Tyrimo problema, aktualumas ir naujumas Nuolat tobulinant kirpėjų profesijos mokytojų profesines kompetencijas, kurių dėka būtų kartu gerinami mokinių praktiniai įgūdžiai ir žinios, parengsime kūrybingus, kompetentingus, aukštos kvalifikacijos kirpėjus, gebančius taikyti naujas darbo technikas ir technologijas, turinčius puikias galimybes Europos darbo rinkose. Svarbu, kad patys profesijos mokytojai siektų tobulėti. Todėl profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimas yra aktuali problema, nuo kurios priklauso praktinio mokymo kokybė. Lietuvoje yra atlikta tyrimų apie įvairių profesijų atstovų požiūrį į profesines kompetencijas, jų raišką bei tobulinimo/si poreikius. Tad akivaizdu, kad kompetencijoms skiriamas didelis dėmesys, tačiau mažai tyrinėta kirpėjų profesijos mokytojų tobulnimąsi, kaip prielaida praktinio mokymo kokybei gerinti. Todėl šiame darbe, bus siekiama atskleisti kirpėjų profesijos mokytojų požiūrį ir socialinių dalininkų nuomonę į profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimo svarbą, gerinant praktinio mokymo kokybę. Tyrimo tikslas – Pristatyti kirpėjų profesijos mokytojų profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimą kaip prielaidą praktinio mokymo kokybei gerinti. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Pristatyti praktinio mokymo kokybės užtikrinimo sampratą. 2. Teoriškai pagrįsti profesijos mokytojų profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimo aktualumą praktinio mokymo kokybei gerinti. 3. Atskleisti kirpėjų profesijos mokytojų požiūrį į jų profesinių kompetencijų tobulinimo svarbą siekiant gerinti praktinio mokymo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The problem, relevance and novelty of research. Consequently, the development of professional competency is closely linked not only with the quality of the practical training but it may cause great changes in the education system as well. So, only the constant development of Hairdresser‘s professional competency can help to give a propper training for young professionals having great possibilities in European labor market. That is why the Professional competency development is a key problem which says greatly on the quality of practical training. The research of different specialits‘ attitude towards professional competence as well as the needs of it among the learners was carried out in Lithuania. It is obvious that competency is highlighted greatly but little research is done in the field of competency development as the assumption to improve the quality of practical training. Following the situation, the main objective of the work is to reveal both, the attitudes of Hairdressers’ professional trainers and stakeholders' towards the importance of professional competency development with the aim to improve the quality of practical training. The aim of the research – to present the professional competency development of Hairdressers’ trainers as the assumption to improve the quality of practical training. The tasks of the research: 1. To deliver the assurance concept of practical training quality. 2. To stimulate theoretically the development of professional... [to full text]

O problema de investigação que originou esta tese foi o questionamento acerca de quais competências devem constituir o perfil de empreendedores dedicados à gestão de empreendimentos populares solidários. O estudo foi realizado com participantes de cooperativas de coleta e tratamentos de resíduos sólidos, buscando identificar, descrever e analisar as competências que melhor contribuem para que essas pessoas consigam dedicar-se aos processos de trabalho próprios dessas cooperativas, mas também exercerem funções administrativas e gerenciais que são essenciais à sobrevivência do empreendimento. Essas cooperativas integraram o Projeto de Implantação da Incubadora de Empreendimentos Solidários de São Bernardo do Campo, o que permitiu analisar se e como esse processo de incubação contribuiu para o desenvolvimento do perfil de competências desses empreendedores. O objeto de pesquisa dessa investigação foram os catadores participantes dessas cooperativas de coleta e tratamento de resíduos sólidos recicláveis que são acompanhadas pelo projeto, na região do Grande ABC Paulista. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com a utilização do método qualitativo do estudo de caso, com análise documental, entrevistas e a técnica etnográfica da observação participante. A problemática da pobreza, a desigualdade social e as iniciativas públicas, privadas e do terceiro setor visando criar oportunidades de trabalho e renda para os mais pobres no Brasil, constituem o pano de fundo dessa pesquisa. Os resultados apontam que as organizações solidárias necessitam das competências individuais para sua sustentação e que essas competências podem ser desenvolvidas em processos de incubação como esse que é apresentado no presente estudo. Os empreendimentos solidários são organizações que não possuem como objetivo estratégico o lucro e sim a remuneração regular daqueles que neles trabalham como associados e o fortalecimento das relações intragrupais com o desenvolvimento da confiança e da cooperação. Nesse sentido, para compreender esses empreendimentos e o desempenho de seus integrantes é necessário considerar duas dimensões da sua dinâmica, o empreendedorismo e a solidariedade que se sustentam sobre as competências das pessoas que lá trabalham. / The research problem that gave rise to this thesis was the question about which competencies should be the profile of entrepreneurs dedicated to the management of popular solidarity enterprises. The study was conducted with participants from the collection and treatment of solid waste cooperatives , seeking to identify, describe and analyze the capacities that better contribute to that these people are able to devote himself to the work processes of these cooperatives , but also exercise administrative and managerial functions that are essential to the survival of the enterprise . These cooperatives have integrated the Project Implementation of the Entrepreneurial Incubator Solidarity of São Bernardo do Campo , which allowed us to analyze if and how this incubation process contributed to the development of the competencies profile of these entrepreneurs. The research object of this investigation were the participants collectors such collection and processing of recyclable solid waste cooperative that is accompanied by the project, in the Greater ABC Paulista region. An exploratory and descriptive research, using the qualitative method of case study to document analysis, interviews and ethnographic technique of participant observation was conducted. The problems of poverty, social inequality and public, private and third sector initiatives aimed at creating job opportunities and income for the poorest people in Brazil, is the background of this research. The results indicate that the solidarity organizations require individual competences for their support and that these capacities can be developed in incubation processes like this that is presented in this study. The solidarity enterprises are organizations that do not have as a strategic motive the profit, but the regular remuneration of those who work in them as associates and strengthening of intragroup relationships with the development of trust and cooperation. Accordingly, to study them is necessary to consider a dimension of entrepreneurship and other associations of which they sustained on the skills of the people working there.

