Foram estudadas, quanto ao perfil lipídico, duas populações, compreendendo indivíduos acima dos 20 anos de idade: -trabalhadores da Termomecânica, indústria metalúrgica de São Bernardo do Campo: 1.616 do sexo masculino e 230 do sexo feminino; -pacientes atendidos no ambulatório do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP): 664 do sexo feminino e 317 do sexo masculino. Os objetivos foram: I. Avaliar se a determinação isolada da colesterolemia total, sem considerar a dos triglicérides e a do HDL-colesterol e o cálculo do LDL-colesterol pela fórmula de Friedewald, para rastreamento populacional ou para decisão de tratamento, implica importante porcentagem de aparecimento de casos classificados inadequadamente, considerando o LDL-colesterol como \"padrão ouro\". 2. Analisar se a determinação da trigliceridemia associada à da colesterolemia total, além de mostrar os casos que apresentam hipertrigliceridemia isolada, auxilia a melhor identificação dos casos quanto ao LDL-colesterol. 3. Avaliar, com base na determinação isolada da colesterolemia total, qual a chance de os pacientes, por não lerem seu HDL-colesterol dosado, estar em maior risco lipídico para doença ateroselerótica por apresentar essa fração do colesterol abaixo do desejável. As conclusões foram: I. A dosagem isolada do colesterol total pode levar a chance importante de classificar enganosamente um paciente (em relação ao LDL-colesterol calculado). Para o rastreamento, os falsos negativos variaram de 9 por cento a 24 por cento e os falsos positivos, de 10 por cento a 24 por cento. Para a situação de decisão de tratamento, a variação dos falsos negativos foi de 14 por cento a 25 por cento, enquanto a dos falsos positivos foi de 1 por cento a 9 por cento. 2. A determinação dos triglicérides associada à do colesterol total auxilia a melhor identificação dos casos que apresentam LDL-colesterol elevado, somente quando a colesterolemia se encontra abaixo ue 240 mg/dl. Para níveis de colesterol totai iguais ou acima desse valor, a determinação também dos triglicérides não auxilia a melhor identificação do risco lipídico pelo LDL-colesterol ou a necessidade de tratamento dessa variável do perfil lipídico. A não possibilidade do diagnóstico de hipertrigliceridemia isolada (acima de 200 mg/dl) quando da determinação somente do colesterol total apresentou baixas chances nas populações avaliadas neste estudo, de 0,5 por cento a 3 por cento. 3. A não determinação do HDL-colesterol associa risco de erro pequeno de não identificação de paciente com risco de doença coronária por nível baixo dessa fração do colesterol (abaixo de 35 mg/dl), com colesterol total em níveis desejáveis (abaixo de 200 mg/dl), que variou de 3 por cento a 10 por cento. / Lipid profile of two populations composed of individuais older than 20 years, was studied: - metallurgic employees from São Bernardo do Campo (Termomecânica): 1,616 males and 230 females; - outpatients seen in the Hospital das Clínicas from Campinas State University (UNICAMP): 664 females and 317 males. The objectives were: I. To evaluate if the isolated determination of serum total cholesterol, without triglyceridcs, HDL-cholesterol and calculation of LDL-cholesterol by Friedewald\'s formula, for population screening or treatement decision implicates in high percentage of misclassification, considering LDL-cholesterol as the gold standard. 2. To analyze if triglycerides associated to total cholesterol determination helps in better identification of cases according to LDL-cholesterol, parallel to the definition of the percentage of cases presenting isolated hypertriglyceridemia. 3. To evaluate what is the chance of, according to isolated total choleslerol determination, patients being misclassified due a low HDL-cholesterol. The conclusions were: I. Isolated determination of total cholesterol can induce to an important chance of misclassifying a patient (according to calculated LDL-cholesterol). For screening, false negatives ranged from 9 per cent to 24 per cent and false positives from 10 per cent to 24 per cent. For treatment decision situation, false negatives varied from 14 per cent to 25 per cent, while false positives varied from 1 per cent to 9 per cent. 2. Triglycerides determination associated to total cholesterol helps in better identification of cases presenting elevated LDL-cholesterol, only when the cholesterolemia is below 240 mg/dL. For total cholesterol equal or above this value, triglycerides determination does not improve better identification of lipid risk depending on LDL-cholesterol during screening or treatment imposition. The impossibility of diagnosing isolated hypertriglyeeridemia (above 200 mg/dL) when only total cholesterol determination is done present low chance in both studied populations varying from 0.5 per cent to 3 per cent. 3. In a patient presenting a desirable total cholesterol level (below 200 mg/dL), not dosing HDL-cholesterol associates low risk of misclassification depending on a low level or this lipoprotein fraction (below 35 mg/dL): from 3 per cent to 10 per cent.

