Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dalvamariadasilveiraroland_tese.pdf: 525906 bytes, checksum: 61ccf9e8391040c01b0a399cf7c1a860 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-26 / Background: Chronic heart failure is a progressive syndrome. It is associated with a significantly reduced life expectancy due to a poor prognosis in a long term and it is currently seen as a major health problem worldwide. Despite technological advances in therapy, it still shows high mortality and high rate of re-hospitalization. Objective: To establish the predictors of mortality in patients with chronic systolic heart failure secondary to systemic arterial hypertension. Methods: All patients diagnosed with chronic systolic heart failure secondary to systemic arterial hypertension were considered in this study. They were routinely followed at the Cardiomyopathy outpatient Clinic at the Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, from January 2000 to April 2008. One hundred and thirty patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected. The Cox proportional hazards model analysis was used to establish the independent variables to predict mortality. The variables that could predict mortality in patients with chronic heart failure secondary to systemic arterial hypertension were used in univariate and multivariate model. The survival curve of Kaplan - Meier was used to estimate survival over time. Results: The mean follow-up was 39 ± 26 months. Thirty-one (24%) patients died, 5 (4%) underwent heart transplantation and 94 (72%) were alive at study end. The probability of survival at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months was 96%, 93%, 84%, 79% and 76%, respectively. Age (Hazard Ratio= 1.05, 95% Confidence Interval 95% : 1.01 to 1.08, p value=0.01), left ventricular diastolic dimension (Hazard Ratio=1.08; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.02 to 1.09; p value=0.003), and B-Blocker therapy (Hazard Ratio=0.41; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.19 to 0.86; p value=0.02) were found to be independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion: The results showed that age, left ventricular diastolic diameter and underuse of beta-blockers were independent predictors of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic systolic heart failure secondary to systemic arterial hypertension in the contemporary era. / Introdução: A insuficiência cardíaca crônica é uma síndrome progressiva. Esta associada a uma expectativa de vida significativamente reduzida devido a um prognóstico sombrio a longo prazo; sendo vista atualmente como um importante problema de saúde em todo o mundo. Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos e terapêuticos continua com alta mortalidade e elevada taxa de re-hospitalização. Objetivo: Estabelecer os preditores de mortalidade em pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca crônica sistólica (ICC) secundária à hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Método: Foram considerados para este estudo todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de ICC sistólica secundária à HAS acompanhados rotineiramente no Ambulatório de Cardiomiopatia do Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, no período de janeiro de 2000 a abril de 2008. Cento e trinta pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram selecionados. O modelo de análise de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi utilizado para se estabelecer variáveis de predição independentes de mortalidade geral. As variáveis que eram capazes de predizer mortalidade geral em pacientes com ICC sistólica secundária à HAS foram utilizadas no modelo univariado e multivariado. A curva de sobrevida de Kaplan Meier foi construída para estimar a sobrevida ao longo do tempo. Resultados: O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 39±26 meses. Trinta e um (24%) pacientes morreram, 5 (4%) foram submetidos a transplante cardíaco, e 94 (72%) estavam vivos no final do estudo. A probabilidade de sobrevida aos 12, 24, 36, 48, e 60 meses foi de 96%, 93%, 84%, 79%, e 76%, respectivamente. Idade (razão de risco ( hazard ratio ) = 1,05, Intervalo de Confiança 95% :1,01 a 1,08, valor de p = 0,01), diâmetro diastólico ventricular esquerdo ( razão de risco = 1,06; Intervalo de confiança 95%: 1,02 a 1,09; Valor de p = 0,003), e terapia com Betabloqueador ( razão de risco = 0,41; Intervalo de confiança 95% : 0,19 a 0,86; valor de p = 0,02) foram considerados variáveis de predição independentes de mortalidade. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a idade, o diâmetro diastólico do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e subutilização de agentes betabloqueadores são os determinantes prognósticos independentes não invasivos de mortalidade geral em pacientes com ICC sistólica secundária à HAS na era atual.