No mundo, a cada ano, ocorrem 120 milhões de gravidezes, entre as quais, mais de meio milhão de mulheres morre em conseqüência de complicações, durante a gravidez ou o parto, e mais de 50 milhões sofrem enfermidades ou incapacidades sérias relacionadas à gravidez. Vários estudos apontam que a atenção qualificada no pré-natal pode contribuir significativamente na redução dessas taxas e promover uma maternidade sem risco. Objetivos: Identificar e descrever o perfil dos profissionais de enfermagem que participam na atenção ao pré-natal e analisar as competências essenciais desenvolvidas por eles na prática. Metodologia: estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa, realizado em 03 Centros de Saúde (CS) e 13 Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF) de Rio Branco-Acre. A população estudada foi composta por 23 profissionais de enfermagem (15 enfermeiros, 02 enfermeiras obstétricas, 04 técnicas em enfermagem e 02 auxiliares de enfermagem). A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas e observação não participante e sistemática das competências essenciais em obstetrícia. Foram observadas 61 consultas de pré-natal, 57 pré-consultas e 03 consultas puerperais. A estatística descritiva foi utilizada para a análise das variáveis. Resultados: os profissionais entrevistados são predominantemente do sexo feminino (91,30%), com uma idade média de 34,3 anos, 69,6% são casados, 60,87% com seis anos de formação profissional, com uma média de 54,1 meses de experiência na assistência pré-natal, com carga horária média semanal de trabalho de 53,26 horas e 52,17% trabalham em mais de uma instituição. Nos CSs, a pré-consulta é de responsabilidade das técnicas e auxiliares de enfermagem, já nas USFs, em sua grande maioria (84,62%), são os enfermeiros que realizam essa atividade. A consulta pré-natal e puerperal é realizada pelos enfermeiros, nos dois modelos de atenção. Dos enfermeiros que realizam a consulta pré-natal, apenas 02 (11,76%) cursaram especialização em obstetrícia e os demais (88,24%) fizeram uma capacitação em assistência pré-natal com duração de 24 a 40 horas. A grande maioria das competências essenciais esperadas na assistência pré-natal, neste estudo, foi desenvolvida, entretanto, algumas foram realizadas com baixa freqüência. As ações e procedimentos mais freqüentemente realizados foram: aferição da PA, verificação do peso e altura, realização da história inicial, ausculta do BCF, medida da altura uterina e solicitação de exames laboratoriais, e os menos freqüentes: avaliação do estado nutricional, exame clínico de mamas, palpação abdominal para verificação da posição e apresentação fetal. As atividades de educação em saúde não foram realizadas. Conclusões: os resultados revelaram que, apesar do bom desempenho dos enfermeiros, há que se avaliar a necessidade de investimentos na formação de pessoal qualificado, para o atendimento à mulher no ciclo grávido-puerperal, assim como a incorporação de protocolos que traduzam padrões baseados em evidências científicas, na prática obstétrica, deve ser incentivada. / Every year, 120 million pregnancies occur around the world, in which more than half a million women die due to pregnancy or delivery complications and more than 50 million suffer from serious pregnancy-related diseases or disabilities. Various studies appoint that qualified prenatal care can significantly contribute to the reduction of these rates and to promote risk-free motherhood. Objectives: Identify and describe the profile of nursing professionals who participate in prenatal care and analyze the core competencies they develop in practice. Methodology: Descriptive study with a quantitative approach, carried out at 03 Health Centers (HC) and 13 Family Health Units (FHU) in Rio Branco-Acre. The study population consisted of 23 nursing professionals (15 nurses, 02 nurse midwives, 04 nursing technicians and 02 nursing auxiliaries). Data were collected through interviews, as well as systematic and non-participant observation of core competencies in obstetrics. Sixty-one prenatal consultations, 57 pre-consultations and 03 puerperal consultations were observed. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the variables. Results: the interviewed professionals are mostly female (91.30%), with a mean age of 34.3 years; 69.6% are married; 60.87% have six years of professional training, with a mean prenatal care experience of 54.1 months; the mean weekly hour load is 53.26 hours and 52.17% work in more than one institution. At the HC, nursing technicians and auxiliaries are responsible for pre-consultations, but mostly (84.62%) nurses at the FHU. Nurses perform prenatal and puerperal consultations in the two care models. Among the nurses who perform prenatal consultations, only 02 (11.76%) had taken a specialization course in obstetrics, while the remainder (88.24%) received prenatal care training for between 24 and 40 hours. The large majority of the core competencies expected in prenatal care, in this study, was developed, although frequency levels for some were low. The most frequently performed actions and procedures were: BP measurement, weight and height measurement, initial history, fetal heart beat listening, uterine height measurement and request for laboratory exams, while the least frequent were: assessment of nutritional state, clinical breast exam, abdominal palpation to verify fetal position and presentation. Health education activities were not performed. Conclusions: the results revealed that, despite the nurses\' good performance, the need for investment in qualified staff training needs to be assessed for care to women in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle, and the incorporation of protocols that translate evidence-based standards into obstetric practice needs to be encouraged.

