<p>Background</p><p>Marketing spending has grown dramatically over the last decade but the traditional market-ing strategies such as advertising in TV, on billboards and posters might not be as effective as they used to be. The phenomena, how to work with marketing with the use of limited capital, has attracted attention in different contexts lately. It may sound hopeless to reach all the way through by the use of limited capital but it although exist examples of compa-nies that have succeeded with this; they are doing more with less.</p><p>Purpose</p><p>The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how firms, by the use of no or limited finan-cial resources, could market themselves successfully and how such a marketing process look like. The other purpose is to identify or map out the difference among traditional marketing and doing more with less.</p><p>Method</p><p>With a more inductive research approach and a qualitative research method the data was collected for this thesis. Four companies were carefully selected and interviewed over the phone. The chosen respondents are; Tomas Gustafsson representing Brämhults, Per Holk-nekt at Odd Molly, Jan Gustafsson at Saltå Kvarn and Hanna Lundgren at WeSC.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We have concluded that many strategies can be successful in doing more with less. The strategies found in this study are; Public Relations, Brand Management, Packaging, Product Placement, Event Marketing and Unique Selling Propositions. A coherent pattern or proc-ess could not be identified but it exist similarities in the way that companies make use of marketing strategies concerning doing more with less. Moreover we came up with the con-clusion that the difference between traditional marketing and the strategies identified as do-ing more with less, besides the obvious cost aspect, is the connection that they are often presented in a way which is not as easy for the potential consumer to perceive as commer-cial.</p>

Background Marketing spending has grown dramatically over the last decade but the traditional market-ing strategies such as advertising in TV, on billboards and posters might not be as effective as they used to be. The phenomena, how to work with marketing with the use of limited capital, has attracted attention in different contexts lately. It may sound hopeless to reach all the way through by the use of limited capital but it although exist examples of compa-nies that have succeeded with this; they are doing more with less. Purpose The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how firms, by the use of no or limited finan-cial resources, could market themselves successfully and how such a marketing process look like. The other purpose is to identify or map out the difference among traditional marketing and doing more with less. Method With a more inductive research approach and a qualitative research method the data was collected for this thesis. Four companies were carefully selected and interviewed over the phone. The chosen respondents are; Tomas Gustafsson representing Brämhults, Per Holk-nekt at Odd Molly, Jan Gustafsson at Saltå Kvarn and Hanna Lundgren at WeSC. Conclusion We have concluded that many strategies can be successful in doing more with less. The strategies found in this study are; Public Relations, Brand Management, Packaging, Product Placement, Event Marketing and Unique Selling Propositions. A coherent pattern or proc-ess could not be identified but it exist similarities in the way that companies make use of marketing strategies concerning doing more with less. Moreover we came up with the con-clusion that the difference between traditional marketing and the strategies identified as do-ing more with less, besides the obvious cost aspect, is the connection that they are often presented in a way which is not as easy for the potential consumer to perceive as commer-cial.

In California, voters frequently face ballot propositions dealing directly or indirectly with environmental protection. Records of these votes provide powerful evidence of the character of voters’ demand and willingness-to-pay for environmental public goods (e.g., air quality, watershed ecosystem services, parks and recreation), and have been used in past environmental econometrics research to produce aggregated income and price effect estimates. Using neighborhood-level voting records on seven environmental-related ballot propositions in California between 2002 and 2010, this econometric study investigates the nature of voters’ demand for environmental public goods, focusing on the effect of household income on pro-environment voting. Unlike previous studies, this study uses geographically weighted regression (GWR) to determine how estimates vary across the historically, culturally, and politically diverse state of California. Preliminary statewide results from an ordinary least-squares regression model suggest that demand decreases with voter income, and that this negative income effect is strongest among lower-income households. However, GWR results suggest that the magnitude, and even the sign, of income effects varies regionally. The San Francisco Bay Area, in particular, stands out as anomalous from the statewide model estimates: in this region, wealthier households are more likely than lower-income households to support environmental propositions, ceteris paribus. This finding is consistent across all propositions studied, which include water bonds, State Parks funding, and the California High-Speed Rail program, among others. GWR results suggest that political geography and regional culture determines the way in which income (as well as education and other factors) affects voters’ support of environmental propositions.

