nÃo hà / Com repercussÃo inegÃvel, os livros de Harry Potter foram publicados entre os anos de 1997 e 2007, somando sete tÃtulos. Embora um dos maiores fenÃmenos literÃrios do inÃcio do sÃculo XXI, a sÃrie nÃo tem sido amplamente contemplada pela comunidade acadÃmica por se tratar de um best-seller direcionado ao pÃblico infanto-juvenil. Mesmo assim, poucas questÃes acadÃmicas vÃo surgindo timidamente, como os problemas tradutÃrios, uma vez que a obra conta com um lÃxico diferenciado, uma histÃria complexa e possui uma extensÃo nada comum aos livros do gÃnero. Os estudos de nomes prÃprios, conhecido como OnomÃstica, configuram um grupo especÃfico, pois em muitos deles a autora utiliza-se de jogos de palavras e significados implÃcitos que podem vir a passar despercebidos dependendo do procedimento tradutÃrio. Por conta de todo o sucesso e nÃmeros expressivos, a obra representa um epicentro em um emaranhado de traduÃÃes. Entre tantas versÃes, o primeiro tÃtulo, Harry Potter and the Philosopherâs Stone (1997), foi traduzido para o grego antigo em 2004 pelo professor britÃnico de estudos clÃssicos Andrew Wilson. O objetivo do presente trabalho à comparar e analisar a traduÃÃo dos nomes prÃprios da referida traduÃÃo a partir da montagem de uma lista com os nomes prÃprios em inglÃs e em grego antigo, dividindo-os em categorias, observando o procedimento tradutÃrio, os caminhos escolhidos pelo tradutor. Sendo assim, caracteriza-se em uma pesquisa descritiva, baseada no mÃtodo de Lambert e Van Gorp (1985). A hipÃtese inicial à que muitos desses nomes, principalmente os criados pela autora, foram apenas transliterados, por conta da facilitaÃÃo em apenas transpor do alfabeto latino para o grego. Para a montagem da lista, a obra em inglÃs, considerada neste trabalho como texto fonte, foi lida destacando todos os nomes por ordem dos capÃtulos. Ao final da primeira etapa, o mesmo processo foi feito com a ediÃÃo em grego antigo. Com a lista finalizada, foram escolhidas categorias dos nomes, como personagens, lugares, objetos, entre outros. A segunda etapa do trabalho consistiu em compilar os procedimentos tradutÃrios. Com tudo considerado, a anÃlise pÃde ser iniciada, mostrando resultados como quais procedimentos tinham sido mais utilizados pelo tradutor. Conclui-se, entÃo, que o tradutor tomou caminhos que aproximavam o texto do leitor, como a aproximaÃÃo acÃstica, refutando a hipÃtese inicial do uso da transliteraÃÃo. Desta forma, ele mostrou demasiada criatividade nas suas escolhas, tornando o texto fluido. / Com repercussÃo inegÃvel, os livros de Harry Potter foram publicados entre os anos de 1997 e 2007, somando sete tÃtulos. Embora um dos maiores fenÃmenos literÃrios do inÃcio do sÃculo XXI, a sÃrie nÃo tem sido amplamente contemplada pela comunidade acadÃmica por se tratar de um best-seller direcionado ao pÃblico infanto-juvenil. Mesmo assim, poucas questÃes acadÃmicas vÃo surgindo timidamente, como os problemas tradutÃrios, uma vez que a obra conta com um lÃxico diferenciado, uma histÃria complexa e possui uma extensÃo nada comum aos livros do gÃnero. Os estudos de nomes prÃprios, conhecido como OnomÃstica, configuram um grupo especÃfico, pois em muitos deles a autora utiliza-se de jogos de palavras e significados implÃcitos que podem vir a passar despercebidos dependendo do procedimento tradutÃrio. Por conta de todo o sucesso e nÃmeros expressivos, a obra representa um epicentro em um emaranhado de traduÃÃes. Entre tantas versÃes, o primeiro tÃtulo, Harry Potter and the Philosopherâs Stone (1997), foi traduzido para o grego antigo em 2004 pelo professor britÃnico de estudos clÃssicos Andrew Wilson. O objetivo do presente trabalho à comparar e analisar a traduÃÃo dos nomes prÃprios da referida traduÃÃo a partir da montagem de uma lista com os nomes prÃprios em inglÃs e em grego antigo, dividindo-os em categorias, observando o procedimento tradutÃrio, os caminhos escolhidos pelo tradutor. Sendo assim, caracteriza-se em uma pesquisa descritiva, baseada no mÃtodo de Lambert e Van Gorp (1985). A hipÃtese inicial à que muitos desses nomes, principalmente os criados pela autora, foram apenas transliterados, por conta da facilitaÃÃo em apenas transpor do alfabeto latino para o grego. Para a montagem da lista, a obra em inglÃs, considerada neste trabalho como texto fonte, foi lida destacando todos os nomes por ordem dos capÃtulos. Ao final da primeira etapa, o mesmo processo foi feito com a ediÃÃo em grego antigo. Com a