As unidades de conservação da natureza são a forma mais efetiva de proteção da biodiversidade que se conhece. Legalmente as unidades de conservação podem ser divididas em dois grandes grupos: aquelas de uso sustentável e as de proteção integral ou uso indireto. Segundo o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC) instituído pela Lei 9.985 de 18 de julho de 2000, as Reservas Particulares do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) são consideradas unidades de conservação privadas de uso sustentável. Na Espanha, a conservação em terras privadas é denominado de Custodia del territorio e se dá por meio de parceria privada entre entidades de custódia e o proprietário, diferentemente do Brasil onde ocorre participação pública. Atualmente na Espanha, o processo de criação destas áreas é previsto pela Ley 42 de 13 de dezembro de 2007, que trata do Patrimonio Natural y de la Biodiversidad do país. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal elaborar um panorama atual da conservação em terras privadas no estado do Paraná, Brasil, comparando parcialmente com a conservação privada na Catalunha, Espanha, avaliando a efetividade da gestão destas áreas protegidas no Paraná, para que seja possível apontar possíveis melhorias nos meios de desenvolvimento e gerenciamento das RPPN, tendo em conta a atual demanda ambiental existente. Busca-se ainda entender a dinâmica da relação dessas propriedades privadas de proteção da natureza, com os diferentes órgãos de governo e assim apontar melhorias para a legislação e relação já existentes. Para atingir tal objetivo foram aplicados questionários em 132 RPPN distribuídas pelo Paraná e nove áreas protegidas privadas da Catalunha, e ainda, avaliada a efetividade do manejo aplicado às áreas paranaenses com base na adaptação de uma metodologia já existente. Desta relação atual fica clara a ausência de contato entre proprietário privado e órgãos públicos, bem com a insatisfação de parte dos proprietários de RPPN do Paraná, que criaram estas reservas privadas com expectativas diferentes do que na realidade ocorre, mostrando possivelmente a existência de falha no processo de criação das áreas. Para o caso catalão é possível perceber maior proximidade entre entidades de custódia e proprietário o que reflete em uma gestão mais efetiva destas áreas, além disso, é perceptível a maior utilização destas áreas pela população de seu entorno para atividades de lazer. Também se destaca em algumas áreas visitadas a aplicação de programas de pagamentos por serviços ambientais. Avaliando a efetividade de manejo das reservas paranaenses é possível constatar que 78% das áreas estão incluídas em um manejo insatisfatório e pouco satisfatório, somando no máximo 50% da nota a ser atingida nesta análise, confirmando a ideia da dificuldade na gestão de áreas protegidas por seus proprietários. / Nature conservation units are the most effective form of biodiversity protection that is known. Legally conservation units can be divided into two large groups: those of sustainable use and those of integral protection or indirect use. According to the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC) established by Law 9.985 of July 18, 2000, Private Reserves of the Natural Patrimony (RPPN) are considered private conservation units for sustainable use. In Spain, conservation in private lands is called the Custody of the Territory and occurs through a private partnership between custodians and the owner, unlike Brazil where there is public participation. Currently in Spain, the process of creating these areas is provided for by Law 42 of December 13, 2007, which deals with the country\'s Natural Heritage and Biodiversity. This research has as main objective to elaborate a current panorama of the conservation in private lands in the state of Paraná, Brazil, comparing partially with the private conservation in Catalonia, Spain, evaluating the effectiveness of the management of these protected areas in Paraná, so that it is possible to point out possible Improvements in the means of development and management of RPPN, taking into account the existing environmental demand. It also seeks to understand the dynamics of the relationship of these private nature protection properties with the different governing bodies and thus point out improvements to the already existing legislation and relationship. To achieve this objective, questionnaires were applied in 132 RPPN distributed by Paraná and nine private protected areas of Catalonia, and also evaluated the effectiveness of the management applied to the areas of Paraná based on the adaptation of an existing methodology. From this current relationship it is clear the absence of contact between private owner and public agencies, as well as the dissatisfaction of the owners of RPPN of Paraná, who created these private reserves with different expectations of what actually occurs, possibly showing the existence of a failure in the process of creating areas. For the Catalan case, it is possible to perceive a greater proximity between custodial entities and owner, which reflects in a more effective management of these areas, in addition, it is noticeable the greater use of these areas by the population of its surroundings for leisure activities. Also highlighted in some areas visited is the application of payment programs for environmental services. Evaluating the management effectiveness of the Paraná, it is possible to verify that 78% of the areas are included in an unsatisfactory and little quality management, adding a maximum of 50% of the note to be reached in this analysis, confirming the idea of the difficulty in the management of protected areas by their owners.