No mundo, a cada ano, ocorrem 120 milhões de gravidezes, entre as quais, mais de meio milhão de mulheres morre em conseqüência de complicações, durante a gravidez ou o parto, e mais de 50 milhões sofrem enfermidades ou incapacidades sérias relacionadas à gravidez. Vários estudos apontam que a atenção qualificada no pré-natal pode contribuir significativamente na redução dessas taxas e promover uma maternidade sem risco. Objetivos: Identificar e descrever o perfil dos profissionais de enfermagem que participam na atenção ao pré-natal e analisar as competências essenciais desenvolvidas por eles na prática. Metodologia: estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa, realizado em 03 Centros de Saúde (CS) e 13 Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF) de Rio Branco-Acre. A população estudada foi composta por 23 profissionais de enfermagem (15 enfermeiros, 02 enfermeiras obstétricas, 04 técnicas em enfermagem e 02 auxiliares de enfermagem). A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas e observação não participante e sistemática das competências essenciais em obstetrícia. Foram observadas 61 consultas de pré-natal, 57 pré-consultas e 03 consultas puerperais. A estatística descritiva foi utilizada para a análise das variáveis. Resultados: os profissionais entrevistados são predominantemente do sexo feminino (91,30%), com uma idade média de 34,3 anos, 69,6% são casados, 60,87% com seis anos de formação profissional, com uma média de 54,1 meses de experiência na assistência pré-natal, com carga horária média semanal de trabalho de 53,26 horas e 52,17% trabalham em mais de uma instituição. Nos CSs, a pré-consulta é de responsabilidade das técnicas e auxiliares de enfermagem, já nas USFs, em sua grande maioria (84,62%), são os enfermeiros que realizam essa atividade. A consulta pré-natal e puerperal é realizada pelos enfermeiros, nos dois modelos de atenção. Dos enfermeiros que realizam a consulta pré-natal, apenas 02 (11,76%) cursaram especialização em obstetrícia e os demais (88,24%) fizeram uma capacitação em assistência pré-natal com duração de 24 a 40 horas. A grande maioria das competências essenciais esperadas na assistência pré-natal, neste estudo, foi desenvolvida, entretanto, algumas foram realizadas com baixa freqüência. As ações e procedimentos mais freqüentemente realizados foram: aferição da PA, verificação do peso e altura, realização da história inicial, ausculta do BCF, medida da altura uterina e solicitação de exames laboratoriais, e os menos freqüentes: avaliação do estado nutricional, exame clínico de mamas, palpação abdominal para verificação da posição e apresentação fetal. As atividades de educação em saúde não foram realizadas. Conclusões: os resultados revelaram que, apesar do bom desempenho dos enfermeiros, há que se avaliar a necessidade de investimentos na formação de pessoal qualificado, para o atendimento à mulher no ciclo grávido-puerperal, assim como a incorporação de protocolos que traduzam padrões baseados em evidências científicas, na prática obstétrica, deve ser incentivada. / Every year, 120 million pregnancies occur around the world, in which more than half a million women die due to pregnancy or delivery complications and more than 50 million suffer from serious pregnancy-related diseases or disabilities. Various studies appoint that qualified prenatal care can significantly contribute to the reduction of these rates and to promote risk-free motherhood. Objectives: Identify and describe the profile of nursing professionals who participate in prenatal care and analyze the core competencies they develop in practice. Methodology: Descriptive study with a quantitative approach, carried out at 03 Health Centers (HC) and 13 Family Health Units (FHU) in Rio Branco-Acre. The study population consisted of 23 nursing professionals (15 nurses, 02 nurse midwives, 04 nursing technicians and 02 nursing auxiliaries). Data were collected through interviews, as well as systematic and non-participant observation of core competencies in obstetrics. Sixty-one prenatal consultations, 57 pre-consultations and 03 puerperal consultations were observed. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the variables. Results: the interviewed professionals are mostly female (91.30%), with a mean age of 34.3 years; 69.6% are married; 60.87% have six years of professional training, with a mean prenatal care experience of 54.1 months; the mean weekly hour load is 53.26 hours and 52.17% work in more than one institution. At the HC, nursing technicians and auxiliaries are responsible for pre-consultations, but mostly (84.62%) nurses at the FHU. Nurses perform prenatal and puerperal consultations in the two care models. Among the nurses who perform prenatal consultations, only 02 (11.76%) had taken a specialization course in obstetrics, while the remainder (88.24%) received prenatal care training for between 24 and 40 hours. The large majority of the core competencies expected in prenatal care, in this study, was developed, although frequency levels for some were low. The most frequently performed actions and procedures were: BP measurement, weight and height measurement, initial history, fetal heart beat listening, uterine height measurement and request for laboratory exams, while the least frequent were: assessment of nutritional state, clinical breast exam, abdominal palpation to verify fetal position and presentation. Health education activities were not performed. Conclusions: the results revealed that, despite the nurses\' good performance, the need for investment in qualified staff training needs to be assessed for care to women in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle, and the incorporation of protocols that translate evidence-based standards into obstetric practice needs to be encouraged.

