mindfulness component in DBT, which they reported as particularly helpful (paper 1). It should be noted that the patient samples in the thesis may be considered as a "worse off" subgroup among BPD patients, as they usually entered special treatment programs after a period of escalating symptoms, which standard psychiatric services had had difficulties handling. The rather small number of participants and the lack of equivalent andlor concurrent control groups in the quantitative studies limit the generalization of the results.

Introdução: O Burnout e o Sofrimento Moral são transtornos comuns entre profissionais de saúde, levando ao desgaste psíquico moral destes trabalhadores. A organização, a política e a prática de gestão de pessoas têm papel fundamental na forma como o trabalhador se relaciona com o trabalho. Assim, o desgaste psíquico moral e os transtornos por ele causados aos trabalhadores devem ser tratados, pelos gestores e avaliadores dos programas governamentais, como um problema organizacional que requer medidas coletivas e transformações no processo de trabalho, não se restringindo às ações de caráter individual como se observa comumente nas organizações. Na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), o desgaste do trabalhador também ocorre, como mostram estudos realizados. Entretanto, ainda são poucos os estudos que propõem intervenções para resolver estes problemas da saúde do trabalhador. O presente estudo foi proposto no intuito de contribuir para preencher esta lacuna. Objetivo Geral: Propor uma oficina para gestores locais da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Campinas, em parceria com o Programa Cuidando do Cuidador, com vistas a instrumentalizar os gestores para identificarem e lidarem com situações de burnout e sofrimento moral das equipes de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Desenvolvimento do estudo (Método): Para a elaboração da proposta de oficina, e respectivo material de apoio, para os gestores locais sobre reconhecimento e manejo do sofrimento psíquico moral no trabalho na atenção primária, houve algumas etapas e desdobramentos: Revisão da Literatura para identificar formas de lidar coletivamente com estresse laboral; Reuniões com as profissionais do Programa Cuidando do Cuidador, que integra um conjunto de ações para qualificar a gestão e promover a saúde do Trabalhador da Saúde de Campinas; Contato com grupo de pesquisa e extensão que implementa projetos e práticas para redução do estresse e melhora da Qualidade de Vida do trabalhador no SUS; Contato com o Projeto de Comunicação Não Violenta, do Comitê de Prevenção de Violência do Município de Campinas. Subsidiaram a construção da proposta da oficina alguns referenciais teóricos e estratégias apontadas como benéficas na prevenção e minimização do impacto causado pelo adoecimento laboral: fortalecimento do trabalho em equipe; desenvolvimento de aspectos relacionados à dinâmica de trabalho; habilidades fundamentais para o gestor; fortalecimento dos cinco pilares das relações interpessoais no trabalho, Comunicação Não Violenta, Mindfulness. Resultados (Produtos): Oficina para gestores locais e material de apoio. Os produtos que resultaram desse estudo coadunam com as iniciativas para melhoria do clima organizacional, recomendadas como medidas positivas para prevenção e manejo do desgaste psíquico moral dos trabalhadores em saúde: estimular o trabalho em equipe coordenado e cooperativo, facilitar a convivência e a comunicação no trabalho. O material traz noções de algumas ferramentas que poderão facilitar ao gestor local o reconhecimento e como lidar com este agravo nas equipes de saúde de atenção primária. / Introduction: Burnout and moral distress are common disorders among health professionals and are a cause of the moral psychic suffering to these workers. The organization, policy and practice of people management plays a key role in determining the way the workers face their job and tasks. The moral psychic suffering and the disorders it causes to the workers must be treated by managers and evaluators of government programs as an organizational problem that requires collective measures and changes in the work process. The measures cannot be limited to the individual realm as usual in the organizations. In Primary HealthCare (PHC) also occurs the suffering of the workers as some studies pointed. However, there are few studies that propose interventions to address these occupational health problems. This study was proposed in order to contribute to fill this gap. General Objective: To propose, in partnership with the Caring of Caregiver Program, a workshop for local managers of the Municipal Department of Health of Campinas, in order to prepare them to identify and address the situation of burnout and moral distress in the Primary Healthcare Teams. Development of the study (Method): To develop the workshop and its support material on recognition and dealing of moral and psychic distress among primary healthcare teams we carried out some steps: Literature Review for identify ways to collectively deal with work stress; Meetings with the professionals of the Caring of Caregiver Program, which integrates a set of actions to qualify the management and promote the health of the health workers of Campinas; to make contact with a research and extension group that implements projects and practices to reduce the stress and improve the quality of life among the workers of the SUS; to make contact with the Nonviolent Communication Project , of the Violence Prevention Committee in Campinas. The proposal of the workshop was based on some theoretical frameworks and some strategies identified as beneficial in preventing and minimizing the impact of burnout: strengthening teamwork; developing aspects related to work dynamics; fundamental skills for the manager; strengthening of the five pillars of interpersonal relationships at work, Nonviolent Communication, Mindfulness. Result (Products): Workshop for local managers and support material. The products which resulted from this study are in line with efforts to improve organizational climate and with what it is recommended as positive measures for preventing and managing moral psychic suffering of the health workers: stimulate coordinated and cooperative teamwork, facilitate interaction and communication at work. The support material brings notions of some tools that can facilitate to the local manager the recognition and how to deal with this health problem of the primary healthcare primary teams.