Orientador: Célia Regina Nogueira / Resumo: Os hormônios tireoidianos (HTs) são fundamentais para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de vários órgãos e tecido. A fonte de HTs é a glândula tireoide, que faz parte do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-tireoide e produz, principalmente, triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4). A disfunção tireoidiana é frequentemente associada com mudanças no apetite e peso corporal, que levam a alterações em parâmetros metabólicos, desempenhando papel importante na regulação do metabolismo e do tecido adiposo. A relação entre obesidade e distúrbios na tireoide vem sendo muito estudada, porem ainda não é bem estabelecida. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) reconhece a obesidade como um importante problema de saúde pública, que afeta crianças, adolescentes e adultos. Com embasamento na literatura, a partir dos modelos estudados pelo nosso grupo e a fim de ampliar as pesquisas nesta área, o objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar a influência do hormônio tireoidiano sobre o perfil nutricional, metabólico e hormonal de ratos obesos. Foram utilizados Ratos Wistar machos, com 60 dias, foram distribuídos em dois grupos: controle (C; n=24) e obeso (OB; n=24). Os ratos C receberam ração padrão e os OB ração ocidental. Posteriormente, na 43º semana após o início das dietas os animais de ambos os grupos foram realocados em 2 novos grupos para início do tratamento hormonal, formando neste momento 4 grupos experimentais (C; n=12, CT; n=12, OB; n=12, OBT; n=12). A gordura corporal total foi realizada pela somatória do... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Thyroid hormones (HTs) are key to the growth and development of various organs and tissue. The source of HTs is the thyroid gland, which is part of the hypothalamicpituitary-thyroid axis and produces, mainly, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroid dysfunction is often associated with changes in appetite and body weight, leading to changes in metabolic parameters, playing an important role in the regulation of metabolism and adipose tissue. The relationship between obesity and thyroid disorders has been much studied but is still not well established. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes obesity as an important public health problem that affects children, adolescents, and adults. The objective of our study was to evaluate the influence of thyroid hormone on the nutritional, metabolic and hormonal profile of obese rats, based on the models studied by our group and in order to broaden the research in this area. Male Wistar rats, 60 days old, were used in two groups: control (C; n = 24) and obese (OB; n = 24). C rats received standard ration and Western rations. Later, at the 43rd week after the beginning of the diets, the animals of both groups were relocated into 2 new groups to start the hormonal treatment, forming at this moment 4 experimental groups (C; n = 12, CT; n = 12, OB; n = 12, OBT; n = 12). The total body fat was performed by the sum of the epididymal, retroperitoneal, visceral deposits and the obesity defined by the adiposity index. The nutrition... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

As equipes brasileiras de voleibol sempre tiveram os melhores levantadores, no cenário mundial, tais como: William, Jaqueline, Maurício, Fernanda Venturini, entre outros. Esta posição é considerada como a função mais importante. Isto nos leva a acreditar na importância das características físicas, técnicas, táticas e psicológicas de um levantador. Para o estudo foram entrevistados técnicos e atletas de equipes na categoria adulta (masculinas e femininas) participantes da Superliga atual campeonato nacional. Como método utilizou-se uma entrevista sem iestruturada com estes técnicos e atletas. Para análise qualitativa foi aplicada a metodologia do DSC (Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo). Trata-se de uma técnica de pesquisa qualitativa que está sendo desenvolvida no campo da saúde desde 1997, mas que tem utilidade em todo tipo de abordagem da temática que envolva o pensamento, o sentimento, as crenças, as atitudes, os valores, as representações sociais, expressados sob a forma de discursos verbais. O procedimento da categorização das respostas (O Pensamento Coletivo como Soma Qualitativa) foi aplicado nessa fase. Consistiu em agrupar as respostas de sentido equivalente \"assim como sua força - freqüência com que uma dada Idéia Central apareceu no campo pesquisado. Das diversas questões abordadas nesta entrevista, evidenciou-se para esta pesquisa a seguinte: \"Para você, quais seriam as variáveis que um levantador deve ter para ser um atleta de alto rendimento e chegar a uma seleção nacional?\" / Brazilian volleyball teams always had the best setters worldwide, such as William, Mauricio, Jaqueline, Fernanda Venturini among others. This position is considered the most important in the team, reason why we may conclude that physical, technical, tactical and psychological characteristics are very important in a setter. The sample was composed of adult teams (male and female) coaches and athletes from \"SUPERLlGA\" - Brazilian National Championship. The methodology used was a semi structured interview. For the qualitative analysis was used the CSS (Collective Subject Speech) , a qualitative technical research that is being developed in the Health Area since 1997 and that is helpful for any study involving thinking, altitude, feeling, social representation, beliefs, expressed by verbal speech. The answers computing (collective thinking as qualitative addition) was applied at this time, and consists of joining the same sense answers as well as the incidence of the central idea occurrence in the study. Among all the questions made in this presentation one carne up: 11 What would be the most important characteristics (physical, technical, tactical and psychological) that a setter must have to acquire a high performance profile and reach a National team? \"