CAVALCANTE FILHO, Luciano Araújo. A articulação hipotática adverbial: uma proposta funcionalista para o ensino. 2016. 123f. - Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação Profissional em Letras - PROFLETRAS, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-23T14:59:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_lacavalcantefilho.pdf: 3229942 bytes, checksum: c9b80a04921c492410847c0d7a99f159 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-01-25T16:41:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_lacavalcantefilho.pdf: 3229942 bytes, checksum: c9b80a04921c492410847c0d7a99f159 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-25T16:41:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_lacavalcantefilho.pdf: 3229942 bytes, checksum: c9b80a04921c492410847c0d7a99f159 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Este trabalho consiste em uma proposta didática, fundamentada na teoria funcionalista da linguagem, para o ensino das funções textual-discursivas e proposições relacionais inferidas identificadas no uso de cláusulas hipotáticas adverbiais em uma turma do 9º ano de uma escola da rede pública do estado do Ceará. Para o desenvolvimento das três etapas do trabalho (sondagem, intervenção e avaliação), utilizou-se a metodologia da pesquisa-ação, a qual visa ao incremento do trabalho de professores e pesquisadores para que possam utilizar suas pesquisas em busca do aprimoramento de seu ensino e, consequentemente, do aprendizado de seus alunos. O objetivo geral deste estudo é propor uma abordagem para o ensino das chamadas orações adverbiais, como forma de valorizar o relevante papel dessas estruturas oracionais para a geração de sentido em situações reais de interação verbal. Buscou-se, também, refletir acerca da classificação superficial conduzida pelo ensino tradicional para esse tipo de oração. De acordo com o Funcionalismo, tal classificação recai em um grave equívoco, pois várias proposições relacionais inferidas podem emergir em situações reais de uso de um mesmo conectivo, tais como TEMPO, CAUSA, CONDIÇÃO, etc. Ao final da aplicação da proposta, percebeu-se que as atividades de orientação funcionalista exerceram uma influência positiva no que se refere ao ensino do uso das orações adverbiais e suas funções textual-discursivas, pois os resultados obtidos na etapa final demonstraram uma melhora bastante significativa na aprendizagem dos alunos. Dessa forma, comprovou-se que a abordagem funcionalista é capaz de orientar um ensino mais produtivo e reflexivo, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da competência discursiva dos alunos, por não levar em conta a memorização de conceitos e focalizar as práticas de segmentação e classificação de orações adverbiais.

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This study tested theoretical propositions concerning agenda-setting by minority political groups in the United States to see if they had the scope to be applicable to American Indian tribes or if there were alternative explanations for how this group places its agenda items on the formal agenda and resolves them. Indian tribes were chosen as the case study because they are of significantly different legal and political status than other minority groups upon which much of the previous research has been done. The study showed that many of the theoretical propositions regarding agenda-setting by minority groups were explanatory for agenda-setting by Indian tribes. The analyses seemed to demonstrate that Indian tribes use a closed policy subsystem to place tribal agenda items on the formal agenda. The analyses demonstrated that most tribal agenda items resolved by Congress involve no major policy changes but rather incremental changes in existing policies. The analyses also demonstrated that most federal court decisions involving Indian tribes have no broad impact or significance to all Indian tribes. The analyses showed that both Congress and the federal courts significantly influence the tribal agenda but the relationship between the courts and Congress in agenda-setting in this area of policy are unclear. Another finding of the study was that tribal leaders have no significant influence in setting the formal agendas of either Congress or the federal courts. However, they do have some success in the resolution of significant tribal agenda items as a result of their unique legal and political status. This study also contributed to the literature concerning agenda-setting by Indian tribes and tribal politics and study results have many practical implications for tribal leaders.