lista finalizada, foram escolhidas categorias dos nomes, como personagens, lugares, objetos, entre outros. A segunda etapa do trabalho consistiu em compilar os procedimentos tradutÃrios. Com tudo considerado, a anÃlise pÃde ser iniciada, mostrando resultados como quais procedimentos tinham sido mais utilizados pelo tradutor. Conclui-se, entÃo, que o tradutor tomou caminhos que aproximavam o texto do leitor, como a aproximaÃÃo acÃstica, refutando a hipÃtese inicial do uso da transliteraÃÃo. Desta forma, ele mostrou demasiada criatividade nas suas escolhas, tornando o texto fluido. / With undeniable repercussion, the Harry Potter books were published between the years of 1997 and 2007, totaling seven titles. Although one of the largest literary phenomenon in the beginning of the XXI century, the series tend not to be given proper look by the academic community because it is a best-seller classified as childrenâs literature. Even though, few academic questions rise timidly, such as translation issues, since the books have different lexicon, complex plot, and not common extension for this genre. The study of proper names, known as Onomastics, are part of a specific group, once many of them are puns or have implicit meaning which may go underway depending on the translation procedure. Due to success and expressive numbers, the books are the epicentre in a web of translations. Among so many versions, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopherâs Stone (1997), was translated into Ancient Greek in 2004 by British Classical Studies Professor Andrew Wilson. Therefore, the goal in this present study is to compare and analyze the translation of proper names on the mentioned translation through the creation of a list of proper names in English and Ancient Greek, splitting them into categories, observing the translation procedures, the paths chosen by the translator. This way, it is characterized as a descriptive study, based upon Lambertâs and Van Gorpâs method (1985). Initial hypothesis is that these names, especially the ones created by the author, were just transliterated, because it seems easier just to go from the Latin alphabet to the Greek one. To set the list, the book in English, seen here as source text, was read highlighting all proper names by chapter order. By the end of the first stage, the same process was made with the Ancient Greek edition. With the list set, categories of names had to be chosen, such as characters, places, objects, among others. The second stage consisted on setting the translational procedures. With all considered, analysis could be initiated, showing results like which procedures had been used most by the translator. It is concluded then that the translator chose paths like approximating the text to the reader, such as using acoustic approximation, disproving initial hypothesis about the use of transliteration. This way, he showed undue creativity by his choices by making a flowing text. / With undeniable repercussion, the Harry Potter books were published between the years of 1997 and 2007, totaling seven titles. Although one of the largest literary phenomenon in the beginning of the XXI century, the series tend not to be given proper look by the academic community because it is a best-seller classified as childrenâs literature. Even though, few academic questions rise timidly, such as translation issues, since the books have different lexicon, complex plot, and not common extension for this genre. The study of proper names, known as Onomastics, are part of a specific group, once many of them are puns or have implicit meaning which may go underway depending on the translation procedure. Due to success and expressive numbers, the books are the epicentre in a web of translations. Among so many versions, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopherâs Stone (1997), was translated into Ancient Greek in 2004 by British Classical Studies Professor Andrew Wilson. Therefore, the goal in this present study is to compare and analyze the translation of proper names on the mentioned translation through the creation of a list of proper names in English and Ancient Greek, splitting them into categories, observing the translation procedures, the paths chosen by the translator. This way, it is characterized as a descriptive study, based upon Lambertâs and Van Gorpâs method (1985). Initial hypothesis is that these names, especially the ones created by the author, were just