Palm Oil is the highest produced edible oil globally, with over 66 million tonnes produced annually. It has been estimated that up to 50% of all products sold in the supermarket contain palm oil in some form. Palm oil has attractive properties such as a high melting point and texture due to a balanced ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. It contains approximately 40% oleic acid (monounsaturated fatty acid), 10% linoleic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid), 45% palmitic acid and 5% stearic acid (saturated fatty acid), that results in an edible oil that is suitable for use in a variety of food, detergent and cosmetics products. In addition, palm oil is the least expensive oil produced due to its high productivity and extensive production. Due to the high demand for the product, vast amounts of rainforest have been cleared to make way for more plantations, reducing biodiversity and releasing huge levels of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. There is a clear need for an alternative lipid that can match palm oils properties but can be produced sustainably. Recent work suggests that some yeasts are capable of producing a similar oil to palm oil and can be grown on waste resources. In this thesis a novel bioprospecting protocol was developed to isolate yeasts that can survive the harsh conditions necessary for industrial biotechnology. In this way a vineyard and the local area was sampled for yeasts which were then cultured under extremes of pH, multiple sugars and inhibitors caused from the breakdown of lignocellulose. The wild yeast were cultured in four stages: minimal medium with Lysine; minimal medium with inhibitors; minimal medium with xylose as sole carbon-source; and lastly minimal medium with only arabinose and cellobiose as carbon-sources. Only strains that survived each stage were taken forward to the next, to isolate species that were truly suited to these conditions. Out of the estimated 1000s of strains screened this resulted in 12 strains of yeast, mostly in the Metschnikowia pulcherrima, group being able to cope with the conditions. The 12 strains were further analyzed by culturing them in an array of 4 different model lignocellulosic feedstocks namely wheat straw, corn Stover, sugarcane bagasse, and palm kernel cake hydrolysates. Other conditions incorporated in these analysis were a range of pH from pH 1.5 to pH 7.0; four levels of a mixture of 5 inhibitors; and two different temperatures. All of the 12 strains showed similar behaviour where inhibitor tolerance was only marked at higher pH, and at low pH the strains could not grow at all. Though all strains were able to grow on the hydrolysate models, even those with little glucose and/or xylose content. The lipid profile of the strains was also assessed and proved to be similar to most terrestrial crops, with suitable lipid profiles for a rapeseed oil, and in some cases palm oil substitute. Lastly, to further evaluate the accurate identification of the strains as there are some ambiguity in the Metschnikowia pulcherrima group, we applied an approach only widely used for Pathogenic Bacteria/Yeast identification, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). Using 25 strains (7 of this collection), 6 type species and some isolates from the original culture collection in Bath. Sequences of 6 genes was analysed using the Bayesian statistical method. The result showed grouping of M. pulcherrima into 3-4 groups 9 different for each gene. M. Corniflorae being the outgroup. In all 3 genes successfully sequenced: M. Fruticola; R6; Mp DAH 3; and ICS48 were consistently shown to be clonal. The work presented here demonstrates a new method for bioprospecting strains capable of isolating strains for industrial biotechnology, and for characterisation of the yeast in the Metschnikowia genus. Some of the yeasts identified were oleaginous, and could potentially be used as a novel source of palm oil substitute.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Influence of orthodontic caregiver behaviour on the perceived satisfaction of patients during orthodontic treatment. Dr. F.J. du Raan M.Sc. (Orthodontics) thesis, Department of Orthodontics, University of the Western Cape. In this thesis I interviewed patients that are busy with orthodontic treatment, as well as those that have undergone orthodontic treatment at the department of Orthodontics at the University of the Western Cape, with the aid of four questionnaires. Patients completed questionnaires to provide general and demographic information, quantify their satisfaction with the orthodontic treatment process, their perception of the orthodontic clinician's behavioural traits and lastly they completed the NEO-FFI personality questionnaire to determine their own personality profile. All these questionnaires were used in previous studies, or they were slightly modified to be applicable to orthodontics. The information gained was used to determine if there are correlations between the patient’s perceived satisfaction of the treatment process with patient specific treatment variables (as acquired from the General information and Demographics Questionnaire ), demographic factors, clinician's behavioural traits and patient specific personality traits and any