<p>Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among females in Sweden. Axillary lymph-node dissection is a standard procedure in the management of breast cancer, aiming at obtaining prognostic information for adjuvant therapy decisions. Axillary dissection entails considerable morbidity. The aims of this study were to establish more selective surgical approaches and to investigate angiogenesis, a potential predictor for lymph-node metastases and prognosis.</p><p>Clinical nodal status, tumour size and S-phase were associated with nodal metastases in cohort of 1145 women. The proportion of nodal metastases was 13% in the subgroup with the lowest risk.</p><p>In a study from two registries, 675 and 1035 breast cancers ≤10 mm diagnosed by screening mammography had nodal metastases in 6,5% and 7%, respectively. Clinically detected cancers had a risk of 16% and 14%, respectively.</p><p>In a study on 415 women, a 5-node biopsy of the axilla had a sensitivity of 97,3% and a false negative rate of 2,7% in comparison with axillary dissection.</p><p>Six sections from 21 breast cancers were analysed for microvessel density (MVD). The inter-section variation contributed more to the total variance than inter-tumour variation, 45,0% and 37,3%, respectively.</p><p>In a cohort of 315 women, breast cancers with high MVD more frequently had p53 mutations (27,1%) compared with cases with low MVD (18,4%). This difference was not statistically significant (p=0,075). p53 mutations were associated with a worse outcome, whereas MVD was not.</p><p>In conclusion, women with screening detected ≤10 mm breast cancers have a low risk of lymph node metastases and some may not need axillary dissection in the future. The 5-node biopsy could be an alternative to axillary dissection. MVD is associated with methodological weaknesses and routine use is not recommended.</p>

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among females in Sweden. Axillary lymph-node dissection is a standard procedure in the management of breast cancer, aiming at obtaining prognostic information for adjuvant therapy decisions. Axillary dissection entails considerable morbidity. The aims of this study were to establish more selective surgical approaches and to investigate angiogenesis, a potential predictor for lymph-node metastases and prognosis. Clinical nodal status, tumour size and S-phase were associated with nodal metastases in cohort of 1145 women. The proportion of nodal metastases was 13% in the subgroup with the lowest risk. In a study from two registries, 675 and 1035 breast cancers ≤10 mm diagnosed by screening mammography had nodal metastases in 6,5% and 7%, respectively. Clinically detected cancers had a risk of 16% and 14%, respectively. In a study on 415 women, a 5-node biopsy of the axilla had a sensitivity of 97,3% and a false negative rate of 2,7% in comparison with axillary dissection. Six sections from 21 breast cancers were analysed for microvessel density (MVD). The inter-section variation contributed more to the total variance than inter-tumour variation, 45,0% and 37,3%, respectively. In a cohort of 315 women, breast cancers with high MVD more frequently had p53 mutations (27,1%) compared with cases with low MVD (18,4%). This difference was not statistically significant (p=0,075). p53 mutations were associated with a worse outcome, whereas MVD was not. In conclusion, women with screening detected ≤10 mm breast cancers have a low risk of lymph node metastases and some may not need axillary dissection in the future. The 5-node biopsy could be an alternative to axillary dissection. MVD is associated with methodological weaknesses and routine use is not recommended.

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common leukemia among the adult population in western countries and accounts for 30-40% of all leukemias. With survival time ranging from months to decades, the clinical course of individual CLL patients is highly variable. This heterogeneity and in the end the need for means to identify the patients with less favorable disease has encouraged the search for biomarkers that can predict the prognosis. Telomeres are repetitive structures protecting the chromosomal endings and shorten at each cell division. Telomere length (TL) has been indicated as a prognostic factor both in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. In