Au Québec, la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) est une compétence professionnelle à acquérir par les étudiants en enseignement. Cependant, son acquisition est problématique à plusieurs niveaux. Afin d’évaluer et mieux comprendre la compétence, cette thèse présente trois objectifs : 1) décrire le degré de maitrise des TIC et leurs usages dans les salles de classe 2) identifier les facteurs qui influencent l’intégration des TIC en fonction de la compétence professionnelle, et finalement 3) décrire le niveau d’atteinte des composantes de la compétence. Pour atteindre les objectifs de l’étude, une méthodologie mixte fut employée. Ce sont 2065 futurs enseignants du Québec provenant de neuf universités québécoises qui ont complété le questionnaire en plus de 34 participants à des groupes de discussion (n = 5). Cette thèse rédigée sous forme d’articles, répondra à chacun des objectifs visés. Dans le but de mieux comprendre l’utilisation actuelle des TIC par les futurs maitres, le premier article fournira un aperçu de la maitrise d’outils technologiques susceptibles d’être utilisés lors des stages. Le deuxième article visera à identifier les variables externes ainsi que les différentes composantes de la compétence qui ont une influence sur l’intégration des TIC lors des stages. Dans le troisième article, afin de comprendre où se situent les forces et les faiblesses des futurs maitres quant à la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC, une description du niveau d’atteinte de chacune des composantes sera réalisée afin d’en dégager une appréciation globale. Les principaux résultats montrent que pour la moitié des répondants, seuls cinq outils sur 12 sont intégrés en stage et ce sont principalement les outils peu complexes qui sont bien maitrisés. Le logiciel de présentation Power Point, est le plus fréquemment utilisé. Les données considérées dans le premier article suggèrent aussi l’importance d’augmenter, de façon générale, la maitrise technique des futurs enseignants. Les résultats du second article ont permis de constater que la « prévision d’activités faisant appel aux TIC » est une variable prédictive majeure pour l’intégration des TIC. L’analyse des résultats suggèrent le besoin d’enseigner aux futurs maitres comment développer le réflexe d’inclure les TIC dans leurs plans de leçons. De plus, l’appropriation de la sixième composante de la compétence joue un rôle important sur la probabilité d’intégrer les TIC. Les résultats du troisième article indiquent que les composantes 2, 4, 5 et 6 de la compétence sont partiellement maitrisées. La mieux maitrisée est la première composante. Finalement, la troisième composante de la compétence s’est avérée être encore non atteinte et reste à être développer par les futurs enseignants. Cette thèse nous apprend que des efforts considérables restent encore à accomplir quant à la maitrise de la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC. Ces efforts doivent être accomplis à la fois par les futurs enseignants ainsi que par les universités au niveau de la structure des cours de TIC en formation initiale des maitres. / In Quebec, the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) tools in the classroom is a professional competency that must be acquired by prospective teachers. However, their acquisition and mastery poses a challenge. In order to better understand and evaluate this competency in prospective teachers, this thesis presents three research objectives: 1) To describe the degree of mastery of ICT tools and their usage in the classroom, 2) To identify the factors that influence the integration of ICTs and, 3) To examine the level of achievement of the 8th professional competency. Using a mixed-method research paradigm, 2065 prospective teachers attending nine francophone universities within the province of Quebec completed both quantitative and qualitative-type questionnaires. In addition, discussion groups (n = 5) were held so that participants (n = 34) could clarify or elaborate on their answers. This thesis is comprised of three separate articles, each assessing elements of the aforementioned research themes. In order to better understand the actual usage of ICTs, the first article provides an overview of prospective teachers’ technical competence with regards to tools likely to be used during their internships. The goal of the second article, is to identify with the aid of logistical regression, external variables such as sex, program of study, etc. and the different components of the 8th competency that influence the integration of ICTs in the classroom during internships. Lastly, in order to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of prospective teachers with regards to the integration of ICTs, the third article examines the degree of global mastery of the 8th competency. When considering the degree of mastery of ICT tools, questionnaire results show that for half of the respondents, only five of 12 tools were integrated during internships. Furthermore, the five ICT tools that were integrated were the least complex. The most frequently used tool was reported to be the presentation software Power Point. The data considered in this first article points to further areas of technical training that need to be addressed. For factors influencing the integration of ICTs during internships, it was found that planning to use ICTs in advance was the most predictive of integration. The results discussed in this second article suggest the need to reflexively include ICTs in lesson plans. Moreover, mastery of the 6th component plays a significant role in the likelihood of integrating ICTs during internships. Results in the third article suggest that the competency is only partially mastered for the 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 6th components. The component that was the most mastered concerned exercising critical judgment regarding the real benefits and limitations of ICT as teaching and learning resources, and regarding the social issues they raise. This thesis points to the necessity of making considerable efforts to aid in the mastery of the 8th competency. These efforts must be deployed both at an individual level by prospective teachers and by the universities through the teacher training curricula presented in ICT courses.