combination of the above mentioned. We wanted to determine which behavioural traits of the orthodontic caregiver influences the perceived satisfaction with the treatment to the greatest extent. Furthermore, we wanted to determine if certain personality traits of the patients would influence their perceived satisfaction with the treatment process or their perception of the clinician's behavioural traits. The only aspect from the General Information and Demographics Questionnaire that had any correlation to satisfaction with the treatment process or the perception of the clinician's behavioural traits, was whether the patient was treated by a single registrar or multiple registrars. Patients treated by multiple clinicians had a lower average score for satisfaction and orthodontist behaviour. Results from the study shows that all the clinician's behavioural traits do have statistically significant influence on the perceived satisfaction with the treatment process, but certain behavioural traits have a greater influence. Result showed Empathy and Care to have the strongest influence on perceived satisfaction, whereas Motivation has the lowest influence. The NEO-FFI personality questionnaire was used to register each patient's personality profile. Scoring for the following personality traits created the personality profile: Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness and Agreeableness. Patient personality profiles were shown to have no significant influence on the patient's perceived satisfaction with the treatment process.Neuroticism was shown to have a weak negative correlation with the Professionalism sub-category of the Orthodontic Clinician Behaviour Questionnaire. Conscientiousness has been shown to have a weak positive correlation with all categories of the Orthodontic Clinician Behaviour Questionnaire It is put forth by the researcher that more time and effort has to be put into improving all aspects of the clinician's behaviour, as it will positively influence the perceived satisfaction of the orthodontic treatment process.Even though there are no significant correlations, patients needs to be screened to determine their personality profiles, as this may lead to slight improved scoring on certain behavioural aspects which may in turn lead to greater patient satisfaction. It may be especially worthwhile to recognise the neurotic patient and treat them on a more personal level, as this may improve their overall satisfaction.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram: caracterizar os idosos internados na Clínica Médica de um Hospital Geral Terciário, do interior paulista, segundo: variáveis sociodemográficas, estilo de vida, condições de saúde, acesso aos serviços de saúde e rede de apoio familiar e social; identificar a capacidade cognitiva, a capacidade funcional e a presença de sintomas de depressão desses idosos; verificar a existência de associação entre a variável queda com as variáveis faixa etária, sexo, déficit cognitivo, uso de óculos, hábito de beber e presença de sintomas de depressão; e verificar a existência de associação entre a variável déficit cognitivo com as variáveis faixa etária, sexo e estado conjugal. Trata-se de um estudo não experimental, descritivo e transversal. Realizado com idosos, internados na Clínica Médica, do referido hospital, no período de abril a julho de 2011. Para a coleta de dados, utilizaram-se o Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM), uma readaptação do Older Americans Resources and Services (OARS) e a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG). Foram estudados 105 idosos, média de idade de 73,8 anos (s=8,9); 59,0% eram homens; 62,9% moravam com esposo(a) ou companheiro(a); 47,6% estudaram de um a quatro anos; 90,5% eram aposentados. Quanto ao estilo de vida, 80,0% não fumavam atualmente; 71,4% consumiam bebida alcoólica; 66,7% não praticavam atividade física. Com relação à saúde, 72,4% a autoavaliaram como \"Boa\"; 56,2% tinham diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial e 22,9 de fibrilação atrial; para 78,1% todos os medicamentos eram receitados pelo médico; 91,4% avaliaram sua visão como \"Boa\"; 23,9% faziam uso dos óculos; 39,0% caíram nos últimos 12 meses; 23,8% caíram de três a quatro vezes. Quanto ao acesso aos serviços de saúde e à rede de apoio familiar e social, 96,2% utilizavam Hospital Público e estavam satisfeitos; para 45,7%, o esposo(a) ou companheiro(a) foi a primeira menção para cuidador na presença de incapacidades. Na avaliação cognitiva pelo MEEM, 34,3% apresentaram cognição comprometida. Quanto ao desempenho para as AVDs, no momento da admissão, 81,9% apresentavam algum grau de dificuldade nas ABVDs e 86,7% nas AIVDs; durante a hospitalização, 89,5% e, no momento da alta, 84,8% realizavam as atividades básicas com dificuldades. Os sintomas de depressão estiveram presentes em 54,3% dos idosos, média de 5,4 (s=2,5). Observou-se associação entre a presença de quedas e o uso de óculos (p<0,01) e entre a presença de déficit cognitivo e a faixa etária (p=0,04). A identificação do perfil e das necessidades dos idosos hospitalizados pode subsidiar o planejamento da assistência, com enfoque multiprofissional. / The objectives of this study were to characterize elderly individuals hospitalized in the medical clinic of a tertiary general hospital in the interior of São Paulo, Brazil according to the following socio-demographic variables: lifestyle, health conditions, access to health services and family and social support network; to identify cognitive and functional capacity and depression symptoms among these patients; to verify potential association between the variable \'fall\' with age, gender, cognitive deficit, use of glasses, alcohol consumption, and depression symptoms; and also to verify potential association between the variable \'cognitive deficit\' with age, gender and marital status. This non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional study addressed elderly individuals hospitalized in the medical clinic of the mentioned hospital from April to July 2011. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a readaptation of Older Americans Resources and Services (OARS), and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were used to collect data. A total of 105 elderly individuals aged 73.8 years old in average (s=8.9) participated in the study; 59.0% were men; 62.9% lived with spouses or partners; 47.6% studied from one to four years; 90.5% were retired. In relation to lifestyle, 80.0% did not smoke at the time; 71.4% consumed alcohol; 66.7% did not exercise. In relation to their health condition, 72.4% reported it was \"good\"; 56.2% had hypertension, and 22.9 had atrial fibrillation; 78.1% had all medications prescribed by a physician; 91.4% reported their eyesight was \"good\"; 23.9% wore glasses; 39,0% fell in the last 12 months; 23.8% fell from three to four times. In regard to access to health services and family and social support network, 96.2% used public hospitals and were satisfied; 45.7% reported the spouse or partner would be the primary caregiver in case of disability. A total of 34.3% presented compromised cognition in the MMSE cognitive evaluation. In relation to the performance of ADLs at the time of admission, 81.9% presented some level of difficulty in BADLs and 86.7% in IADLs; 89.5% and 84.8% performed basic activities with difficulty during hospitalization and at time of discharge, respectively. Depression symptoms were observed in 54.3% of the elderly individuals, average of 5.4 (s=2.5). Association between falls and the use of glasses (p<0.01) and between cognitive deficit and age (p=0.04) was observed. The identification of the profile and needs of hospitalized elderly individuals can support planning of care with a multidisciplinary focus.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O uso de substÃncias psicoativas no universo acadÃmico possui caracterÃsticas prÃprias dessa clientela. Objetivando traÃar um perfil epidemiolÃgico do uso de substÃncias psicoativas no universo acadÃmico, esta pesquisa, de carÃter quantitativa, foi aplicada a 325 acadÃmicos da Faculdade de FarmÃcia, Odontologia e Enfermagem da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Utilizou-se um questionÃrio com perguntas fechadas e divididas em dois momentos: o primeiro contendo a caracterizaÃÃo sÃcio-demogrÃfica da clientela em estudo e, o segundo momento com a caracterizaÃÃo do uso e freqÃÃncia de uso dos acadÃmicos em questÃo. Os resultados foram mostrados atravÃs de tabelas e grÃficos, com retorno à literatura pertinente. Como resultados temos uma amostra predominantemente feminina (66%), com faixa etÃria em torno dos 21 anos, solteira (90%), catÃlicos(72%), somente estudantes (75%), residentes com os pais (78%), com renda familiar em torno de 6 a 15 salÃrios mÃnimos, que se auto-denominam otimistas (60%) e com disposiÃÃo para virem à faculdade (66,5%). Com relaÃÃo ao uso e freqÃÃncia de uso de substÃncias psicotrÃpicas, os acadÃmicos fazem uso atual de etÃlicos (30%), tabaco (5,5%) e inalantes (5,5%), maconha (4%) e cocaÃna e seus derivados (1%). O uso à esporÃdico dessas substÃncias. ConcluÃmos que a amostra pesquisada corresponde a um terÃo aproximado do universo acadÃmico e que o uso de substÃncias psicoativas estÃo relacionadas entre outros fatores com a caracterizaÃÃo sÃcio-demogrÃfica dos acadÃmicos. Sugerimos que a pesquisa amplie as discussÃes relativas ao tema, que haja a inclusÃo dessa temÃtica no currÃculo, que haja campanhas e serviÃos de atenÃÃo voltados para o usuÃrio acadÃmico. / The psychoactive substance use in the academic universe possesss proper characteristics of this clientele. Objectifying to trace a profile epidemiologist of the psychoactive substance use in the academic universe, this research, of quantitative character, it was applied the 325 academics of the Pharmacy College, Odontologia and Enfermagem of the Federal University of the CearÃ. A questionnaire with closed and divided questions at two moments was used: the first one I contend the partner-demographic characterization of the clientele in study and, as the moment with the characterization of the use and frequency of use of the academics in question. The results had been shown through graphical tables and, with return to pertinent literature. As results we have a predominantly feminine sample (66%), with etÃria band around the 21 years, bachelor (90%), catholics (72%), only students (75%), residents with the parents (78%), with familiar income around 6 the 15 minimum wages, that if optimists (60%) auto-call and with disposal for they capsize the college (66.5%). With regard to the use and frequency of psicotrÃpicas substance use, the academics make current use of etÃlicos (30%), tobacco (5.5%) and inalantes (5.5%), marijuana (4%) and cocaine and its derivatives (1%). The use is sporadical of these substances. We conclude that the searched sample corresponds to one terÃo approach of the academic universe and that the psychoactive substance use is among others related factors with the partner-demographic characterization of the academics. We suggest that the research extends the relative quarrels to the subject, that has the inclusion of this thematic one in the resume, that has campaigns and services of attention directed toward the academic user.