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-25T12:42:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leandroricartecastrodesouza.pdf: 73288829 bytes, checksum: 1c632f09ca7034b18111ada33cce806c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T11:50:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leandroricartecastrodesouza.pdf: 73288829 bytes, checksum: 1c632f09ca7034b18111ada33cce806c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T11:50:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leandroricartecastrodesouza.pdf: 73288829 bytes, checksum: 1c632f09ca7034b18111ada33cce806c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / A criação de áreas protegidas se firmou no mundo como uma das principais políticas relacionadas ao meio ambiente. Porém, o modelo que se tornou dominante parte de uma visão de natureza oriunda da dicotomia entre sociedade e meio ambiente. Os processos de criação de áreas naturais protegidas no mundo, especialmente a partir do final do século XIX, têm ocasionado inúmeros conflitos entre os diferentes sujeitos que possuem visões e interesses diversos sobre a natureza e seus recursos, além de gerar situações de injustiças ambientais às populações impactadas pela criação desses espaços. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa buscou realizar uma análise sobre a relação entre as áreas naturais protegidas, em especial a tipologia Unidade de Conservação, e a ocorrência de conflitos socioambientais e de injustiça ambiental. Tomando como ferramenta de análise a categoria geográfica do território, além das perspectivas críticas da Ecologia Política, da Justiça Ambiental e do Ecossocialismo, buscou-se realizar um estudo de caso da comunidade do Patrimônio da Penha, situada a cerca de um quilômetro do Parque Nacional do Caparaó, no município de Divino de São Lourenço – ES. Através da realização de revisão bibliográfica e, também, de observações e entrevistas com os moradores locais e os funcionários do parque, buscou-se averiguar as diferentes ocorrências de conflitos socioambientais, além de situações de injustiça ambiental que acometem as populações residentes no Patrimônio. Evidenciou-se, assim, que os conflitos socioambientais podem se manifestar em diferentes categorias e intensidades. Em relação ao Patrimônio da Penha, foi possível perceber que ocorrem os chamados conflitos socioambientais latentes, sendo estes caracterizados como situações em que os embates são, por vezes, camuflados pelos mecanismos sociopolíticos que vigoram sobre os territórios, não sendo notados pelos sujeitos envolvidos nos embates como situações de conflito. Notou-se, ainda, que estes conflitos foram diretamente influenciados pela presença do ParNa Caparaó na região, tendo o mesmo influenciado também nas situações de injustiça ambiental que puderam ser observadas sobre esse espaço. / Protected areas are one of the most common environmental policies around the world. Nevertheless, this model has been proposed based on a dichotomy between society and the environment. The definition of protected areas, particularly after the XIXth century, has resulted in various conflicts among agents with divergent understanding on nature and interests on natural resources. Moreover, such processes have also created situations of environmental injustice, since they prevent the access of specific social groups to resources that are crucial for their survival. Along these lines, this research aimed at analysing the relationship between protected areas, particularly Conservation Areas, socio-environmental conflicts and environmental injustices. Using the geographic category territory, and adopting critical perspectives such as Political Ecology, Environmental Justice and Ecosocialism, this case study evaluates the relationships between various actors around the Caparaó National Park, in Divino de São Lourenço municipality, Espírito Santo state. Using literature review, direct observation and interviews, the research evaluates the characteristics of the various socioenvironmental conflicts and environmental injustice situations that take place in that locality. During the research, it was possible to verify that socioenvironmental conflicts happen in various categories and intensity. Patrimônio da Penha is characterised by latent socioenvironmental conflicts, which are described as situations where disputes are masked by socio-political processes and not perceived by social agents. Additionally, it was noted that most of these conflicts have been directly influenced by the Caparaó National Park, as well as, diferent environmental injustice situations.