transliterated, because it seems easier just to go from the Latin alphabet to the Greek one. To set the list, the book in English, seen here as source text, was read highlighting all proper names by chapter order. By the end of the first stage, the same process was made with the Ancient Greek edition. With the list set, categories of names had to be chosen, such as characters, places, objects, among others. The second stage consisted on setting the translational procedures. With all considered, analysis could be initiated, showing results like which procedures had been used most by the translator. It is concluded then that the translator chose paths like approximating the text to the reader, such as using acoustic approximation, disproving initial hypothesis about the use of transliteration. This way, he showed undue creativity by his choices by making a flowing text.

The thesis examines the direct reference theory of proper names and natural kind terms as expounded by Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam and others and finds that it has not succeeded in replacing some kind of description theory of the reference of such terms - although it does concede that the traditional Fregean theory is not quite correct. It is argued that the direct reference theory is mistaken on several counts. First of all it is question-begging. Secondly, it is guilty of a 'use/mention' confusion. And thirdly, and most importantly, it fails to deal with the notion of understanding. The notion of understanding is crucial to the present thesis - specifically, what is understood by a proper name or natural kind term. It is concluded that sense (expressed in the form of descriptions) is at least necessary for reference, which makes a significant difference to Kripke's claim that there are necessary a posteriori truths as well as contingent a priori truths. It is also argued that sense could be sufficient for reference, if it is accepted that it is speakers who effect reference. In this sense, sense determines reference. The thesis therefore not only argues against the account of reference given by the direct reference theorists, it also gives an account of how proper names and natural kind terms actually do function in natural language. As far as the epistemology of necessity is concerned the thesis concludes that Kripke (along with many others) has not succeeded in establishing the existence of the necessary a posteriori nor the contingent a priori from the theory of direct reference. Whether such truths can be established by some other means, or in principle, is not the concern of the thesis; although the point is made that, if a certain view of sense is accepted, then questions of necessity and a priority seem inappropriate.

This study focuses primarily on the inflection of singular place-names belonging to strong declensions and how their inflection developed in the Old Swedish period. It is based mainly on sources from Södermanland. Examination of the dative inflections of masculine and neuter place-names suggests that by and large place-names underwent the same course of development as appellatives, the dative having almost completely disappeared as a formal category by the end of the Middle Ages. In some cases dative endings were, however, retained in place-names: for example, certain name elements tended to keep the ending when they occurred as simplexes, but lost it in compound names. The dative may then have become the general form of such names. A special study was made of iō-stem place-names. Even in the nominative, forms ending in -e and -a predominate. The -e ending derives from the dative/accusative form, which may have become a new basic form at an early date. Reinterpretation of the dative/accusative resulted in someplace-names passing into the weak declension. Via the dative/accusative singular ending, place-names also adopted the generalized -a form which developed in plural habitative names. In the Middle Ages a mode of inflection peculiar to place-names appeared. In Latin texts, Swedish place-names occur in a generalized form, used regardless of case. A suitable form was chosen, often an accusative which had converged with the nominative. Generalized forms of this kind are found in both Latin and Old Swedish texts. The Latin scribal tradition was a contributory factor in their introduction. The author discusses whether place-names can be shown to have changed paradigm earlier than appellatives. Secondary -s genitives in particular, which occur earlier in place-names than in appellatives, suggest that they did. The fact that place-names exhibit secondary -s genitives in early sources may be partly due to their naming function. / <p>Doktorsavhandling vid Uppsala universitet.</p>