As equipes brasileiras de voleibol sempre tiveram os melhores levantadores, no cenário mundial, tais como: William, Jaqueline, Maurício, Fernanda Venturini, entre outros. Esta posição é considerada como a função mais importante. Isto nos leva a acreditar na importância das características físicas, técnicas, táticas e psicológicas de um levantador. Para o estudo foram entrevistados técnicos e atletas de equipes na categoria adulta (masculinas e femininas) participantes da Superliga atual campeonato nacional. Como método utilizou-se uma entrevista sem iestruturada com estes técnicos e atletas. Para análise qualitativa foi aplicada a metodologia do DSC (Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo). Trata-se de uma técnica de pesquisa qualitativa que está sendo desenvolvida no campo da saúde desde 1997, mas que tem utilidade em todo tipo de abordagem da temática que envolva o pensamento, o sentimento, as crenças, as atitudes, os valores, as representações sociais, expressados sob a forma de discursos verbais. O procedimento da categorização das respostas (O Pensamento Coletivo como Soma Qualitativa) foi aplicado nessa fase. Consistiu em agrupar as respostas de sentido equivalente \"assim como sua força - freqüência com que uma dada Idéia Central apareceu no campo pesquisado. Das diversas questões abordadas nesta entrevista, evidenciou-se para esta pesquisa a seguinte: \"Para você, quais seriam as variáveis que um levantador deve ter para ser um atleta de alto rendimento e chegar a uma seleção nacional?\" / Brazilian volleyball teams always had the best setters worldwide, such as William, Mauricio, Jaqueline, Fernanda Venturini among others. This position is considered the most important in the team, reason why we may conclude that physical, technical, tactical and psychological characteristics are very important in a setter. The sample was composed of adult teams (male and female) coaches and athletes from \"SUPERLlGA\" - Brazilian National Championship. The methodology used was a semi structured interview. For the qualitative analysis was used the CSS (Collective Subject Speech) , a qualitative technical research that is being developed in the Health Area since 1997 and that is helpful for any study involving thinking, altitude, feeling, social representation, beliefs, expressed by verbal speech. The answers computing (collective thinking as qualitative addition) was applied at this time, and consists of joining the same sense answers as well as the incidence of the central idea occurrence in the study. Among all the questions made in this presentation one carne up: 11 What would be the most important characteristics (physical, technical, tactical and psychological) that a setter must have to acquire a high performance profile and reach a National team? \"

Foram estudadas, quanto ao perfil lipídico, duas populações, compreendendo indivíduos acima dos 20 anos de idade: -trabalhadores da Termomecânica, indústria metalúrgica de São Bernardo do Campo: 1.616 do sexo masculino e 230 do sexo feminino; -pacientes atendidos no ambulatório do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP): 664 do sexo feminino e 317 do sexo masculino. Os objetivos foram: I. Avaliar se a determinação isolada da colesterolemia total, sem considerar a dos triglicérides e a do HDL-colesterol e o cálculo do LDL-colesterol pela fórmula de Friedewald, para rastreamento populacional ou para decisão de tratamento, implica importante porcentagem de aparecimento de casos classificados inadequadamente, considerando o LDL-colesterol como \"padrão ouro\". 2. Analisar se a determinação da trigliceridemia associada à da colesterolemia total, além de mostrar os casos que apresentam hipertrigliceridemia isolada, auxilia a melhor identificação dos casos quanto ao LDL-colesterol. 3. Avaliar, com base na determinação isolada da colesterolemia total, qual a chance de os pacientes, por não lerem seu HDL-colesterol dosado, estar em maior risco lipídico para doença ateroselerótica por apresentar essa fração do colesterol abaixo do desejável. As conclusões foram: I. A dosagem isolada do colesterol total pode levar a chance importante de classificar enganosamente um paciente (em relação ao LDL-colesterol calculado). Para o rastreamento, os falsos negativos variaram de 9 por cento a 24 por cento e os falsos positivos, de 10 por cento a 24 por cento. Para a situação de decisão de tratamento, a variação dos falsos negativos foi de 14 por cento a 25 por cento, enquanto a dos falsos positivos foi de 1 por cento a 9 por cento. 