B-CLL, TL is associated with mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) gene and with clinical course. In the present thesis the main aim was to evaluate TL as a biomarker in B-CLL using a quantitative PCR-based method for TL determination. In paper I, TL was shown to be a prognostic factor for stage A and stage B/C patients, whereas IGHV mutation status predicted outcome only in stage A patients. Moreover, IGHV mutated CLL cases were subdivided by TL into two groups with different prognosis, a subdivision not seen for unmutated cases. Interestingly, the IGHV-mutated group with short telomeres had en overall survival close to that of the unmutated cases. Thus, a combination of IGHV mutation status and telomere length gave an improved subclassification of CLL identifying previously unrecognized patient groups with different outcomes. TL correlates with cellular origin of B-cell malignancies in relation to the germinal center (GC). In paper II different B-cell lymphoma/leukemia subtypes were analyzed. Shortest telomeres were found in IGHV unmutated CLLs, differing significantly from IGHV mutated cases. Contrary to this, mantle cell lymphomas (MCL) demonstrated similar TL regardless of IGHV mutation status. TL differed significantly between GC-like and non-GC-like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) and follicular lymphomas (FL) had shorter telomeres than GC-like DLBCL. Hairy cell leukemias, which display Ig gene intraclonal heterogeneity, had longer telomeres than FLs and non-GC-DLBCL, but shorter than GC-DLBCL. In conclusion, TL seemed not to simply correlate with GC origin. Paper III presents a B-CLL cohort assessed for TL, genomic aberrations, IGHV mutation status, CD38 and ZAP-70 expression. An inverse correlation existed between TL and IGHV homology, CD38 and ZAP-70 expression. The presence of genomic aberrations was similar among patients regardless of TL. In contrast, 13q deletion, a favorable biomarker, was more frequent in patients with long telomeres, while 11q and 17p deletions (markers of less favorable outcome) were more frequent in the subgroup with short telomeres. In paper IV a large group of mainly indolent CLL cases from a population based cohort was studied again showing an association between TL and prognosis, especially in “good” prognosis cases as defined by other biomarkers. Multivariate analysis indicated a strong connection between IGHV mutation status, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression and TL. A comparison of TL in diagnostic and follow up samples demonstrated a significant correlation, and also in the follow samples TL constituted a significant biomarker for survival.

Σκοπός: Η μελέτη βιολογικών και θεραπευτικών συσχετισμών σε ασθενείς με ηπατοκυτταρικό καρκίνωμα και ο δυνητικός ρόλος της απόπτωσης. Ασθενείς και Μέθοδοι: Η μελέτη περιέλαβε 35 παρασκευάσματα μερικών ηπατεκτομών από ισάριθμους ασθενείς με ηπατοκυτταρικό καρκίνωμα, μη ινοπεταλιώδους τύπου, που αφαιρέθηκαν με ηπατεκτομή για θεραπευτικό σκοπό. Σε αυτούς τους όγκους εκτιμήθηκαν διάφορα μακροσκοπικά και μικροσκοπικά χαρακτηριστικά, διαβαθμίστηκαν και συσχετίστηκαν με το διάστημα ελεύθερο νόσου. Επιπρόσθετα, σε τομές παραφίνης εκτιμήθηκε η έκφραση του bcl-2 και του bax (ανοσοϊστοχημεία/mRNA in-situ υβριδισμός) και της πρωτεΐνης p53. Αποτελέσματα: Η αγγειακή διήθηση η οποία είναι ο ισχυρότερος προβλεπτικός παράγοντας υποτροπής της νόσου, σχετίζεται με το μέγεθος των όγκων, την ύπαρξη γιγαντοκυττάρων και νέκρωσης, τον επικρατούντα και το χειρότερο βαθμό διαφοροποίησης και τον αποπτωτικό/μιτωτικό δείκτη. Ο in-situ υβριδισμός ανέδειξε έκφραση του mRNA του bcl-2 σε 25 από τους 35 ασθενείς (70%). Η ανοσοϊστοχημική χρώση δεν ανέδειξε έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης του bcl-2 στα καρκινικά κύτταρα. Αντίθετα, το bax mRNA και η πρωτεΐνη bax έδειξαν παρόμοιο τρόπο έκφρασης και ανευρέθηκαν μέσα στα ηπατοκύτταρα και στα χολαγγεία. Η έκφραση του bax mRNA ήταν υψηλότερη σε όγκους καλής διαφοροποίησης. Η έκφραση του p53 ήταν μικρότερη στον μικροδοκιδώδη τύπο από το συμπαγή τύπο και ήταν υψηλότερη σε πτωχά διαφοροποιημένους όγκους από τους καλά ή μετρίως διαφοροποιημένους όγκους. Συμπεράσματα: Η ηπατική καρκινογένεση στον άνθρωπο είναι μια πολυπαραγοντική και πολυεστιακή διαδικασία. Η αγγειακή διήθηση σχετίζεται με τον αποπτωτικό/μιτωτικό