La nature diachronique des bulletins d'information provoque de fortes variations du contenu linguistique et du vocabulaire dans ces documents. Dans le cadre de la reconnaissance automatique de la parole, cela conduit au problème de mots hors vocabulaire (Out-Of-Vocabulary, OOV). La plupart des mots OOV sont des noms propres. Les noms propres sont très importants pour l'indexation automatique de contenus audio-vidéo. De plus, leur bonne identification est importante pour des transcriptions automatiques fiables. Le but de cette thèse est de proposer des méthodes pour récupérer les noms propres manquants dans un système de reconnaissance. Nous proposons de modéliser le contexte sémantique et d'utiliser des informations thématiques contenus dans les documents audio à transcrire. Des modèles probabilistes de thème et des projections dans un espace continu obtenues à l'aide de réseaux de neurones sont explorés pour la tâche de récupération des noms propres pertinents. Une évaluation approfondie de ces représentations contextuelles a été réalisée. Pour modéliser le contexte de nouveaux mots plus efficacement, nous proposons des réseaux de neurones qui maximisent la récupération des noms propres pertinents. En s'appuyant sur ce modèle, nous proposons un nouveau modèle (Neural Bag-of-Weighted-Words, NBOW2) qui permet d'estimer un degré d'importance pour chacun des mots du document et a la capacité de capturer des mots spécifiques à ce document. Des expériences de reconnaissance automatique de bulletins d'information télévisés montrent l'efficacité du modèle proposé. L'évaluation de NBOW2 sur d'autres tâches telles que la classification de textes montre des bonnes performances / The diachronic nature of broadcast news causes frequent variations in the linguistic content and vocabulary, leading to the problem of Out-Of-Vocabulary (OOV) words in automatic speech recognition. Most of the OOV words are found to be proper names whereas proper names are important for automatic indexing of audio-video content as well as for obtaining reliable automatic transcriptions. The goal of this thesis is to model the semantic and topical context of new proper names in order to retrieve those which are relevant to the spoken content in the audio document. Training context models is a challenging problem in this task because several new names come with a low amount of data and the context model should be robust to errors in the automatic transcription. Probabilistic topic models and word embeddings from neural network models are explored for the task of retrieval of relevant proper names. A thorough evaluation of these contextual representations is performed. It is argued that these representations, which are learned in an unsupervised manner, are not the best for the given retrieval task. Neural network context models trained with an objective to maximise the retrieval performance are proposed. The proposed Neural Bag-of-Weighted-Words (NBOW2) model learns to assign a degree of importance to input words and has the ability to capture task specific key-words. Experiments on automatic speech recognition on French broadcast news videos demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models. Evaluation of the NBOW2 model on standard text classification tasks shows that it learns interesting information and gives best classification accuracies among the BOW models

What meaning does a name have in a sentence? How do we escape the inevitable difficulties that arise in delineating an individual's meaning through one's speech? The need arises for a distinction between proper names on the basis of the kinds of objects to which they refer. This distinction can provide the theoretical tools needed to solve the problems of empty names, negative existential statements, cognitive significance and substitution failure. Through a study of these issues, the fallacies inherent in current theories of meaning for proper names becomes apparent, as they fail to provide adequate or complete solutions. By elucidating a distinction between two kinds of proper names, labels and tags, we are able to provide solutions to the problems of naming where other theories fail.