本研究的研究目的為：（一）瞭解越南小學師資培育課程綱要設置理念與內涵；（二）探討越南小學師資培育課程綱要的實務做法。因此採用資料分析研究法來分析越南小學師資培育課程內容，其研究結果指出越南小學師資培育課程綱要具有如下特徵： 一、課程帶有「政治思想與社會主義」的意味。 二、非常注重培養熟練教學內容知識及內容知識。 三、主張培養多元能力的小學教師。 四、缺乏完整教育方法學知識與教育基礎知識。 五、注重實習與研究活動，不過未有完整的實施配套。 六、專門教育課程安排待完整，缺乏選修科目空間。 依據研究結果，提出對小學師資培育課程、政府訂定師資培育政策與未來研究之建議。 / The purposes of this study are to (1) explore the contents and ideas of curriculum design in Vietnamese elementary teacher education (2) investigate the practice of the elementary teacher education curriculum in Vietnam. Using content analysis methodology, this study has obtained some results as follows: 1. The curriculum intends to contain political ideology and socialism. 2. Special attention is paid to pedagogical content knowledge and content knowledge. 3. The curriculum aims to foster the multiple competencies of elementary teachers. 4. The curriculum content is lack of the pedagogical methods and foundation theories of education knowledge. 5. The curriculum focuses on practical training and education study; however, it it does not contain complete supportive arrangements. 6. The professional courses in educational studies are still incomplete; the curriculum also lacks optional subjects. Based on the results, the study provides some suggestions for the design of the elementary teacher education curriculum, the government policy of teacher education, and future research.

Au Québec, la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) est une compétence professionnelle à acquérir par les étudiants en enseignement. Cependant, son acquisition est problématique à plusieurs niveaux. Afin d’évaluer et mieux comprendre la compétence, cette thèse présente trois objectifs : 1) décrire le degré de maitrise des TIC et leurs usages dans les salles de classe 2) identifier les facteurs qui influencent l’intégration des TIC en fonction de la compétence professionnelle, et finalement 3) décrire le niveau d’atteinte des composantes de la compétence. Pour atteindre les objectifs de l’étude, une méthodologie mixte fut employée. Ce sont 2065 futurs enseignants du Québec provenant de neuf universités québécoises qui ont complété le questionnaire en plus de 34 participants à des groupes de discussion (n = 5). Cette thèse rédigée sous forme d’articles, répondra à chacun des objectifs visés. Dans le but de mieux comprendre l’utilisation actuelle des TIC par les futurs maitres, le premier article fournira un aperçu de la maitrise d’outils technologiques susceptibles d’être utilisés lors des stages. Le deuxième article visera à identifier les variables externes ainsi que les différentes composantes de la compétence qui ont une influence sur l’intégration des TIC lors des stages. Dans le troisième article, afin de comprendre où se situent les forces et les faiblesses des futurs maitres quant à la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC, une description du niveau d’atteinte de chacune des composantes sera réalisée afin d’en dégager une appréciation globale. Les principaux résultats montrent que pour la moitié des répondants, seuls cinq outils sur 12 sont intégrés en stage et ce sont principalement les outils peu complexes qui sont bien maitrisés. Le logiciel de présentation Power Point, est le plus fréquemment utilisé. Les données considérées dans le premier article suggèrent aussi l’importance d’augmenter, de façon générale, la maitrise technique des futurs enseignants. Les résultats du second article ont permis de constater que la « prévision d’activités faisant appel aux TIC » est une variable prédictive majeure pour l’intégration des TIC. L’analyse des résultats suggèrent le besoin d’enseigner aux futurs maitres comment développer le réflexe d’inclure les TIC dans leurs plans de leçons. De plus, l’appropriation de la sixième composante de la compétence joue un rôle important sur la probabilité d’intégrer les TIC. Les résultats du troisième article indiquent que les composantes 2, 4, 5 et 6 de la compétence sont partiellement maitrisées. La mieux maitrisée est la première composante. Finalement, la troisième composante de la compétence s’est avérée être encore non atteinte et reste à être développer par les futurs enseignants. Cette thèse nous apprend que des efforts considérables restent encore à accomplir quant à la maitrise de la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC. Ces efforts doivent être accomplis à la fois par les futurs enseignants ainsi que par les universités au niveau de la structure des cours de TIC en formation initiale des maitres. / In Quebec, the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) tools in the classroom is a professional competency that must be acquired by prospective teachers. However, their acquisition and mastery poses a challenge. In order to better understand and evaluate this competency in prospective teachers, this thesis presents three research objectives: 1) To describe the degree of mastery of ICT tools and their usage in the classroom, 2) To identify the factors that influence the integration of ICTs and, 3) To examine the level of achievement of the 8th professional competency. Using a mixed-method research paradigm, 2065 prospective teachers attending nine francophone universities within the province of Quebec completed both quantitative and qualitative-type questionnaires. In addition, discussion groups (n = 5) were held so that participants (n = 34) could clarify or elaborate on their answers. This thesis is comprised of three separate articles, each assessing elements of the aforementioned research themes. In order to better understand the actual usage of ICTs, the first article provides an overview of prospective teachers’ technical competence with regards to tools likely to be used during their internships. The goal of the second article, is to identify with the aid of logistical regression, external variables such as sex, program of study, etc. and the different components of the 8th competency that influence the integration of ICTs in the classroom during internships. Lastly, in order to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of prospective teachers with regards to the integration of ICTs, the third article examines the degree of global mastery of the 8th competency. When considering the degree of mastery of ICT tools, questionnaire results show that for half of the respondents, only five of 12 tools were integrated during internships. Furthermore, the five ICT tools that were integrated were the least complex. The most frequently used tool was reported to be the presentation software Power Point. The data considered