δείκτη και υψηλότερος αποπτωτικός/μιτωτικό δείκτης σχετίζεται με καλύτερο ελεύθερο νόσου διάστημα. Επιπλέον, η πρωτεΐνη bcl-2 δεν εκφράζεται ενώ εκφράζεται το mRNA, το οποίο εισηγείται μετα-μεταφραστικό λάθος και δείχνει ότι το bcl-2 δεν παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην εξέλιξη του ηπατοκυτταρικού καρκινώματος. / Aim: The study of biologic and therapeutic correlations in patients with hepatocellular carcinomas and the potential role of apoptosis. Patients and Methods: The study included 35 partial hepatectomy specimens removed from equal number of patients with nonfibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) for therapeutic reasons. In these tumors several macroscopic and microscopic features were assessed, graded and correlated with disease free survival. In addition, in paraffin sections the expressions of bcl-2 and bax (protein immunohistochemistry / mRNA-in situ hybridization) and p53 protein were assessed. Results: Vascular invasion, which is the strongest predictor of disease recurrence, correlates significantly with tumor size, tumor giant cells and necrosis, the predominant and worst degree of differentiation, and the apoptosis/mitosis ratio. Immuno-histochemical staining failed to reveal any bcl-2 protein expression in tumor cells of HCC. In the contrary, bax MRNA and protein displayed somehow a similar pattern of expression. They were detected within hepatocytes, bile duct epithelial and cholangiolar epithelial cells. Ηigher bax mRNA expression was noted in grade I carcinomas. Expression of p53 protein was less in the microtrabecular type than in the solid type and it was higher in poorly differentiated tumors than in those that were well or moderately well differentiated. Conclusions: Liver carcinogenesis in humans is a multistep and multifocal process. Vascular invasion correlates with the apoptosis/mitosis ratio and a higher apoptosis/mitosis ratio correlates with improved disease free survival. In addition, bcl-2 gene is frequently present but its protein product is absent. This suggests a post-translational mechanism of bcl-2 protein degradation, indicating that bcl-2 does not play a substantial role in the progress of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Atliktas perspektyvusis stebėjimo tyrimas, kurio metu buvo tirti sunkią galvos smegenų traumą patyrę vaikai, gydyti KMUK Vaikų intensyviosios terapijos skyriuje. Pacientų būklė pagal GBS vertinta išvykstant iš gydymo įstaigos ir po šešių mėnesių. Darbo tikslas Nustatyti sunkią galvos smegenų traumą patyrusių vaikų ligos baigčių prognozinius veiksnius. Darbo uždaviniai 1. Įvertinti ankstyvas ir vėlyvas sunkią galvos traumą patyrusių vaikų ligos baigtis. 2. Nustatyti sunkią galvos traumą patyrusių vaikų vidinio kaukolės slėgio ir smegenų perfuzinio slėgio ryšį su ligos baigtimis. 3. Nustatyti sunkią galvos traumą patyrusių vaikų traumos pobūdžio ryšį su ligos baigtimis. 4. Nustatyti paciento būkės vertinimo skalių ir laboratorinių tyrimų kritines reikšmes ir jų prognozinę vertę. 5. Nustatyti laboratorinių tyrimų kritines reikšmes ir jų prognozinę vertę. Išgyveno 80,5 proc. sunkią galvos smegenų traumą patyrusių vaikų. Išvykstant iš gydymo įstaigos 50 proc. pacientų, o po šešių mėnesių – 24,2 proc. pacientų traumos baigtis buvos bloga. Įtakos traumos baigtims turėjo kraujavimas po kietuoju smegenų dangalu, smegenų edema, kaukolės kaulų lūžiai. Nustatytos laktatų, gliukozės kiekio kraujo serume, vaikų traumų skalės, Glazgo komų skalės ir vaikų mirštamumo indekso 2 kritinės reikšmės, prognozuojančios mirtį, blogą baigtį išvykstant iš gydymo įstaigos ir po šešių mėnesių. Dekompresinė kraniotomija, atlikta, kai VKS = 24,5 mmHg,o SPS = 46.5 mmHg ligos baigčių nepakeitė. / The prospective observational study involved children after severe traumatic brain injury treated in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital. The outcome according to Glasgow Outcome Scale was assessed on discharge and after six months The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic factors in children after severe traumatic brain injury. The objectives of the study: 1. To evaluate early and late outcomes in children after severe traumatic brain injury 2. To evaluate the relation of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure with outcome in children after severe traumatic brain injury. 