Os mapas conceituais (MCs) são úteis para representar o conhecimento e promover a aprendizagem significativa, porém recentes trabalhos na literatura apontam que não estão sendo plenamente explorados, pois raramente são utilizados para representar o conhecimento diversificando as proposições. As proposições são unidades fundamentais de conhecimento nos mapas conceituais (MCs). Diferentes mapeadores podem responder a mesma pergunta focal realizando diferentes conexões e relacionando os conceitos de formas diferentes para representar o conhecimento. A proposta do trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma análise de proposições (n=1455) presentes em MCs (n= 104) coletados na disciplina Ciências da Natureza (EACH-USP/Leste) em 2009, durante o período da primeira (MC5) e terceira avaliação (MC15). A análise proposicional proposta utilizou-se de um esquema taxonômico para classificação de proposições estáticas e dinâmicas em seis categorias. As proposições estáticas representam o conhecimento com definições e classificações, enquanto que as proposições dinâmicas expressam relações de ação, influência, dependência, interdependência funcional, proporcionalidade e causa e efeito entre os conceitos. O número de proposições por categoria passou por métodos de estatística descritiva, para mostrar os parâmetros estatísticos como, média, mediana, quartil inferior, quartil superior, mínimo da amostra, e máximo da amostra para descrever cada uma das seis variáveis consideradas na análise proposicional proposta neste trabalho. A comparação dos valores médios de cada categoria para análise proposicional das avaliações MC5 com os valores médios de cada categoria das avaliações MC15 foi feita utilizando-se o teste-t. O método de estatística exploratória multivariada foi empregado para realizar análise hierárquica de agrupamentos (HCA) a fim de observar possíveis tendências entre os alunos e/ou categorias. A HCA agrupou as seis categorias de proposições propostas por este trabalho, sendo que em MC15 houve uma maior distribuição dos tipos de proposições entre as categorias dinâmicas. A HCA formou três agrupamentos para ambas as avaliações e, ainda que tendências dos agrupamentos tenham se mantido, houve um aumento do número total de proposições, sendo que mais de 60% dos alunos optaram pelas proposições dinâmicas, comprovando a eficácia dos estímulos fornecidos nas avaliações. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade da utilização da análise proposicional no mapeamento conceitual para diversificar formas de representação do conhecimento, ou seja, que não sejam somente com o objetivo de descrever, definir e classificar conceitos, mas que sejam utilizadas para incentivar relações conceituais de ação, influência, dependência, proporcionalidade, interdependência funcional e causa e efeito. / The concept maps (CMs) are useful for representing knowledge and promote meaningful learning, but recent studies in the literature indicate that they are not being fully exploited because they are rarely used to represent knowledge by diversifying the propositions. The propositions are fundamental units of knowledge in concept maps (CMs). Different authors may answer the same question different focal performing connections and related concepts in different ways to represent knowledge. Our purpose is to prepare an analysis of propositions (n = 1455) present in MCs (n = 104) collected in the course of Nature Sciences (EACH-USP/Leste) in 2009, during the first (MC5) and third assessment (MC15). The analysis used the propositional proposed a scheme for taxonomic classification of static and dynamic propositions in six categories. The proposals represent the static knowledge with definitions and classifications, while the dynamic propositions expressing relations of action, influence, dependence, and proportionality between cause and effect concepts. The number of propositions in each category went through descriptive statistical methods, to show the statistical parameters as mean, median, lower quartile, upper quartile, the sample minimum and maximum sample to describe each of the six variables considered in the analysis proposed propositional this work. A comparison of mean values for each category analysis of propositional evaluations MC05 to mean values for each category of MC15 evaluation was made using t-test. The exploratory multivariate statistical method was used to perform hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to observe possible trends among students and / or categories. HCA grouped the categories and in MC15 was a greater distribution of the types of propositions between the dynamic categories. The HCA was formed three groups for both assessments and, although trends of groupings have been kept, there was an increase in the total number of propositions, and more than 60% of students opted for dynamic propositions, proving the effectiveness of the stimuli provided in the evaluations . The results point to the necessity of using propositional analysis of the conceptual mapping to diversify forms of knowledge representation, they are not solely for the purpose of describing, defining and classifying concepts, but are used to encourage conceptual relations action, influence, dependence, proportionality and cause and effect.

