Industry surveys indicated that up to 16percent of pork is pale, soft, and exudative (PSE); which has reduced functionality. Recently, the cost of sodium phosphates (SP) has escalated. SPs are used to improve water holding capacity (WHC), increase pH, and retard lipid oxidation. Alkaline non-meat ingredient addition could improve PSE pork functionality and replace SP in pork products. The objective was to examine effects of alkaline solutions on pH, color, WHC, and texture of PSE and normal pork gels. Normal (pH 5.6-5.9) and PSE (pH ≤ 5.4) loins were obtained and homogenized. Treatment solutions were: no added solution (control); double-distilled deionized water (ddW); 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 pecent(w/v) SP; and 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3M potassium bicarbonate (PB), sodium bicarbonate (SB), potassium carbonate (PC), or sodium carbonate (SC). PSE gels had lighter color, lower pH, WHC, and cook yields, and higher TPA values than normal gels. Control and ddW gels had lower pH, and higher L*, a*, and b* values. As treatment levels increased, gels had higher pH, and lower L*, a*, and b* values. SP gels had lower pH, WHC, cook yields, and higher L*, a*, b*, and TPA values compared to PB, SB, PC, and SC gels. PC and SC gels had higher cook yields than normal control gels and PB and SB gels were intermediate. For both meat types, TPA values improved for PB and SB gels compared to normal control gels, but did not differ from SP gels. As levels of PC and SC increased, gels were softer, less cohesive, chewy, and lower in work 2 than other gels. Cooked PSE gels treated with 0.2 or 0.3M PC or SC were less red and yellow and had cook yields that surpassed normal control and ddW gels. Normal and PSE gels treated with 0.2 or 0.3M PC or SC did not differ in TPA measurements for hardness and work. PSE pork functionality was improved with PC or SC addition to be similar to or higher than normal samples. PC and SC are feasible alternatives to replace SP in pork gel systems without loss of WHC, color, or pH.

The main goal of this research was to determine the effectiveness of saturated fat replacement by means of a canola oil oleogel, termed an “organogel”, using ethyl cellulose (EC, 10 cP) as the gelator and sorbitan monostearate (SMS) as a plasticizer. All-beef frankfurters and pork breakfast sausages were used and instrumental tests performed to determine effectiveness were light microscopy, texture profile analysis, Warner-Bratzler shear force, cook loss and smokehouse yield. A trained sensory analysis panel scored for hardness, juiciness, oiliness, and the presence of off flavours. Replacing beef fat (BF) with canola oil (CO) in frankfurters produced a product that was significantly harder (P < 0.05). The gelling of the canola oil lowered the TPA hardness values. Cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess values were statistically similar to the BF control. Minor changes in L*, a* and b* values were observed, with the organogel frankfurters being lighter than the BF control. Sensory analysis scores showed that 8,10 & 12% EC frankfurters were significantly less hard than the CO control. / Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs (OMAFRA)

Texture was measured on texture analyzer TA.XT plus the manufacturer's Stable Micro System, using the methods of texture profile analysis (TPA) in the general carp fillets (Cyprinus carpio). Were measured basic textural properties such as hardness, chewiness, springiness and cohesiveness. Course of change of these textural characteristics were monitored during the freezing and marinating. In both cases, the differences statistically substantiating some textural properties.

Objective: The efficacy of bariatric surgery has been proven; however, a subset of patients fails to achieve expected long-term weight loss postoperatively. As differences in surgery outcome may be influenced by heterogeneous psychological profiles in pre-bariatric patients, previous subtyping models differentiated patients based on temperament traits. The objective of the present study was to expand these models by additionally considering emotion dysregulation and disinhibited eating behaviors for subtyping, as these factors were associated with maladaptive eating behaviors and poor post-bariatric weight loss outcome. Methods: Within a prospective multicenter registry, N = 370 pre-bariatric patients were examined using interview and self-report questionnaires. A latent profile analysis was performed to identify subtypes based on temperament traits, emotion dysregulation, and disinhibited eating behaviors. Results: Five pre-bariatric subtypes were identified with specific profiles regarding self control, emotion dysregulation, and disinhibited eating behaviors. Subtypes were associated with different levels of eating disorder psychopathology, depression, and quality of life. The expanded model increased variance explanation compared to temperament-based models. Conclusion: By adding emotion dysregulation and disinhibited eating behaviors to previous subtyping models, specific pre-bariatric subtypes emerged with distinct psychological deficit patterns. Future investigations should test the predictive value of these subtypes for post bariatric weight loss and health-related outcomes.

Profile analysis is a multivariate statistical method for comparing the mean vectors for different groups. It consists of three tests, they are the tests for parallelism, level and flatness. The results from each test give information about the behaviour of the groups and the variables in the groups. The test statistics used when there are more than two groups are likelihood-ratio tests. However, issues in the form indeterminate test statistics occur in the high-dimensional setting, that is when there are more variables than observations. This thesis investigates a method to approach this problem by reducing the dimensionality of the data using scores, that is linear combinations of the variables. Three different ways of choosing this score are compared: the eigendecomposition and two variations of the non-negative matrix factorization. The methods are compared using simulations for five different type of mean parameter settings. The results show that the eigendecomposition is the best technique for choosing the score, and that using more scores only slightly improves the results. Moreover, the results for the parallelism and the flatness tests are shown to be very good, but the results for the level hypothesis deviate from the expectation.