3. To evaluate the relation between type of injury and outcome. 4. To determine the threshold values for trauma scoring scales and to evaluate their prognostic significance. 5. To determine the threshold values for laboratory findings and to evaluate their prognostic significance. The survival rate was 80.5 %.half of patients had bad outcome on discharge and 24.4 % – had bad outcome after six months. The prognostic factors of outcome for children after severe traumatic brain injury were subdural hemorrhage, cerebral edema and skull fracture. Threshold values of Pediatric Trauma Score, Glasgow Coma Score and Pediatric index of Mortality 2 for death and bad outcomes on discharge and after six months were ascertained. Decompressive craniectomy performed at ICP ≥ 24.5 mmHg, CPP ≤ 46.5 mmHg had no impact on outcome in children after severe traumatic... [to full text]

OBJETIVO: Determinar o impacto de fatores prognósticos na sobrevida de pacientes com metástases hepáticas ressecadas e originadas de câncer colorretal. CASUISTICA E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os prontuários de 28 pacientes submetidos a ressecção hepática de metástases de câncer colorretal de Abril /1992 a Setembro /2001. Foram realizadas 38 ressecções (8 pacientes com mais de uma ressecção no mesmo tempo cirúrgico e 2 pacientes submetidos a re-ressecções). Todos haviam sido submetidos previamente à ressecção do tumor primário. Utilizou-se um protocolo de rastreamento de metástases hepáticas que incluiu revisões clinicas trimestrais, ecografia abdominal e dosagem de CEA até completarem-se 5 anos de seguimento e, após, semestralmente. Os fatores prognósticos estudados foram: estágio do tumor primário, tamanho das metástases > 5cm, intervalo entre ressecção do tumor primário e surgimento da metástase <1 ano, CEA>100ng/ml, margens cirúrgicas <1cm e doença metastática extra-hepática. O estudo foi retrospectivo e a análise estatística foi feita através da curva de Kaplan-Meier, do log rank e da regressão de Cox. RESULTADOS: A morbidade foi 39,3% e a mortalidade operatória foi 3,6%.A sobrevida em 5 anos foi de 35%. Os fatores prognósticos independentes adversos foram: intervalo <1 ano entre ressecção do tumor primário e surgimento da metástase (p=0,047 e RR 11,56) e doença metastática extra-hepática (p=0,004 e RR=57,28). CONCLUSÕES: A ressecção hepática de metástases de câncer colorretal é um procedimento seguro com sobrevida em 5 anos acima dos 30%. Foram fatores prognósticos independentes adversos: doença metastática extra-hepática e intervalo<1ano entre ressecção do tumor primário e surgimento da metástase. / Prognostic factors following liver resection for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. BACKGROUND: To determine the impact of prognostic factors on survival of patients with metastases from colorectal cancer that underwent liver resection. METHODS: The records of 28 patients that underwent liver resection for metastases from colorectal cancer between April /1992 and September/2001 were retrospectively analized. Thirty-eight resections were performed (more than one resection in eight patients and two patients underwent re-resections). The primary tumor was resected in all the patients. A screening protocol for liver metastases including clinical examinations every three months, abdominal ultrassonography and CEA level until five years of follow-up and after every six months, was applied. The prognostic factors analized regarding the impact on survival were: Dukes C stage of primary tumor, size of metastasis > 5cm, a disease-free interval from primary tumor to metastasis < 1 year, CEA level > 100ng/ml, resection margins < 1cm and extrahepatic disease. The Kaplan-Meier curves, log rank and Cox regression were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS: Perioperative morbidity and mortality were 39,3% and 3,6% respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 35%. The independent prognostic factors were: disease-free interval from primary tumor to metastasis < 1year (p=0,047; RR=11,56) and extrahepatic metastatic disease (p=0,004; RR=57,28). CONCLUSIONS: The liver resection for metastases from colorectal cancer is a safe procedure with more than 30% 5-year survival .Disease- free interval from primary tumor to metastasis < 1year and extrahepatic disease were independent prognostic factors.