Akcentologijos veikalų, kuriuose aiškinama bendrinės lietuvių kalbos kirčiavimo sistema, nagrinėjami kirčiavimo normos, dėsningumai, objektas yra bendriniai žodžiai. Šiuose darbuose tikrinių vardų kirčiavimas arba visai neanalizuojamas, arba analizuojamas labai fragmentiškai. Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas – ištirti dažniausių tikrinių XX a. spaudos žodžių kirčiavimo dėsningumus ir aprašyti juos remiantis morfonologiniais kirčiavimo principais. Taip pat darbo autorei rūpi palyginti bendrinių ir tikrinių daiktavardžių kirčiavimo dėsningumus. Šio darbo objektas - 1000 dažniausių tikrinių žodžių, atrinktų iš elektroninio dažninio žodyno „Tikriniai XX a. spaudos žodžiai“ (2005), kirčiavimas. Darbų, parašytų remiantis šiuo visai neseniai pasirodžiusiu šaltiniu, dar nėra. Visi tirti tikriniai daiktavardžiai aptariami atsižvelgiant į jų kilmę ir darybą. Pirmiausia skiriami savos ir svetimos kilmės žodžiai. Savos kilmės žodžiai toliau skiriami į pirminius, darinius (priesaginius, priešdėlinius, galūninius) ir dūrinius. Taip pat minėtini ir sudėtiniai pavadinimai. Svetimos kilmės žodžiai tradiciškai skiriami į dviskiemenius ir daugiaskiemenius, taip pat nekaitomuosius žodžius. Savos kilmės žodžių kirčiavimas yra daug sudėtingesnis nei svetimos kilmės žodžių (pastarieji dažniausiai kirčiuojami pagal dvi kirčiavimo paradigmas), todėl šiame darbe savos kilmės tikrinių žodžių kirčiavimo aptarimas yra daug išsamesnis. Taip pat nuodugnesnę savos kilmės žodžių analizę lėmė ir įvairesnė jų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In paper works of accenthology, where system of accentuation of appellative Lithuanian speech is explained, accentuation of proper names is either not analyzed or analyzed fragmentary. The main purpose of this paper work is to survey the accentuation regularity of the most popular proper press words of the XX century and to describe them according to the morphonological principles of accentuation. Author of this work also pays attention to the comparison of the accentuation regularity of appellative and proper nouns. The material for this work was collected from electronic iterative vocabulary named “Proper press words of the 20th century” (2005). The subject of this work is accentuation of 1000 most popular proper words. There are no paper works yet based on this vocabulary that was recently released. All proper nouns examined are discussed considering their origin and composition. Firstly, local and borrowed origin words are separated. Local origin words then are separated into primary, derivative (suffixal, preffixal, inflexional) and joined words. Integrated names are also mentioned. Borrowed origin words traditionally are separated into dissyllabic and polysyllabic, also uncountable words. Among the most popular proper press words of the XX century 356 local origin proper nouns were found (it is 35,6% from total words analyzed), 644 borrowed origin proper nouns were found (it is 64,4% of total words analyzed). Accentuation of local origin words is more complex than... [to full text]

Die vorliegende Arbeit fließt mit ein in das Projekt Russisch aktuell – erklärt – geübt – beherrscht, das die umfassende Beschreibung der russischen Gegenwartssprache zum Ziel hat. Dieses Projekt wurde in erster Linie für die Ausbildung von Dolmetschern und Übersetzern am Institut für Angewandte Linguistik und Translatologie an der Universität Leipzig von den Wissenschaftlern und Lehrkräften des Instituts gemeinsam mit ihren Kollegen vom Institut für Slawistik und vom Universitätsrechenzentrum entwickelt und betreut. Es verbindet die wissenschaftliche Analyse und Beschreibung sämtlicher Bereiche der russischen Gegenwartssprache mit der praxisnahen Vermittlung von Lehrinhalten zum Erwerb der russischen Sprache auf hohem Niveau. Es ist in einzelne Teilprojekte untergliedert. Ein Teilprojekt ist das Russische Universalwörterbuch (RUW). Dieses Universalwörterbuch beschränkt sich nicht auf den appellativischen Wortschatz der deutschen und der russischen Sprache, sondern erstreckt sich darüber hinaus weit in den niemals vollständig zu erfassenden Wortschatzbereich der Eigennamen beider Sprachen. Das so entstehende Namenwörterbuch soll perspektivisch einen umfassenden Bestand an russischen und deutschen Eigennamen (Personen- und Ortsnamen) enthalten. Im Rahmen der Wörterbucherstellung