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No description available.

No description available.

American youth are leaving organized religion at historical levels. Given that religious and political similarity (consensual solidarity) tends to strengthen affectual solidarity (emotional connection) in parent-adolescent dyads, decreasing adolescent religiousness and increasing political disagreements may threaten family social cohesion. However, during adolescence, youth empathy skills tend to increase and adolescents’ conflict with their parents tends to eventually subside. Based on principles outlined in intergenerational family solidarity theory, I hypothesized that adolescent empathy skills and authoritative parenting style would buffer the negative relational effects of religious and political discrepancies within the parent-adolescent relationship. I used Waves 2-4 (referred to as Times 1-3) of parent-adolescent data drawn from the Family Foundations of Youth Development study (Time 2 N = 1764 families) to understand patterns of discrepancy using a person-centered analysis. As a first step in latent profile analysis, I enumerated five distinct classes in Time 2 using the indicators of religious and political identities and social cohesion at both Times 2 and 3, alongside the covariates of adolescent empathy, parenting styles, and demographic controls. Next, I labeled the five classes as follows: Class 1 – Less Religious Parents Politically Mixed (26% of the sample, n = 665); Class 2 – More Religious Parents Moderate Conservative (26% of the sample, n = 399); Class 3 – Both Somewhat Religious Conservative (20% of the sample, n = 254); Class 4 – Least Religious Adolescents Politically Mixed (14% of the sample, n = 236); and Class 5 – More Religious Adolescents Very Conservative (14% of the sample, n = 210). Finally, I compared the five classes on the longitudinal distal outcome of social cohesion at Time 3. The Less Religious Parents Politically Mixed families predicted significantly less social cohesion while the Both Somewhat Religious Conservative families predicted significantly higher social cohesion from Time 2 to 3.

Após a análise subjetiva utilizando fotografias de perfil de 540 indivíduos, selecionou-se 120 indivíduos adultos jovens (60 do gênero masculino e 60 do feminino), leucodermas, com perfil facial harmonioso, equilíbrio do terço inferior da face e selamento labial passivo, com o objetivo de estabelecer parâmetros cefalométricos para avaliar a estética facial e analisar as correlações entre referências anteroposteriores do tecido tegumentar da face. Utilizando telerradiografias dos indivíduos selecionados, foram desenhadas estruturas anatômicas de interesse e traçada a linha vertical passando pelo ponto sela (LSv) e linhas horizontais verdadeiras passando pelos pontos PRT (ponto de referência da fronte), Pn, A, Ls, Li, B e Pg. Os valores médios cefalométricos obtidos para o gênero masculino e feminino e o total da amostra foram submetidos aos testes estatísticos. As medidas cefalométricas avaliadas mostraram-se maiores no gênero masculino do que no feminino. No gênero masculino, todas as medidas cefalométricas do terço médio e inferior apresentaram correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa com a referência do terço superior da face e todas as correlações mostraram-se valores maiores que no feminino. No gênero feminino, não foram observadas correlações diretas estatisticamente significativas para as medidas Sv-B (p = 0,107) e Sv-Pg (p = 0,091). As fórmulas para a previsibilidade dos valores de Sv - Pn, Sv - A, Sv - Ls, Sv - Li, Sv - B e Sv - Pg para o gênero masculino e o feminino em função da medida Sv-PRT mostraram-se igual para ambos os gêneros, necessitando ser acrescido um valor compensatório a cada medida para os homens. / After subjective analysis of profile photographs of 540 individuals, 120 young adults (60 males and 60 females), leucodermas, with balanced facial profile, equilibrium of the lower facial third and passive lip sealing, in order to establish cephalometrics parameters for facial esthetics and evaluate the correlation between anteroposterior references of facial soft tissues. By using lateral radiographies of the selected individuals, anatomic structures of interesting were drawn, and the true vertical line passing through Sela point (LSv) and true horizontal lines passing through points PRT (reference point of the forehead), Pn, A, Ls, Li, B e Pg. The cephalometric average values which were calculated for masculine, feminine genders and the total of sample were evaluated by statics tests. The cephalometric measures analyzed showed high values to the masculine gender in comparing to the feminine gender. In the masculine gender, all the cephalometric measures of the middle and lower facial third presented positive correlation statistically significant to the reference of the superior facial third and all correlations were higher than female measures. In the feminine gender, direct correlations statistically significant for Sv-B (p = 0,107) e Sv-Pg (p = 0,091) measures. The formulas for the prevision of the values of Sv - Pn, Sv - A, Sv - Ls, Sv - Li, Sv - B e Sv - Pg dimensions for males and females individuals in function of Sv-PRT showed similar in both genders, needing to be added a specific value for each measures for males individuals.