Orientadores: Carlos Roberto Espindola, Raquel Maria de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_Renatados_M.pdf: 6198017 bytes, checksum: 5aa39ecf5f645aa9039abd03fc2501d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Floresta Atlântica do sudeste da Bahia apresenta uma das maiores riquezas de espécies arbóreas por área do planeta, com uma significativa porcentagem endêmica. Essas espécies encontram-se altamente ameaçadas pelos elevados índices de desmatamento, fragmentação de habitat e corte seletivo decorrente na região. As Unidades de Conservação têm , dentre suas metas, proteger esses remanescentes florestais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relevância da rede de Unidades de Conservação (UCs) no sudeste da Bahia na proteção das espécies dos remanescentes da Mata Atlântica desta região a partir da análise de ocorrência de 10 (dez) espécies arbóreas ameaçadas de extinção. Fez-se o uso de geotecnologias como os programas Arc Gis 9.2 e DIVA GIS 7.2 para elaboração dos mapas de ocorrências das espécies arbóreas e das Unidades de Conservação e da distribuição potencial das espécies arbóreas. As 10 (dez) espécies selecionadas são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica do sudeste da Bahia e com alto grau de ameaça, integrando a Lista Vermelha da IUCN e do Ministério do Meio Ambiente. O levantamento de dados e de registro de ocorrência das espécies contou com o banco de dados oriundo da CEPEC, compilação de listas de espécies de artigos e de plano de manejo de UCs, mais a realização de trabalhos de campo, tendo sido realizado também um levantamento de dados sobre as UCs encontradas na região. Os mapas de ocorrência das dez espécies arbóreas foram sobrepostos com os mapas das UCs, possibilitando verificar os registros de ocorrência de todas as espécies arbóreas. Para que as UCs possam cumprir todos os seus objetivos, políticas mais eficazes devem ser adotadas, bem como a participação mais direta de órgãos fiscalizadores na elaboração e aplicação dos seus Planos de Manejo, os quais devem ser mais efetivos, garantindo a conservação das espécies arbóreas, bem como de todo a gama de recursos naturais encontrados dentro dos limites das UCs. A distribuição potencial demonstrou áreas com maior probabilidade de ocorrência das espécies, onde deverão ser realizados outros estudos que possam fortalecer a indicação destas áreas para o estabelecimento e/ou ampliação ou de novas UCs / Abstract; The Atlantic Forest of Southeast of Bahia presents one of the greatest resources of tree species per area of the planet, with a significant endemic percentage. Those species are very threatened by the high rates of deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and selective logging in the region. The Conservation Units among other aims protect those forest remnants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the network relevance of Conservation Units (CUs) present in the southeast of Bahia for the species protection of Atlantic Forest remnants of this region from the analysis of occurrence of 10 species threatened by extinction. The use of geotechnologies was made as the programs Arc Gis 9.2 and DIVA GIS 7.2 to elaborate occurrence maps of tree species, the Conservation Units, and the potential distribution of tree species. About the selected species, 10 (ten) are endemics of Atlantic Forest from southeast of Bahia and with a high level of threats integrating the IUCN Red List and the Ministry of Environment. The data collection and record of the occurrence of the species counted with database of CEPEC, compilation of species lists of paper and management plan of CUs but studies in field. A collection data was also accomplished about CUs that were found in the region. The occurrence maps of the ten tree species were superimposed with maps of CUs, making possible to check the records of the occurrence of tree species. For CUs can meet all goals, more efficient policies must be adopted as the more direct participation of enforcement organs in the preparation and application of Management Plan, which must be effective ensuring the conservation of the tree species as well as all the range of natural resources found within the limits of CUs. The potential distribution has shown areas with more probability of species occurrence, where it must be accomplished other studies that can reinforce the indication of these areas to establish an expansion, and/or new Cus / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

O objetivo desta tese é realizar uma etnografia histórica comparada dos processos de criação e gestão do Parque Nacional do Jaú e da Estação Ecológica das Anavilhanas, situados na micro-região do baixo rio Negro, estado do Amazonas, contextualizando-os no âmbito do desenvolvimento e das sucessivas mudanças de enfoque da política ambiental no Brasil. Baseio a reconstituição histórica e a descrição etnográfica em fontes documentais e na observação direta de processos sociais em curso. O estudo de duas categorias de manejo de unidades de conservação distintas, situadas em uma mesma bacia hidrográfica - o rio Negro, com as características comuns de um sistema de águas pretas -, abarcando cerca de 60% da área do município de Novo Airão-AM - o que justifica uma análise do efeito da sua criação ao nível local -, criadas à mesma época e geridas sucessivamente por distintas agências do governo federal - o IBDF, a SEMA e o IBAMA -, permitirá: (a) interpelar etnograficamente a relação entre diferentes agências e instituições, locais, regionais, nacionais e internacionais, na criação e gestão de unidades de conservação de proteção integral