in this first article points to further areas of technical training that need to be addressed. For factors influencing the integration of ICTs during internships, it was found that planning to use ICTs in advance was the most predictive of integration. The results discussed in this second article suggest the need to reflexively include ICTs in lesson plans. Moreover, mastery of the 6th component plays a significant role in the likelihood of integrating ICTs during internships. Results in the third article suggest that the competency is only partially mastered for the 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 6th components. The component that was the most mastered concerned exercising critical judgment regarding the real benefits and limitations of ICT as teaching and learning resources, and regarding the social issues they raise. This thesis points to the necessity of making considerable efforts to aid in the mastery of the 8th competency. These efforts must be deployed both at an individual level by prospective teachers and by the universities through the teacher training curricula presented in ICT courses.

Cette recherche avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’effet du dispositif de formation « Zoom sur l’expertise pédagogique », ou, plus précisément, d’évaluer l’effet d’un parcours de formation créé grâce à ce dispositif et intégrant des exemples de pratiques sur vidéo sur les apprentissages et les intentions de changement de pratique d’un groupe d’enseignants du primaire relativement à la compétence professionnelle « Piloter des situations d’enseignement-apprentissage ». La réforme des programmes scolaires, qui s’installe progressivement depuis 2001, modifie considérablement les orientations en matière d’apprentissage et d’enseignement. Sa réussite repose notamment sur l’appropriation de nouvelles compétences professionnelles souvent difficiles à développer pour le personnel enseignant. À ces besoins de formation, les modalités de formation continue proposées ne semblaient répondre que partiellement. Le dispositif a été développé dans le but de soutenir le personnel enseignant dans l’appropriation de ce renouveau pédagogique et propose de nouvelles stratégies de formation basées principalement sur l’observation et l’analyse d’exemples de pratiques sur vidéo et enrichis de divers outils stimulant la réflexion sur la pratique. Sa conception s’inscrit dans un contexte d’émergence d’initiatives similaires. Néanmoins, beaucoup de questions restaient en suspens quant aux effets réels de ces dispositifs sur le développement professionnel des enseignants. Afin de réaliser une évaluation de ce dispositif, nous avons créé un parcours de formation que six enseignants ont réalisé. Ces personnes ont ensuite participé à deux entrevues semi-dirigées et ont partagé les notes prises durant la formation. Un cadre théorique a été développé, permettant de dégager trois questions de recherche : « Quels ont été les effets du dispositif de formation sur les savoirs relatifs aux composantes de la compétence ciblée ? » ; « Quels ont été les effets du dispositif de formation sur les intentions de changement de pratique des enseignants ? » ; « Comment améliorer le dispositif pour mieux soutenir le développement professionnel des enseignants ? ». Ce cadre a par la suite guidé l’analyse et l’interprétation des données recueillies. Une quantité substantielle d’informations a été obtenue permettant de mieux comprendre et documenter le rôle d’un tel dispositif de formation en ligne et des vidéos qui le composent. Nous avons pu confirmer leur effet positif sur le développement professionnel. Nous retenons notamment que les enseignants sont en mesure de mieux définir les composantes de la compétence ciblée par la formation, ils ont confirmé leur sentiment d’avoir appris, ils ont tous exprimé l'intention d’apporter des changements dans leur pratique. Tous ont grandement apprécié le parcours et ses vidéos, notamment la possibilité qu’elles leur offraient de s’identifier à des pairs et d’envisager des pistes de mise en application plus concrètes de leurs nouvelles connaissances. Par ailleurs, les commentaires et les suggestions des participants ont permis de dégager des pistes d’amélioration telles que la diminution de la quantité de vidéos, du nombre d’éléments de compétence présentés, ou l’augmentation de compléments pédagogiques accompagnant les vidéos. Ces pistes devraient toutefois être précisées et étudiées ce qui génère de nouvelles questions de recherches. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a web-based professional teacher development application called “Zooming in on Teaching Expertise”. More precisely, our aim was to evaluate the effect of a training course entailing examples of practice on video and created within the application. In particular, the study focused on participating elementary school teachers’ learning and their intentions to modify their practice with respect to the professional competency: “To pilot teaching/learning situations”. The education reform that has been progressively introduced since 2001 has been changing the direction of teacher training considerably. Its success relies particularly on the acquisition of new professional competencies that are often difficult to develop for in-service teachers. However, the training methods in place at the start of the reform did not seem to be meeting this need as well as expected. The web-based application used in this research project was developed to support teachers embrace this pedagogical renewal by proposing new training strategies based primarily on the observation and analysis of filmed practices, along with a variety of tools aimed at stimulating reflection on the teaching practice itself. The application emerged along others with a similar nature. Yet, still today, little is known about their effectiveness on the professional development of teachers. To examine these questions, we developed a training course that was then undertaken by six teachers. These teachers also participated in two semi-structured interviews and shared notes taken during training. Grounded in an evaluation based theoretical framework, the following three research questions emerged and were pursued: First, in what ways did the model have an effect on the development of the teacher competency it was intended for? Second, what was its effect on teachers’ intentions to change their practice? And third, in what ways could the professional teacher development application be improved in better supporting