haben B. Bendixen und H. Rothe einen Algorithmus für die computergestützte automatische Transkription bzw. Transliteration in der Sprachrichtung russisch-deutsch nach verschiedenen Transliterations- bzw. Transkriptionsnormen (DIN1460, ISO9, ГОСТ bzw. eng., franz. Trans-kription und Dudentranskription) entwickelt. Normen mit ähnlich präskriptiver Wirkung gibt es für die Transkription in der Sprachrichtung deutsch-russisch nicht. Zwar wurde 1974 von der Hauptverwaltung für Geodäsie und Kartographie beim Ministerrat der UdSSR (russ. Главное управление геодезии и картографии при Совете Министров СССР) eine für alle Ämter und Behörden der UdSSR verbindliche Richtlinie für die Wiedergabe deutscher Namen herausgegeben, auf deren Grundlage vom Ministerrat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Ministerium für Nationale Verteidigung eine für die Erstellung zweisprachiger Karten verbindliche Richtlinie erarbeitet wurde, die 1985 in Kraft trat. Doch mit dem Untergang der beiden Regimes verloren beide Richtlinien Transkription deutscher Siedlungsnamen ins Russische ihre Verbindlichkeit, die sich auch zuvor bereits nur auf den amtlichen Bereich erstreckt hatte. Eine allgemeingültige, von Übersetzern, Kartographen, Journalisten und anderen, die mit deutschen Namen in russischen Texten arbeiten, verwendete Norm, wie dies in der Gegenrichtung die Dudentranskription darstellt, existiert nicht. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, einen Überblick über sämtliche für die Praxis der deutsch-russischen Wiedergabe von Siedlungsnamen relevanten Transkriptionsregeln zu geben und die theoretischen Grundlagen für die Automatisierung der Wiedergabe deutscher Siedlungsnamen im Russischen zu legen. Darauf aufbauend soll der von B. Bendixen und H. Rothe entwickelte Pattern-Matching-Algorithmus für die Wiedergabe deutscher Siedlungsnamen in russischer Schrift verifiziert und ausgebaut werden. Eine Darstellung der Theorie und Praxis der deutsch-russischen Transkription von Siedlungsnamen in der angestrebten Beschreibungstiefe liegt bisher nicht vor. Die russischsprachigen Standardwerke zu den Themen Eigennamenwiedergabe in russischen Texten und praktische Transkription Inostrannye imena i nazvanija v russkom tekste von R. S. Giljarevskij (Giljarevskij/Starostin 1985) und Teoretičeskie osnovy praktičeskoj transkripcii von A. V. Superanskaja (Superanskaja, 1978) legen die Grundprinzipien der Eigennamenwiedergabe im Russischen umfassend dar. Diese Prinzipien haben auch heute noch Gültigkeit, nur müssen sie, obgleich sie für den Humanübersetzer formuliert wurden, in einem immer stärker durch Automatisierung geprägten Arbeitsumfeld umgesetzt werden. Praxisorientierte Arbeiten zum Thema automatische Transkription haben die Wissenschaftler um A. V. Bondarenko vorgelegt (Bondarenko et al. 2004). Ihnen ist die Entwicklung eines mehrsprachigen Transkriptionswerkzeugs zu verdanken, das die einheitliche, ausgangssprachenorientierte Wiedergabe von Personennamen ermöglicht. Das Programm CrossTransScriba wurde für die Anwendung in staatlichen Institutionen, im internationalen Grenzverkehr sowie in Wissenschaft und Publizistik entwickelt. Es soll bei der Visavergabe angewendet werden, um sicherzustellen, dass für jeden Menschen, der in die Russische Föderation einreist und dessen amtlicher Name nicht in russischer Kyrilliza geschrieben ist, eine einzige, nach den Ausspracheregeln der entsprechenden Ursprungssprache transkribierte russische Namensform vergeben wird. Folglich ist der von Bondarenko et al. verfolgte Ansatz ausschließlich normativ. Die Umsetzung in kyrillische Schrift erfolgt nicht unmittelbar aus dem Schriftbild, sondern wird durch seine phonetische Umschrift des Namens vermittelt (vgl. Bondarenko et al. 2004:5). Transliterierende Elemente, wie sie bei der Transkription durchaus vorkommen, werden bei dieser rein ausspracheorientierten Wiedergabe nicht mit einbezogen. Im Hinblick auf die Wiedergabe von Siedlungsnamen ist ein ausschließlich normativer Ansatz wenig sinnvoll. Handelt es sich doch bei Siedlungsnamen meist um Eigennamen, für die in der Zielsprache bereits Namensformen existieren. Diese Namensformen müssen selbst dann, wenn sie von den Transkriptionsregeln abweichen, berücksichtigt werden. Der in der vorliegenden Arbeit verfolgte Ansatz verbindet daher sowohl normative als auch deskriptive Elemente.