na Amazônia brasileira; e (b) identificar os recursos sociais, políticos, econômicos, normativos, institucionais e técnicos, que permitiram avanços e retrocessos na implantação destas unidades, enquanto instrumentos da política ambiental. O estudo de caso comparado é empregado como um procedimento recursivo cujo propósito final é construir uma compreensão propriamente antropológica das unidades de conservação de proteção integral - definidas hoje como instrumentos de política ambiental. Faço-o explorando o conceito antropológico de artefato cultural, enfatizando o caráter de construto socionatural histórico instável e indeterminado das unidades de conservação dimensão dissimulada pelas formulações anacrônicas e a históricas hegemônicas nas análises normativas sobre a matéria. / This thesis is a comparative ethnographic history of the creation and management of the Jaú National Park and the Anavilhanas Ecological Station in the lower Rio Negro micro-region. The process whereby these territories were created and management policies devised is placed within the context of successive environmental policy changes within Brazil. The historical account and the ethnographic description of this process are based both on written sources and direct field observation. Presenting a comparison of local level consequences of two distinct approaches to conservation management, the study focuses on conservation units of indirect use based in the same hydrographic basin - the Negro River - with common characteristics of a black water ecosystem, encompassing approximately 60% of Novo Airão county, State of Amazonas. The study of these two different conservation units of total protection created during the same period and overseen by a succession of federal government agencies (IBDF, SEMA, IBAMA) focuses on two key issues: a) ethnographic description of the relation between different agencies and institutions on the local, regional, national and international level involved in the creation and management of conservation units of indirect use within the Brazilian Amazon; b) the analysis of the way that implementation of these units as instruments of environmental policy was complexly shaped by the possibility of drawing on different social, political, economic, normative, institutional and technical resources by different actors at different times. It is hoped that this comparative case study will itself contribute to ongoing discussions regarding conservation policies and will ultimately contribute to a properly anthropological understanding of conservation units, as these are currently deployed within environmental policies. I use the anthropological concept of cultural artifact to analyze the unstable and indeterminate nature of conservation units as socio-natural historic constructions. I show how the socio-cultural-natural constructedness of conservation units is disguised by the ahistorical hegemonic formulas employed in technical discourses about the environment.

Coral reef ecosystems are some of the most biologically diverse systems in the world, and provide a number of ecosystem services that humans depend on for their wellbeing. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a social-ecological intervention that while conserving these ecosystems, also have significant impacts on the communities that depend on them for their wellbeing. Community-based MPAs are growing in popularity with the assumption that by putting communities at the forefront of their planning and management, more participation will occur, ensuring positive social and ecological impacts. This study, through mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, examines two community-based MPAs in coastal Kenya (called tengefus) to understand how each tengefu was incepted, and how resource users perceive the impacts of the tengefu on ecosystem services and human wellbeing. Participation in and donor support for the tengefu were found to influence how resource users perceived impacts. Individuals who were more engaged in the project or held some type of leadership position perceived more positive impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing compared to those not involved. In the two cases, tangible benefits (e.g. fisheries spillover and ecotourism) from the marine enclosure itself are too few to benefit the community as a whole. For tengefus to be social successes, more attention should be given to engaging all resource-dependent community members in their planning, implementation and management, and to understanding the multifaceted role of donor funding in supporting these initiatives.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate tourism capacity, the effectiveness of the management plan and the visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for increased conservation effort in the Buccoo Reef Marine Park (BRMP) in Tobago. Non-market contingent valuation was applied to estimate tourists’ WTP, using the data from a survey of 164 tourists. Local residents and government agencies were consulted to evaluate the management plan and the tourism capacity. Eighty-eight percent of local residents stated that the park was not well managed and that they lacked trust in the park agency. The density of tourists was 67-97% more than socially acceptable crowding norm. The tourists were willing to pay an additional entry fee of US$11.72 per person, which would generate additional revenue for the park management. In conclusion, the BRMP management needs modification in order to increase stakeholders’ trust, reduce tourists crowding intensity, and generate additional user-based revenue.

