This dissertation examines the history of humanitarianism in international relations by tracing the relationship between moral obligation and sovereignty from the 16th century to the present. Its main argument is that moral obligations and sovereignty are mutually constitutive, in contrast to a widely held assumption in international relations scholarship that they are opposed to each other. The dissertation’s main theoretical contribution is to develop a framework, using a genealogical method of inquiry, for understanding the relationship between sovereignty and the shifting boundaries of moral obligation during the Westphalian period. This approach makes it possible to identify both elements of continuity and change in the history of humanitarianism and practices of sovereignty. The first chapter demonstrates how the extant literature on sovereignty and humanitarianism fails to adequately account for how states have participated in the construction of new moral boundaries even as they have sought to assert their own sovereignty. Chapter two lays out the dissertation’s theoretical framework, first by outlining an identity-based understanding of sovereignty in relationship to moral obligation, and then discussing the genealogical method that is used in three case studies. The following three chapters contain the dissertation’s empirical contributions, which are three historical cases that represent pivotal moments in the history of moral obligation and sovereignty. Chapter three examines the assistance offered by Elizabeth I to Huguenot refugees from 1558-1603, and relates England’s moral obligations towards Huguenots to the emergence of a sovereign English confessional state. Chapter four examines the relationship between British abolitionist arguments against slavery in the 19th century, and justifications for the extension of empire. Chapter five examines the emergence and evolution of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine since 2001, whose advocates posit a modified conception of sovereignty that is explicitly tied to moral obligation. The concluding chapter discusses how the dissertation accounts for both the rise of humanitarianism and the persistence of sovereignty in international relations, as well as provides some reflections on areas for future research.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1982 / Pacific Islands Studies

The UN Security Council is the preeminent multilateral decision-making body and has the legal authority to initiate military interventions if it first determines a threat to international peace and security, including from civil wars or widespread state repression. While traditional norms of non-intervention and the politics of the Cold War curtailed the body’s ability to fulfil this role, evolving understandings and practices of sovereignty and security in the post-Cold War era have led to the apparent emergence of a new norm permitting ‘humanitarian intervention’ and an in principle acceptance that the body has a ‘responsibility to protect’ vulnerable civilians residing inside the borders of their own state, including through military means. In this context, the thesis argues that the situation in Darfur, western Sudan, has represented a quintessential case for the Council to fulfil its ‘responsibility to protect’. According to a number of authoritative investigations, since 2003 the Sudanese government and government-allied Arab militias have committed war crimes and crimes against humanity on a widespread and systematic basis against Darfur’s non-Arab population. As a result, over 200,000 people died either directly from violence or indirectly from conflict-induced disease and malnutrition, while a further two million fled from their homes and villages in fear. A number of nonmilitary measures were attempted by the Council but failed to create adequate security on the ground. As such, there was a compelling legal-institutional, normative and moral case for the Council to coercively deploy a military intervention in Sudan to protect vulnerable civilians in Darfur. However, during the 2003-06 period of study, no such intervention was deployed. The thesis argues that intervention by the Council was precluded by the national interests of its permanent members, including a lucrative economic relationship between China and Sudan, and because of valuable Sudanese intelligence cooperation in Western counter-terrorism operations in the region. The thesis concludes that the Council’s members chose to preserve these national interests at the expense of protecting civilians in Darfur.

This thesis examines the discourse on human security, in particular the 2001 report by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect. I contend that the human of human security is deeply indebted to an account of the modern subject that is also responsible for producing the model of the citizen/state relationship to which human security is conceived of as a response. Human security reaffirms the appropriateness of the sovereign state while at the same time re-conceiving sovereignty as responsibility and empowering certain international actors to intervene in sovereign states should they fail to act responsibly. Like the citizen, the ostensibly universal category of the human is produced through the exclusion or dehumanization of some ways of being human and some human beings. However, I also consider the ways in which human security works to humanize its subjects, producing the kinds of humans that can be secured.