The main objective and primary aim of the paper was to analyze translation strategies which were employed while translating geographical and characters’ names from English into Lithuanian in John Ronald Reuel Tolkien’s novel The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.The study set out with the objective of assessing the theoretical background of translation of culture specific items. The main concern was the definition and categorization of non- equivalence and related concepts. Moreover, the core object of the paper was to disclose the usage of translation strategies that were employed while translating the proper names from English into Lithuanian. / Pagrindinis darbo tikslas buvo išanalizuoti vertimo strategijas, kurios buvo naudojamos verčiant veikėjų vardus ir vietovardžius iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių J.R.R. Tolkieno romane Žiedų Valdovas:Žiedo Brolija. Darbo tikslas buvo ištirti teorinę medžiagą susijusią su kultūrinių realijų vertimu. Didelis dėmesys buvo skirtas neekvivalentiškumo ir susijusių konceptų aiškinimui.Be to, pagrindinis darbo uždavinys buvo išsiaiškinti, kaip buvo pritaikytos vertimo strategijos verčiant tikrinius vardus iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių.

BEZERRA, João Alfredo Ramos.Hareios Poter: um estudo descritivo sobre a tradução dos nomes próprios de Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone para o grego antigo. 2017. 108f. - Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da Tradução, Fortaleza (CE), 2017. / Submitted by Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da Tradução (poet@ufc.br) on 2017-11-16T13:59:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_jarbezerra.pdf: 1536898 bytes, checksum: 8415736b3f9ed7d25e7fdf5ac3bbea31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-20T17:31:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_jarbezerra.pdf: 1536898 bytes, checksum: 8415736b3f9ed7d25e7fdf5ac3bbea31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-20T17:31:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_jarbezerra.pdf: 1536898 bytes, checksum: 8415736b3f9ed7d25e7fdf5ac3bbea31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / With undeniable repercussion, the Harry Potter books were published between the years of 1997 and 2007, totaling seven titles. Although one of the largest literary phenomenon in the beginning of the XXI century, the series tend not to be given proper look by the academic community because it is a best-seller classified as children’s literature. Even though, few academic questions rise timidly, such as translation issues, since the books have different lexicon, complex plot, and not common extension for this genre. The study of proper names, known as Onomastics, are part of a specific group, once many of them are puns or have implicit meaning which may go underway depending on the translation procedure. Due to success and expressive numbers, the books are the epicentre in a web of translations. Among so many versions, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997), was translated into Ancient Greek in 2004 by British Classical Studies Professor Andrew Wilson. Therefore, the goal in this present study is to compare and analyze the translation of proper names on the mentioned translation through the creation of a list of proper names in English and Ancient Greek, splitting them into categories, observing the translation procedures, the paths chosen by the translator. This way, it is characterized as a descriptive study, based upon Lambert’s and Van Gorp’s method (1985). Initial hypothesis is that these names, especially the ones created by the author, were just transliterated, because it seems easier just to go from the Latin alphabet to the Greek one. To set the list, the book in English, seen here as source text, was read highlighting all proper names by chapter order. By the end of the first stage, the same process was made with the Ancient Greek edition. With the list set, categories of names had to be chosen, such as characters, places, objects, among others. The second stage consisted on setting the translational procedures. With all considered, analysis could be initiated, showing