2. A determinação dos triglicérides associada à do colesterol total auxilia a melhor identificação dos casos que apresentam LDL-colesterol elevado, somente quando a colesterolemia se encontra abaixo ue 240 mg/dl. Para níveis de colesterol totai iguais ou acima desse valor, a determinação também dos triglicérides não auxilia a melhor identificação do risco lipídico pelo LDL-colesterol ou a necessidade de tratamento dessa variável do perfil lipídico. A não possibilidade do diagnóstico de hipertrigliceridemia isolada (acima de 200 mg/dl) quando da determinação somente do colesterol total apresentou baixas chances nas populações avaliadas neste estudo, de 0,5 por cento a 3 por cento. 3. A não determinação do HDL-colesterol associa risco de erro pequeno de não identificação de paciente com risco de doença coronária por nível baixo dessa fração do colesterol (abaixo de 35 mg/dl), com colesterol total em níveis desejáveis (abaixo de 200 mg/dl), que variou de 3 por cento a 10 por cento. / Lipid profile of two populations composed of individuais older than 20 years, was studied: - metallurgic employees from São Bernardo do Campo (Termomecânica): 1,616 males and 230 females; - outpatients seen in the Hospital das Clínicas from Campinas State University (UNICAMP): 664 females and 317 males. The objectives were: I. To evaluate if the isolated determination of serum total cholesterol, without triglyceridcs, HDL-cholesterol and calculation of LDL-cholesterol by Friedewald\'s formula, for population screening or treatement decision implicates in high percentage of misclassification, considering LDL-cholesterol as the gold standard. 2. To analyze if triglycerides associated to total cholesterol determination helps in better identification of cases according to LDL-cholesterol, parallel to the definition of the percentage of cases presenting isolated hypertriglyceridemia. 3. To evaluate what is the chance of, according to isolated total choleslerol determination, patients being misclassified due a low HDL-cholesterol. The conclusions were: I. Isolated determination of total cholesterol can induce to an important chance of misclassifying a patient (according to calculated LDL-cholesterol). For screening, false negatives ranged from 9 per cent to 24 per cent and false positives from 10 per cent to 24 per cent. For treatment decision situation, false negatives varied from 14 per cent to 25 per cent, while false positives varied from 1 per cent to 9 per cent. 2. Triglycerides determination associated to total cholesterol helps in better identification of cases presenting elevated LDL-cholesterol, only when the cholesterolemia is below 240 mg/dL. For total cholesterol equal or above this value, triglycerides determination does not improve better identification of lipid risk depending on LDL-cholesterol during screening or treatment imposition. The impossibility of diagnosing isolated hypertriglyeeridemia (above 200 mg/dL) when only total cholesterol determination is done present low chance in both studied populations varying from 0.5 per cent to 3 per cent. 3. In a patient presenting a desirable total cholesterol level (below 200 mg/dL), not dosing HDL-cholesterol associates low risk of misclassification depending on a low level or this lipoprotein fraction (below 35 mg/dL): from 3 per cent to 10 per cent.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da condição sexual sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de bovinos Angus x Nelore, terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 176 bovinos, com idade média de 20 meses, pertencentes ao Programa Brasileiro de Carne Angus Certificada, divididos em quatro condições sexuais (CS): 32 machos não castrados (NC), 48 machos castrados cirurgicamente (CC), 48 machos imunocastrados (IM) e 48 fêmeas (F). Para a imunocastração dos bovinos, foram utilizadas três doses de uma vacina anti-GnRH. Os animais foram confinados durante 190 dias, com a mesma dieta, composta de 80% de concentrado e 20% de volumoso na matéria seca. Ao final deste período, os bovinos foram abatidos. Durante o abate, foi calculado o rendimento de carcaça quente (RCQ) e avaliado o pH. Na desossa, foi avaliada no m. Longissimus a área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) entre a 12ª e 13ª costelas, marmorização, cor e pH. Foram coletadas amostras de 2,54 cm de espessura do m. Longissimus, embaladas a vácuo e maturadas por zero (sem maturação), 7 e 14 dias, a 2°C para análises de maciez objetiva (FC) e subjetiva, perdas por cocção (PPC), teor de extrato etéreo (EE) e perfil de ácidos graxos. Utilizou-se o procedimento MIXED do programa SAS® e a significância foi declarada quando P &le; 0,05. Os machos NC apresentaram maior peso vivo final, ganho de peso médio diário, AOL e maiores valores de pH em relação às demais condições sexuais (P &lt; 0,01). Para PCQ, os machos NC e IM apresentaram valores mais elevados do que machos CC e fêmeas (P &lt; 0,01). Por outro lado, as fêmeas apresentaram maior EGS em relação às demais categorias (P &lt; 0,01). O escore de marmorização foi maior na carne das fêmeas