Despite substantial investments in biodiversity conservation interventions over the past two decades there is relatively little evidence about whether interventions work, and how they work. Whether an intervention is deemed to “work” depends upon how goals are defined and then measured, which is complex given that different stakeholders have very different expectations for any intervention (including species conservation, habitat protection, human wellbeing or participation goals), and because the process of measuring impacts can involve a simplification of more sophisticated ideals. These questions were investigated for a suite of biodiversity conservation interventions, implemented during 2005-2012 in the Northern Plains landscape of Cambodia. The interventions included the establishment of Protected Areas (PAs), village-level land-use planning, and three different types of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) instituted within the PAs. The PES programmes were (1) direct payments for species protection; (2) community-managed ecotourism linked to wildlife and habitat protection; and (3) payments to keep within land-use plans. The impact evaluation compared the results of each of the interventions with appropriate matched controls, considering both environmental and social impacts between 2005-2011. Both PAs and PES delivered additional environmental outcomes: reducing deforestation rates significantly in comparison with controls and protecting species for those cases where appropriate data was available. PAs increased security of access to land and forest resources for local households, benefiting forest resource users, but restricting households’ ability to expand and diversify their agriculture. PES impacts on household wellbeing were related to the magnitude of the payments provided: the two higher-paying PES programmes had significant positive impacts for participants, whereas a lower-paying programme that targeted biodiversity protection had no detectable effect on livelihoods, despite its positive environmental outcomes. Households that signed up to the higher-paying PES programmes, however, typically needed more capital assets and hence they were less poor and more food secure than other villagers. Therefore, whereas the impacts of PAs on household wellbeing were limited overall and varied between livelihood strategies, the PES programmes had significant positive impacts on livelihoods for those that could afford to participate. This is one of the first evaluations of the social impacts of PES that has been completed globally. The PA authorities were primarily effective at deterring external drivers of biodiversity loss, especially large-scale developments, land grabbing and in-migration, and had much more limited impact on local residents as the impact evaluation results demonstrated. The PES programmes had little or no effect on the external drivers, and instead explicitly targeted the behaviour of local residents. The three PES programmes differed in the extent to which they rewarded changes in individual or collective behaviour, and whether or not they were managed locally or externally. Household-level, conditional, payments were more effective at changing individual behaviour than collective payments; although there was evidence that both types of payments did lead to protection of forests at the village scale. Village-managed PES programmes empowered a subset of households that were then effective at enforcing regulations within the village. Externally managed PES programmes were more popular and viewed as fairer, but did not change collective behaviour. The general conclusion is that the design and institutional arrangements of PES programmes determines how participants perceive the programmes, and then the extent to which they bring about changes in behaviour.