Cette thèse propose une étude des différentes stratégies mises en place pour former des propositions subordonnées dans les langues australiennes et papoues. Ces deux groupes de langues, rarement présents dans les études typologiques sur le sujet, présentent certaines constructions morphosyntaxiques peu fréquentes dans les langues du monde. Cette étude se base sur une dizaine de langues : quatre langues australiennes (le nyangumarta, le martuthunira, le wambaya et le kayardild) et six langues papoues (le maybrat, le yimas, le manambu, le mian, l'amele et le hua). Après une brève présentation grammaticale de ces langues, la thèse analyse six types de stratégies de subordination pour en déterminer les fonctions et les types d'emploi : la subordination sans marque, avec une conjonction, avec le marquage casuel, avec une forme verbale spécifique, avec un système de "switch-reference" et par la relativisation. Un dernier chapitre s'intéresse au cas particulier de la complémentation des verbes de perception. Cette thèse a pour but d'illustrer le fonctionnement de ces langues dans le domaine de la subordination, mais également, dans une dimension typologique, de montrer comment ces langues peuvent aider à repenser les théories linguistiques générales. / This thesis propose a study of different strategies to construct subordinate clauses in Australian and Papuan languages. These two language groups, rarely found in typological studies on the subject, show some unusual morphosyntactic constructions. This study is based on ten languages: four Australian languages (Nyangumarta, Martuthunira, Wambaya and Kayardild), and six Papuan languages (Maybrat, Yimas, Manambu, Mian, Amele and Hua). Following a brief grammatical overview of these languages, the thesis examine six types of subordinate clause strategies to identify their functions and uses: subordinate clauses without segmental marking, with a conjunction, with case marking, with a specific verbal form, with a switch-reference system and with the relativization strategy. The last chapter is focused on the specific situation of complementation strategies with perception verbs. This thesis aims to illustrate how subordinate clauses function in those languages, but it also aims to show how these languages may help to re-examine general linguistic theories.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho consiste em uma proposta didÃtica, fundamentada na teoria funcionalista da linguagem, para o ensino das funÃÃes textual-discursivas e proposiÃÃes relacionais inferidas identificadas no uso de clÃusulas hipotÃticas adverbiais em uma turma do 9 ano de uma escola da rede pÃblica do estado do CearÃ. Para o desenvolvimento das trÃs etapas do trabalho (sondagem, intervenÃÃo e avaliaÃÃo), utilizou-se a metodologia da pesquisa-aÃÃo, a qual visa ao incremento do trabalho de professores e pesquisadores para que possam utilizar suas pesquisas em busca do aprimoramento de seu ensino e, consequentemente, do aprendizado de seus alunos. O objetivo geral deste estudo à propor uma abordagem para o ensino das chamadas oraÃÃes adverbiais, como forma de valorizar o relevante papel dessas estruturas oracionais para a geraÃÃo de sentido em situaÃÃes reais de interaÃÃo verbal. Buscou-se, tambÃm, refletir acerca da classificaÃÃo superficial conduzida pelo ensino tradicional para esse tipo de oraÃÃo. De acordo com o Funcionalismo, tal classificaÃÃo recai em um grave equÃvoco, pois vÃrias proposiÃÃes relacionais inferidas podem emergir em situaÃÃes reais de uso de um mesmo conectivo, tais como TEMPO, CAUSA, CONDIÃÃO, etc. Ao final da aplicaÃÃo da proposta, percebeu-se que as atividades de orientaÃÃo funcionalista exerceram uma influÃncia positiva no que se refere ao ensino do uso das oraÃÃes adverbiais e suas funÃÃes textual-discursivas, pois os resultados obtidos na etapa final demonstraram uma melhora bastante significativa na aprendizagem dos alunos. Dessa forma, comprovou-se que a abordagem funcionalista à capaz de orientar um ensino mais produtivo e reflexivo, favorecendo o desenvolvimento da competÃncia discursiva dos alunos, por nÃo levar em conta a memorizaÃÃo de conceitos e focalizar as prÃticas de segmentaÃÃo e classificaÃÃo de oraÃÃes adverbiais.