O câncer colorretal é a terceira neoplasia mais freqüente no mundo ocidental. No reto encontram-se 30 a 57% dos casos, sendo 80% destes passíveis de alcançar pelo exame digital do reto. Apesar de inúmeros avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos, ainda são detectados tardiamente. A sobrevida em 5 anos mantém-se em torno de 50%, e os aspectos clínicopatológicos são os critérios prognósticos disponíveis. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar a sobrevida e os fatores clínico-patológicos relacionados aos tumores de reto em nosso meio. Os prontuários de 112 pacientes com adenocarcinoma primário e único de reto submetidos a cirurgia eletiva, num período de 7 anos (1988 a 1995), foram revisados retrospectivamente quanto a: idade, sexo, CEA pré-operatório, tipo e curabilidade da cirurgia, recidiva, seguimento, sobrevida e histopatologia do tumor. Para análise da sobrevida utilizou-se o método de Kaplan-Meyer. Nas análises bivariada e estratificada, um valor de P <0,05 foi considerado significativo. O coeficiente de correlação de Kendall foi utilizado para comparação dos sistemas de estadiamento. No modelo multivariado, utilizou-se um IC de 90%. A média de idade foi de 62,03±14,37 anos, com 52% dos casos do sexo feminino.Sessenta e dois por cento dos tumores encontravam-se no reto distal. Foram submetidos a amputação do reto 56,3% dos casos, e os demais, a retossigmoidectomia, sendo 25 procedimentos não-curativos. Sessenta e quatro pacientes (57%) apresentaram recidiva tumoral (14,3% locorregional, 32,1% à distância, e 10,7% ambas). Quarenta e cinco pacientes (40%) faleceram da neoplasia. O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 35,27 meses (14,5 – 57,63). A sobrevida em 5 anos foi de 51%, tendo reduzido proporcionalmente ao avanço dos estágios histopatológicos da doença (P<0,001). O sistema de estadiamento de Dukes/Astler- Coller se correlacionou significativamente com o sistema TNM (τ=0,91). O adenocarcinoma 6 moderadamente diferenciado foi o mais freqüente (73,2%). A maioria dos tumores (68,2%) estendia-se até os tecidos perirretais; apenas 3,8% eram restritos à mucosa. Sessenta e sete pacientes tinham linfonodos positivos (29,4%, N1; e 30,3%, N2). Na classificação de Dukes/Astler-Coller, 14 eram estágio D; 55, C1 e C2; 15, B2; e 28, B1 e A. A localização do tumor no reto médio ou distal não influenciou a ocorrência dos óbitos, as recidivas, nem a curabilidade da cirurgia. Os tumores menos diferenciados (P=0,009), com maior penetração na parede (P=0,013), com envolvimento linfonodal (N2>N1, P<0,001), com cirurgia nãocurativa (P=0,002) e os que apresentaram recidiva (P<0,001) influenciaram significativamente a mortalidade. A classificação de Dukes/Astler-Coller e a diferenciação tumoral (P=0,089) foram fatores prognósticos independentes, bem como a penetração do tumor na parede retal (P=0,091) e o comprometimento linfonodal (P<0,001), quando excluída a classificação histopatológica. Os achados deste estudo estão de acordo com a literatura. Além da diferenciação tumoral, os fatores prognósticos identificados correspondem aos níveis de classificação dos sistemas de estadiamento vigentes, concordando com a observação de que estes ainda são os critérios prognósticos disponíveis. Este relato corrobora a predominância dos tumores em estágios avançados ao diagnóstico e a ausência de valor prognóstico da localização do tumor no reto. / Colorectal cancer is the third most common neoplasia in the Western world. About 30 to 57% of cases occur in the rectum, and, among these, 80% can be reached by digital rectal examination. However, most of them are diagnosed in advanced stages. Five-year survival rate is maintained at about 50% and clinicopathological features are still the prognostic criteria available. To evaluate survival and clinicopathological factors, the records of 112 patients submitted to elective resection of adenocarcinoma of the rectum from 1988 to 1995 were reviewed. Data were analysed as for: age, gender, preoperative serum level of CEA, type and curability of surgery, recurrence, follow-up, survival and tumor histopathology. Kaplan- Meyer method was used to analyse survival. Statistical significance on bivariate and stratified analysis was considered for a P value less than 0,05. Kendall correlation coefficient was used to compare histopathologic classifications. In the multivariate model, a 90% confidence interval was considered significant. Mean (SD) age was 62 (14) years and 52% of patients were female. Sixty-two percent of rectal tumors were distally located. Abdominoperineal resection was performed in 56% of cases and the remaining patients underwent low anterior resection. Twenty-five (22%) of these were non-curative procedures.Overall, recurrence was observed in 64 (57%) patients: local in 14%, distant in 32% and both in 10%. Forty-five patients (40%) died from disease. Median (range) follow-up was 35 (14 - 57) months. Fiveyear survival rate was 51% and reduced significantly by tumor progression (histopathologic stages; P<0,001). Both stage systems were well correlated (τ=0,91). Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was the most frequent tumor grade (73%). Most tumors (68%) extended to perirectal tissues, only 4% were confined to the mucosa. Positive lymph nodes were observed in 67 patients (30% each, N1 and N2). Fourteen patients were Dukes/Astler-Coller D stage; 55 were C1 or C2; 15 were B2; and 28 were B1 or A. Tumor location had no influence on deaths, recurrences or curability. On bivariate analysis, tumor grade (P=0,009), depth (P=0,013) or recurrence (P<0,001), lymph node involvement (N2>N1, P<0,001), noncurative procedure (P=0,002) related with poorer outcome. On multivariate analyses, Dukes/Astler-Coller stages and tumor grade (P=0,089) were found to be independent prognostic factors, as well as depth of invasion and lymph node involvement, when excluding Dukes staging (P=0,091 and <0,001, respectively). These findings are similar to those reported in the literature. Besides tumor grade, prognostic factors identified meet classification levels on current staging systems. Accordingly, these criteria are still the prognostic factors available. The present report corroborates the predominance of advanced stage tumours at diagnosis and the lack of prognostic value of tumor location in the rectum.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da localização da enterocolite necrosante neonatal na mortalidade de recém-nascidos (RN) submetidos à laparotomia exploradora. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva de 141 recém-nascidos com ECN submetidos consecutivamente à laparotomia exploradora no período de novembro de 1991 a dezembro de 2005. Foram avaliados dados epidemiológicos, localização e extensão da doença, crescimento intra-uterino e o número de óbitos no período de 60 dias após a cirurgia. Resultados: Setenta e quatro (52,5%) crianças eram do sexo masculino, com peso médio de nascimento de 1.589 ± 665 gramas, com idade gestacional média de 33,6 ± 2,9 semanas. Prematuridade ocorreu em 84,4% (119/141) dos RN. Cinqüenta e sete (40,4%) eram pequenos para a idade gestacional. Óbito ocorreu em 68 crianças (48,2%). Na análise bivariada, observou-se que o comprometimento do jejuno-íleo foi associado com alta mortalidade (20 óbitos - 76,9%; OR = 20; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 4,6 - 96,3; p < 0,001) e que a doença no jejuno estava associada à maior extensão da ECN. Entretanto, no modelo de regressão logística múltipla com controle individual de cada variável, a doença no jejuno-íleo (OR = 0,61; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,06 - 6,14; p = 0,68) e no intestino grosso (OR = 2,91; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 0,81 - 10,50; p = 0,10) não foram consideradas fatores de risco para o óbito. Conclusões: Em análise adequada, com controle isolado de cada variável estudada, a mortalidade foi independente da localização da ECN no intestino delgado ou no intestino grosso. Porém, a localização da doença no jejuno foi um marcador de maior extensão da ECN e, conseqüentemente, de pior prognóstico. Extensão difusa da doença e recém-nascidos PIG foram os mais importantes fatores de risco de ocorrência de óbito nesses recém-nascidos submetidos à cirurgia. / Aim of the study: To evaluate the effect of disease site on the mortality rate of newborns with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Methods: Prospective cohort of 141 consecutive newborns with NEC who underwent laparotomy from November 1991 to December 2005. The study variables included epidemiologic data, disease site and extent, intrauterine growth, and number of deaths in the 60 days after operation. The protocol was approved by the institution’s Research Ethics Committee. Main results: Seventy-four (52.5%) infants were male. Mean birth weight was 1,589 ± 665 g, and mean gestational age was 33.6 ± 2.9 weeks. One-hundred and nineteen (84.4%) newborns were premature. Small for gestational age was observed in 57 (40.4%). Sixty-eight (48.2%) infants died. Bivariate analysis revealed that involvement of the jejunum and ileum was associated with high mortality rates (20 deaths, 76.9%; OR = 20; 95% 95% CI = 4.6 – 96.3; p < 0.001), and that involvement of the jejunum was associated with greater disease extent. After controlling for individual variables, logistic regression showed that the mortality associated with jejunum and ileum involvement (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.06 - 6.14; p = 0.68) did not differ from that associated with large bowel involvement (OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 0.81 – 10.50; p = 0.10); however, jejunum involvement remained significantly associated with disease extent. Conclusions: NEC-related mortality in newborns undergoing laparotomy was not influenced by disease site (small or large bowel). However, jejunum involvement was a marker of greater disease extent and therefore of poor prognosis. Diffuse disease extent and small for gestational age were the most important markers of risk of death in NEC newborns submitted to surgery.