results like which procedures had been used most by the translator. It is concluded then that the translator chose paths like approximating the text to the reader, such as using acoustic approximation, disproving initial hypothesis about the use of transliteration. This way, he showed undue creativity by his choices by making a flowing text. / Com repercussão inegável, os livros de Harry Potter foram publicados entre os anos de 1997 e 2007, somando sete títulos. Embora um dos maiores fenômenos literários do início do século XXI, a série não tem sido amplamente contemplada pela comunidade acadêmica por se tratar de um best-seller direcionado ao público infanto-juvenil. Mesmo assim, poucas questões acadêmicas vão surgindo timidamente, como os problemas tradutórios, uma vez que a obra conta com um léxico diferenciado, uma história complexa e possui uma extensão nada comum aos livros do gênero. Os estudos de nomes próprios, conhecido como Onomástica, configuram um grupo específico, pois em muitos deles a autora utiliza-se de jogos de palavras e significados implícitos que podem vir a passar despercebidos dependendo do procedimento tradutório. Por conta de todo o sucesso e números expressivos, a obra representa um epicentro em um emaranhado de traduções. Entre tantas versões, o primeiro título, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997), foi traduzido para o grego antigo em 2004 pelo professor britânico de estudos clássicos Andrew Wilson. O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar e analisar a tradução dos nomes próprios da referida tradução a partir da montagem de uma lista com os nomes próprios em inglês e em grego antigo, dividindo-os em categorias, observando o procedimento tradutório, os caminhos escolhidos pelo tradutor. Sendo assim, caracteriza-se em uma pesquisa descritiva, baseada no método de Lambert e Van Gorp (1985). A hipótese inicial é que muitos desses nomes, principalmente os criados pela autora, foram apenas transliterados, por conta da facilitação em apenas transpor do alfabeto latino para o grego. Para a montagem da lista, a obra em inglês, considerada neste trabalho como texto fonte, foi lida destacando todos os nomes por ordem dos capítulos. Ao final da primeira etapa, o mesmo processo foi feito com a edição em grego antigo. Com a lista finalizada, foram escolhidas categorias dos nomes, como personagens, lugares, objetos, entre outros. A segunda etapa do trabalho consistiu em compilar os procedimentos tradutórios. Com tudo considerado, a análise pôde ser iniciada, mostrando resultados como quais procedimentos tinham sido mais utilizados pelo tradutor. Conclui-se, então, que o tradutor tomou caminhos que aproximavam o texto do leitor, como a aproximação acústica, refutando a hipótese inicial do uso da transliteração. Desta forma, ele mostrou demasiada criatividade nas suas escolhas, tornando o texto fluido.

This thesis deals with the phenomenon of proper names in a specific area of written Czech literature about the Spanish pilgrimage route called Saint James´ Way (Svatojakubská cesta in Czech). The theoretical part first describes definition, different types of classification and correct orthography of proper names in Czech and Spanish. Then it deals with the Galician language as the cooficial language of the Galician autonomous Spanish region where the pilgrimage route ends. The Galician toponymy and basic rules of national Spanish press related to the use of cooficial languages such as Catalan, Galician and Basque in comparison to Spanish are also covered. The last chapter focuses on general problems associated with the translation of proper names into other foreign languages. The main task of the practical part of this thesis is to analyse two specific books written in different genres. Some problems connected to this process are explained in the beginning, and afterwards they are evaluated and contrasted with the results of various classifications that had been made within the proper names in both publications. One chapter is dedicated to Galician proper names and finally comes the discussion of the correctness of orthography employed by the authors. The conclusion sums up the result of the whole analysis.