e machos CC do que dos machos NC e IM (P &lt; 0,01), no entanto, a carne dos machos CC apresentou maior escore de gordura intramuscular Prime do que a carne das fêmeas. Para RCQ não houve diferença entre as CS. Houve maior PPC na carne dos machos CC (P &lt; 0,01) e a carne das fêmeas apresentou maior teor de EE em relação às demais categorias (P = 0,0248). Houve interação entre CS e dias de maturação para os valores de FC (P = 0,0002) e para os valores de L* (P = 0,0118) e b* (P = 0,0113). A maturação influenciou a cor da carne, em função da CS e ambas favoreceram a maciez da carne de todas as CS avaliadas, especialmente de machos NC e fêmeas. A CS influenciou todos os atributos avaliados na análise sensorial (P &lt; 0,05). A carne de fêmeas e animais castrados, sejam imunocastrados ou castrados por método cirúrgico, apresentaram melhor aceitação pelos consumidores na análise. Adicionalmente, a carne das fêmeas apresentou PAG mais favorável à saúde humana, enquanto a carne dos machos NC apresentou um perfil de AG menos saudável (P &lt; 0,05). A imunocastração pode ser uma alternativa à castração cirúrgica, pois os resultados associados à melhoria na qualidade da carne de bovinos cruzados Angus x Nelore, são similares aos encontrados para os machos CC. Entretanto, vale ressaltar que os bovinos CC produzem carne com maior deposição de gordura intramuscular do que os IM e que os custos financeiros da imunocastração devem ser levados em consideração para a produção da carne. Ainda, as diferenças no perfil de ácidos graxos podem indicar que a CS pode impactar o valor nutricional da carne em termos de saúde humana. / The goal of this work was to evaluate sexual condition effects on performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of a feedlot Angus x Nellore cattle. Were used 176 cattle, 20 months of age, from the Brazilian Certified Angus Beef Program, assigned into four sexual conditions: 32 bulls, 48 steers, 48 immunocastrated, and 48 heifers. The immunocastrated were obtained by vaccinating three times with anti-GnRH vaccine. Animals were fed ad libitum with a highgrain diet containing 80% concentrate. At the end of the experimental period (190 days) the animals were harvested. At the slaughter were collected data related to the carcass yield and pH values. After slaughter, were evaluated in Longissimus muscle, the rib eye area, and subcutaneous fat thickness between the 12th and 13th ribs, marbling score, color, and pH. Vacuum packaged steaks (2.54 cm thick) from the Longissimus muscle were collected, aging for zero, 7, and 14 days at 2°C and stored at -18°C until analysis of meat quality. Statistical analyzes were performed using the proc MIXED SAS® program (version 9.2). Bulls presented increased final body weight, average daily gain, rib eye area, and pH values when compared with the other sexual conditions (P &lt; 0.01). For hot carcass weight, bulls and immunocastrated had higher values compared to steers and heifers (P &lt; 0.01). Interestingly, heifers presented higher subcutaneous fat thickness compared to the other categories (P &lt; 0.01). Heifers and steers presented increased intramuscular fat scores compared to the bulls and immunocastrated; however, beef from steers presented higher marbling Prime scores when compared with beef from heifers. Beef from steers had higher cooking loss (P &lt; 0.01) and beef from heifers presented higher ether extract content when compared with other sexual conditions (P = 0.0248). There was interaction between sexual condition and aging time for Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) values (P = 0.0002), L* (P = 0.0118) and b* (P = 0.0113) values. The period of aging affected beef color, depending of the sexual condition. In addition, all cattle categories evaluated had beef tenderness improved by the aging process and sexual condition, especially beef from bulls and heifers. Sexual condition had main influence in all beef sensorial attributes (P &lt; 0.05). Beef from heifers, steers, and immunocastrated cattle had better consumer´s acceptability in sensory analysis then the beef from bulls. Additionally, beef from heifers presented favorable fatty acid profile for human healthy, while beef from bulls had an unfavorable fatty acid profile (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, immunocastration can be an alternative to surgical castration, since it improves meat quality with results like those for Angus x Nellore steers. However, it is important to highlight that the steers produce high intramuscular fat deposition then the immunocastrated, and the cost of immunocastration should be taken into consideration for the beef cattle production. Additionally, the difference on fatty acid profile can indicate that the sexual condition can impact the nutrition values of the meat.