Orientador: Mário De Beni Arrigoni / Resumo: A inclusão de gordura na dieta de ruminantes pode alterar o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne e afetar os parâmetros de qualidade do produto. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de diferentes fontes de lipídios para bovinos Nelore confinados e seus impactos no perfil lipídico, vida de prateleira e características sensoriais da carne. Noventa e seis bovinos machos, não castrados da raça Nelore com média de idade de 22 meses e peso vivo inicial de 399,90kg (±19,32kg) foram divididos e alocados em 24 baias do confinamento experimental da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu onde receberam dietas com fontes lipídicas. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, divididos em quatro tratamentos, sendo o peso inicial dos animais considerado para a formação dos blocos. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos da seguinte forma: Coprodutos (COP), com adição de fontes naturais de lipídios, provenientes de caroço de algodão e gérmen de milho; Nutrigordura® (NUTR), com a inclusão de fonte de lipídios protegidos da degradação ruminal provenientes de óleo de soja; Blend, com a inclusão de combinação de ácidos graxos protegidos da degradação ruminal provenientes de fontes vegetais e Mix, com a adição de fontes naturais de lipídios, provenientes de caroço de algodão e gérmen de milho e combinação de ácidos graxos protegidos da degradação ruminal provenientes de fontes vegetais (Blend). Os bovinos foram submetidos a uma dieta de adaptação por um período de 10 dias... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:12:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF14MA030.pdf: 2611758 bytes, checksum: c135b4b4145fc544ed99718122e62493 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-28 / Currently the Protected Natural Areas (NPA) tourist itineraries are very popular in Brazil and worldwide, however reconcile nature conservation and protection of historical and cultural heritage to their management, is not an easy task. More in National Parks, Protected Areas category always linked to major visitation. This project was carried out monitoring of visitation, one of the most beautiful scenery in the state of Santa Catarina -Brazil, Church Hill, which overlooks the Holed Stone, geological monument, inserted in the São Joaquim National Park, established by Decree 50.922 of July, 06/1961. Natural Protected Area (NPA) in the year 2013 was the fourth most visited country. Leveraging the installation of a physical ordinance on the access road to the Church Hill, observed traffic flow of visitors on the highway and after analysis of more than five thousand hours of effective monitoring, we found your profile, highlighting: number of visitors, time of visit, place of origin and used vehicle. In addition to assessing the physical aspects of the path and the parking spot, we estimated the tourism carrying capacity and the attractive alternatives to qualify this visitation. Among the actions effected include: signaling, identification of the visitor and the audioguide. All activities were followed, most with direct observation and through other interviews, and realized the reduction of congestion in the area, visitor awareness as to the location that is knowing and increased visitation time. Finding solutions to the demands of the population, the scientific community and the tourist market, combining them with the lowest possible impact on local visitation and surroundings, is a challenge for environmental management of any Protected Natural Area / Atualmente as Áreas Protegidas Naturais (APN) são roteiros turísticos muito procurados no Brasil e no mundo inteiro, porém conciliar a preservação da natureza e da proteção do patrimônio histórico-cultural para a gestão das mesmas, não é uma tarefa fácil. Ainda mais em Parques Nacionais, categoria de Unidades de Conservação sempre vinculadas a grande visitação. Neste trabalho realizou-se o monitoramento da visitação, num dos cenários mais belos do estado de Santa Catarina-Brasil, o Morro da Igreja, de onde se avista a Pedra Furada, monumento geológico, inserido no Parque Nacional de São Joaquim, criado pelo Decreto 50.922 de 06 de julho de 1961. Área Protegida Natural (APN) que no ano de 2013 foi a quarta mais visitada do país. Aproveitando a instalação de uma portaria física na estrada de acesso ao Morro da Igreja, observou-se o fluxo de veículos de visitantes na rodovia e após a análise de mais de cinco mil horas efetivas de monitoramento, constatou-se o perfil dos visitantes, destacando-se: quantidade dos mesmos, tempo de visitação, local de origem e veículo usado. Somado à avaliação dos aspectos físicos do trajeto e do local de estacionamento, estimou-se a capacidade de carga turística do atrativo e as alternativas para qualificar esta visitação. Entre as ações efetivadas destacam-se: a sinalização, a identificação do visitante e o áudio guia. Todas as atividades foram acompanhadas, a maior parte com observação direta e outras por meio de entrevistas, e percebeu-se a diminuição dos congestionamentos na área, a conscientização do visitante quanto ao local que está conhecendo e o aumento do tempo de visitação. Encontrar soluções às demandas da população, da comunidade científica e do mercado turístico, conciliando-as como menor impacto possível nos locais de visitação e entorno, é um desafio para a gestão ambiental de qualquer Área Natural Protegida