p. 1-68 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-23T19:16:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 33333.pdf: 789962 bytes, checksum: 0f64b656f6cdc624b18dd7db84ae578a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:25:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 33333.pdf: 789962 bytes, checksum: 0f64b656f6cdc624b18dd7db84ae578a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:25:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 33333.pdf: 789962 bytes, checksum: 0f64b656f6cdc624b18dd7db84ae578a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / A Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por Hantavírus (SCPH) é uma doença zoonótica emergente cuja importância para a saúde pública está associada ao pouco conhecimento sobre a sua história natural e à alta taxa de letalidade. Objetivos: Descrever as características epidemiológicas, clínicas e identificar os fatores associados à ocorrência de óbitos por SCPH. Métodos: A população do estudo foi constituída pela totalidade dos casos confirmados de SCPH no Brasil, notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) do Ministério da saúde no período de 1993 a 2006. As variáveis estudadas foram referentes à pessoa, tempo, lugar, antecedentes epidemiológicos, clínica, achados laboratoriais e radiológicos e procedimentos terapêuticos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas etapas. A primeira foi referente a um estudo de série de casos, do tipo descritivo, exploratório, com base em dados secundários utilizando-se nas análises média, mediana, proporção, letalidade e densidade de casos. Para estas análises foram utilizados os programas TABWIN, Microsoft Office Excel, Epi Info versão 3.2.2 e MapInfo versão 7.8. A segunda etapa foi de um estudo analítico, tipo coorte retrospectiva, para identificar os fatores prognósticos para óbito por SCPH. Para análise de associação entre a variável dependente (óbito) e as independentes foi utilizada como medida de associação o Risco Relativo, considerando o intervalo de confiança de 95%. As variáveis independentes associadas à ocorrência de óbito, identificadas na análise univariada, foram analisadas no modelo de análise de regressão múltipla com uso do programa SPSS 13.0, tendo como medida de associação a “Odds Ratios” (OR) com intervalo de confiança a 95%. Resultados: Foram reportados 855 casos de SCPH no período analisado. A doença foi registrada em todas as regiões do país e em 14 unidades federadas, com maior número de casos ocorrendo no final do inverno e na primavera. Atingiu, predominantemente, adultos jovens, do sexo masculino, residentes em área rural e mostrou-se relacionada às atividades agrícolas e ao ambiente ocupacional. A letalidade foi de 39,3% e cerca de 95% dos pacientes foram hospitalizados. A mediana de tempo transcorrido entre início de sintomas e internação foi de 4 dias e entre hospitalização e óbito, 1 dia. Os fatores associados com óbito na análise univariada foram: dispnéia, dor torácica, tosse, síndrome de angústia respiratória do adulto (SARA), manifestações hemorrágicas, insuficiência renal, hemoconcentração, leucocitose com desvio à esquerda, aumento no nível sérico de uréia e creatinina e presença de infiltrado intersticial pulmonar. A associação de maior significância foi no grupo das variáveis de tratamento - necessidade de assistência respiratória mecânica. Na análise multivariada SARA e a variável necessidade de assistência respiratória mecânica permaneceram como fatores associados a óbito. Um segundo modelo de análise múltipla foi utilizado - sem essas duas variáveis típicas de evolução tardia - com o objetivo de identificar fatores precoces como indicadores de que o paciente poderia evoluir para óbito mostrou a dispnéia e a hemoconcentração como fatores associados à mortalidade. Conclusão: Esses achados poderão colaborar para aumentar a sensibilidade do sistema de vigilância epidemiológica da SCPH no Brasil e contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce e o manejo clínico mais adequado dos pacientes de SCPH, com a conseqüente redução da letalidade. / Brasilia