teachers’ professional development? This framework was later used to guide the analysis and interpretation of the data collected. A substantial amount of data was collected, enabling us to document and increase our understanding of the role of this web-based video mediated application. This allowed us to confirm the positive effect of online video based professional teacher development applications. In particular, we observed that the teachers were able to define the components of the targeted competency more clearly. The participants confirmed having learned from the video examples and training and expressed the intention to bring change in their own practice. All teachers greatly appreciated the training course and its videos, particularly the opportunity to observe peers who struggled like them, and to explore ways of putting the knowledge into practice in their own classrooms. In addition, the participants’ comments and suggestions helped identify areas for improvement of the application, such as reducing the number of videos and competency elements presented, or increasing the complementary educational content accompanying the videos. These suggestions for improvement should however still be further explored and discussed, and may lead to new research questions and further follow-up studies.

Cette recherche avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’effet du dispositif de formation « Zoom sur l’expertise pédagogique », ou, plus précisément, d’évaluer l’effet d’un parcours de formation créé grâce à ce dispositif et intégrant des exemples de pratiques sur vidéo sur les apprentissages et les intentions de changement de pratique d’un groupe d’enseignants du primaire relativement à la compétence professionnelle « Piloter des situations d’enseignement-apprentissage ». La réforme des programmes scolaires, qui s’installe progressivement depuis 2001, modifie considérablement les orientations en matière d’apprentissage et d’enseignement. Sa réussite repose notamment sur l’appropriation de nouvelles compétences professionnelles souvent difficiles à développer pour le personnel enseignant. À ces besoins de formation, les modalités de formation continue proposées ne semblaient répondre que partiellement. Le dispositif a été développé dans le but de soutenir le personnel enseignant dans l’appropriation de ce renouveau pédagogique et propose de nouvelles stratégies de formation basées principalement sur l’observation et l’analyse d’exemples de pratiques sur vidéo et enrichis de divers outils stimulant la réflexion sur la pratique. Sa conception s’inscrit dans un contexte d’émergence d’initiatives similaires. Néanmoins, beaucoup de questions restaient en suspens quant aux effets réels de ces dispositifs sur le développement professionnel des enseignants. Afin de réaliser une évaluation de ce dispositif, nous avons créé un parcours de formation que six enseignants ont réalisé. Ces personnes ont ensuite participé à deux entrevues semi-dirigées et ont partagé les notes prises durant la formation. Un cadre théorique a été développé, permettant de dégager trois questions de recherche : « Quels ont été les effets du dispositif de formation sur les savoirs relatifs aux composantes de la compétence ciblée ? » ; « Quels ont été les effets du dispositif de formation sur les intentions de changement de pratique des enseignants ? » ; « Comment améliorer le dispositif pour mieux soutenir le développement professionnel des enseignants ? ». Ce cadre a par la suite guidé l’analyse et l’interprétation des données recueillies. Une quantité substantielle d’informations a été obtenue permettant de mieux comprendre et documenter le rôle d’un tel dispositif de formation en ligne et des vidéos qui le composent. Nous avons pu confirmer leur effet positif sur le développement professionnel. Nous retenons notamment que les enseignants sont en mesure de mieux définir les composantes de la compétence ciblée par la formation, ils ont confirmé leur sentiment d’avoir appris, ils ont tous exprimé l'intention d’apporter des changements dans leur pratique. Tous ont grandement apprécié le parcours et ses vidéos, notamment la possibilité qu’elles leur offraient de s’identifier à des pairs et d’envisager des pistes de mise en application plus concrètes de leurs nouvelles connaissances. Par ailleurs, les commentaires et les suggestions des participants ont permis de dégager des pistes d’amélioration telles que la diminution de la quantité de vidéos, du nombre d’éléments de compétence présentés, ou l’augmentation de compléments pédagogiques accompagnant les vidéos. Ces pistes devraient toutefois être précisées et étudiées ce qui génère de nouvelles questions de recherches. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a web-based professional teacher development application called “Zooming in on Teaching Expertise”. More precisely, our aim was to evaluate the effect of a training course entailing examples of practice on video and created within the application. In particular, the study focused on participating elementary school teachers’ learning and their intentions to modify their practice with respect to the professional competency: “To pilot teaching/learning situations”. The education reform that has been progressively introduced since 2001 has been changing the direction of teacher training considerably. Its success relies particularly on the acquisition of new professional competencies that are often difficult to develop for in-service teachers. However, the training methods in place at the start of the reform did not seem to be meeting this need as well as expected. The web-based application used in this research project was developed to support teachers embrace this pedagogical renewal by proposing new training strategies based primarily on the observation and analysis of filmed practices, along with a variety of tools aimed at stimulating reflection on the teaching practice itself. The application emerged along others with a similar nature. Yet, still today, little is known about their effectiveness on the professional development of teachers. To examine these questions, we developed a training course that was then undertaken by six teachers. These teachers also participated in two semi-structured interviews and shared notes taken during training. Grounded in an evaluation based theoretical framework, the following three research questions emerged and were pursued: First, in what ways did the model have an effect on the development of the teacher competency it was intended for? Second, what was its