With lessons learned from the 1999 Kosovo intervention as a point of departure, this thesis addresses the question of whether the development of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) doctrine and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) actually made a difference in determining whether and how Europe responded to subsequent mass atrocities in its neighbourhood. Viewing the RtoP as an emerging international norm, a social constructivist framework is applied to explore the influence of norms on European foreign policy-making. It is argued that even an emerging international norm can be influential if it is considered a legitimate behavioural claim. The influence of the RtoP will be assessed by gauging the extent to which it is distinctively used to justify foreign policy decisions and to communicate the basis for those choices to a wider audience. The development of the RtoP and the CSDP from 1999-2011 in theory and practice paves the way for an in-depth case study analysis. Focusing on the UN, the EU as well as French, German and British discourses, the question of whether the RtoP has actually made a difference will be answered by scrutinizing European responses to the Libyan crisis (March – October 2011) and the Syrian crisis (March 2011 – September 2013). Ultimately, light is shed not only on the relevance of the RtoP for Europe but also on the role of the EU as a security actor in its neighbourhood.

By 2018 the war in Syria has been going on for seven years. The conflict has caused the death of hundreds of thousands and has forced more than 11 million Syrians to flee their homes. The responsibility for the huge humanitarian disaster rests on the perpetrators but who has the responsibility to protect? The resolution ’Responsibility to Protect’ [R2P] determines the responsibility to protect on to the international community and the United Nations [UN]. When looking at the large numbers of refugees, wounded and dead the question arises, why hasn't the UN succeed in its responsibility to protect the Syrian people? This case study of the UN:s diplomatic mission and why it has failed to protect the Syrian people rests on the theoretical foundations of resolution R2P, two branches of diplomacy and further the inclusion of women in peacemaking processes. The inclusion of women in the decision-making peace processes are highly important to gain a holistic perspective and an enduring peace according to several available sources. Available data reveals, however, that the numbers of women included in the peace process in Syria are rather low and when women are included they are in a position of advocacy, not decision-making. The essay’s conclusion establishes the prospects for peace in Syria as quite low due to the poor preconditions. Further, the essay finds that the international community through the UN possesses the necessary framework, and bears the responsibility for the Syrian people due to the Syrian government's atrocities committed against its people. The UN:s diplomatic strategy are by the Secretary-General Special Envoys characterized by humanitarian diplomacy, but unfortunately, all attempts by the UN or any other actor to the time of writing have been without success.

“For too long the world has stood by in the face of atrocities. The Responsibility to Protect is a commitment to act.” After the 2005 World Summit, the international community endorsed a new international norm, the Responsibility to Protect. This new international norm stipulates that the primary responsibility to protect the population of a country lies with the state itself. When a state is either unable or unwilling to protect peoples, the responsibility shifts to the international community. The obligation must be exercised preventively and the tools of action include diplomatic, legal and other peaceful measures; coercive measures such as sanctions; and, as a last resort, military force. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

La protection s’est orientée vers la prévention des risques dans le sport de performance. L’athlète est inséré dans un fonctionnement dont la conciliation entre les différents intérêts entraîne une confrontation entre les buts, entre intervention de l’État et indépendance des institutions sportives, entre performance et protection, entre rationalisation de l’activité et sa personnification, entre dignité et réification. Sa soumission à cet ordre sportif est une condition à la fois de son activité sportive et de sa protection. Repenser la protection des intérêts du sportif sur le fondement de la dignité humaine, c’est lui offrir le respect de sa personne au regard des nouveaux défis relatifs à la lutte contre le dopage et aux conditions d’exercice décentes de son activité réconciliant, dès lors, la protection des intérêts en concours. Il sera étudié la protection des intérêts du sportif liée, d’une part, à l’environnement juridique de la pratique sportive et,d’autre part, à la personne du sportif. / Protection has been geared towards the prevention of risks in performance sports. Athletes are inserted into a system in which the conciliation of interests leads to a confrontation between goals, between state intervention and independance of sport institutions, between performance and protection, between rationalization of the activity and its personification, between dignity and reification. His or her submission to the sporting order is a condition of both his/her sport and its protection since it allows him/her to practice safe and supervised sports. Rethinking the protection of the interests of the athlete on the basis of human dignity is to offer him/her the respect of his/her person in view of the new challenges in the fight against doping and decent working conditions, reconciling the protection of the competing interests. In this perspective, this thesis examines firstly, the protection of the athletes through the legal environment of sport activities first part, and secondly, the protection through the personality of the athletes second part.