effect on teachers’ intentions to change their practice? And third, in what ways could the professional teacher development application be improved in better supporting teachers’ professional development? This framework was later used to guide the analysis and interpretation of the data collected. A substantial amount of data was collected, enabling us to document and increase our understanding of the role of this web-based video mediated application. This allowed us to confirm the positive effect of online video based professional teacher development applications. In particular, we observed that the teachers were able to define the components of the targeted competency more clearly. The participants confirmed having learned from the video examples and training and expressed the intention to bring change in their own practice. All teachers greatly appreciated the training course and its videos, particularly the opportunity to observe peers who struggled like them, and to explore ways of putting the knowledge into practice in their own classrooms. In addition, the participants’ comments and suggestions helped identify areas for improvement of the application, such as reducing the number of videos and competency elements presented, or increasing the complementary educational content accompanying the videos. These suggestions for improvement should however still be further explored and discussed, and may lead to new research questions and further follow-up studies.

Recent corporate reporting history is well–known for its corporate failures and questionable accountancy practices, many of which caused the profession to be frowned upon. However, the splodge on the accounting profession?s reputation goes deeper than its corporate reporting failures. The scientific foundation thereof is also being questioned in academic circles. Even though accounting scholars have been trying to formulate foundational accounting theories, it has been the accounting regulators that have been more successful in promoting their versions of what accounting theory should be, which place a question mark on the legitimacy of current day accounting theory. This thesis aims to delve deeper into the foundational philosophies of accounting and its impact on the practice of accounting. With the current accounting globalisation efforts, the profession?s stewardship function is becoming less prominent in its promulgated standards, which in turn brings the focus on the many questionable ethical practices found in the profession. Even though the regulatory bodies require their members to commit themselves to professional codes of conduct, which entails competency, integrity, objectivity and confidentiality, the 1st article in this thesis claims that ethical conduct is more than mere adherence to rules and regulations. It is also about the image of not only the profession, but also accounting research and education. Accounting is broadly practised, researched and taught within its so–called conceptual framework, of which a key objective is to guide and inform accounting practice. The conceptual framework became the basis upon which accounting theory is based. However, many accounting scholars are openly critical of presenting accounting theory as a set of practical guidelines. The 2nd article in the thesis concludes that, from an academic perspective, accounting theory should be based on three quintessential guidelines. The first of which is its primary purpose of reporting on the historic economic events, secondly the provision of useable and comparable information about these events and finally, the facilitation of business decisions based on relevant and reliable information. In the above mentioned business decisions, the concept of value is often taken for granted and many accounting techniques? effectiveness is judged on how well it approximates an item?s value. The 3rd article argues that the multiple purposes for which accounting information is used complicates the issue of value, as reported by accounting. Two key conflicting valuation perspectives are the so–called decision–usefulness and true income perspectives. The current drive towards fair value accounting, as opposed to historic cost accounting, cast doubts on the reliability and relevance of accounting information. Even though it may be argued that value–based techniques are more relevant because it is a better reflection of the current business conditions, the mere subjective nature thereof and the accountant?s objective valuation skills make the true relevance of this information questionable. Furthermore, mixed model valuations found in financial statements makes cross–company information unreliable. Accountancy research of the past four decades focussed on the concept of user decision–usefulness. The user is also pre–eminent in the globalisation of accounting standards of the FASB and the IASB, where users are specified as the equity investors, lenders and capital providers. The 4th article acknowledges that although these user categories are important consumers of the financial data, there are other users which are also impacted by the financial information and the company?s operational performances. There are also concerns over accounting?s key assumptions, such as its quantification and predictive abilities, which are fundamental to the decision–usefulness objective. Furthermore, there are questions around how the regulators decided what information is suppose to be useful and what type of utility is being sought. In summary, the focus on the vocational aspects of accountancy stands in contrast to claims of accounting as an academic discipline in the social sciences. The reality is that the practices of the profession will probably always play a central role in what is taught at university level, and the regulators, as the final authority on accounting standards, will probably remain dictatorial in promulgating their versions of accounting theory. Yet, accounting and its wide spread impact on society, makes it a key discipline within the economical and management sciences. It is therefore essential for the resurrection of accounting as a social scientific discipline that there is a return to foundational accounting research that will prepare (and enable) prospective practitioners and academics to question the status quo and push back on accounting practices that are threatening to extinguish the flame of accounting scholarship. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Accounting))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.