La géodiversité en tant qu’interprétation géographique de la diversité spatiale de la surface terrestre, peut être définie comme la diversité morphologique des milieux dits naturels, voire comme une diversité des paysages si l’on considère ces derniers comme un ensemble d’objets matériels. Afin de combler des lacunes théoriques et l’absence d’un regard multilinguistique et pluriculturel sur la géodiversité, ce travail s’insérant dans la recherche fondamentale géographique, met en lumière et différencie les notions de géodiversité et de diversité paysagère en langue française, allemande et anglaise, tout en explorant de façon empirique une question primordiale : comment mesurer la géodiversité, interprétée comme une diversité mésologique et paysagique tenant compte des structures verticales et horizontales de la diversité spatiale ? La géodiversité dite globale ne doit pas être confondue avec une géodiversité interprétée de façon géologique: elle prend en effet en compte les éléments biotiques autant que les éléments abiotiques et intègre l’anthropisation des milieux, sans séparer le minéral et le vivant, le naturel et l’artificiel. Dans une approche systémique, on peut considérer que les structures spatiales des milieux, leur morphologie, reflètent leur fonctionnement et leur dynamique et elles permettent de différencier ces milieux pour caractériser leur géodiversité. Saisie simultanément par une approche intégrée des milieux et par des relevés pédologiques et floristiques davantage disciplinaires, les composantes et enceintes des milieux relèvent de plusieurs niveaux organisationnels de la diversité. Le volet empirique de ce travail de recherche explore, par une démarche multiscalaire, la géodiversité du Massif du Madres –Coronat situé dans la partie orientale, franco-catalane, des Pyrénées. Sur le site d’intérêt communautaire« Massif de Madres-Coronat » la diversité des milieux se trouve accentuée par une variété des roches, des formes du relief, par un étagement bioclimatique et une utilisation des sols différenciée. Les relevés de terrain permettent d’étudier la diversité mésologique (ou diversité des milieux) et de mettre en évidence les relations entre géodiversité et phytodiversité. La cartographie des unités paysagiques élémentaires, les géons, mis en évidence par photo-interprétation, illustre la mosaïque des milieux et la diversité des structures spatiales latérales qu’on peut qualifier de diversité paysagique. Les indices de diversité et l’analyse exploratoire des données multivariées appliqués aux données mésologiques et paysagiques contribuent à la caractérisation de la géodiversité du massif. Ils mettent en évidence une diversité mésologique relativement importante dans les milieux forestiers et complexes et une diversité paysagique plus importante dans les secteurs élevés du massif, modelés par les glaciations quaternaires, ainsi qu’à proximité des talwegs. Les résultats de cette analyse descriptive et exploratoire constituent le fondement d’une discussion sur les propriétés et l’utilité potentielle de la géodiversité dans le cadre de la gestion des paysages et des espaces naturels. / Taking geodiversity to be a geographical interpretation of the spatial diversity of the Earth’s surface, it can be defined as the morphologic diversity of ‘natural environments’ (‘milieux naturels’), or alternatively as the diversity of landscapes, when considered as a physical landscape. In an effort to contribute to a more coherent body of theory and a multilingual and pluricultural approach to geodiversity, this work situates itself within the field of fundamental geographical research. It highlights and differentiates between the notions of geodiversity and landscape diversity, whilst using an empirical method to deal with a central question; ‘How can geodiversity be measured ?’, if it is interpreted as ‘mesologic diversity’ and ‘diversité paysagique’ (describing the diversity of physical structures within the landscape), taking into account the lateral and vertical structures of spatial diversity. A clear distinction should be made between general geodiversity, and geological diversity. Indeed, a general definition of geodiversity takes into account biotic as well as abiotic elements. It also encompasses the human effect on these environments, without making a distinction between minerals and living things, or between artificial and natural elements. A systemic approach might suggest that spatial structures; the morphology of the environment, reflect their processes and dynamics. In employing an integrated approach to these ‘natural environments’ whilst also consulting floristic and soil samples, it has been shown that diversity is organised on many levels.The empirical section of the work uses a multiscalar approach to exploring the geodiversity of the ‘Massif du Madres – Coronat’, which is situated in the Franco-Catalonian region of the Eastern Pyrenees. At the Site of Community Importance - the ‘Massif du Madres – Coronat’, the broad diversity of ‘natural environments’ is characterised by specific varieties of rock, topography, levels of vegetation and differentiated land use. Samples and observations taken from the study site have made it possible to bring mesologic diversity to the fore, and to study the relationship between geodiversity and phtyodiversity. A cartographic study of ‘géons’ (a spatial landscape unit) using remote sensing, illustrates the land mosaics - a range of lateral structures that represent the physical diversity of the landscapes (‘diversité paysagique’). When used in conjunction with the data, diversity metrics and multivariate statistics contribute to understanding the character of the site’s geodiversity. This has demonstrated a relatively high level of mesologic diversity in types of forests and shrubland, and an increased level of ‘diversité paysagique’ in elevated areaswhich have been shaped by Quaternary glaciation, and in areas close to talwegs. The results of this analysis form the basis of a discussion concerning the properties and useful potential of geodiversity within the framework of managing the landscape and protected areas. / Geodiversität als geographische Interpretation einer räumlichen Diversität der Erdoberfläche kann unter anderem als morphologische Diversität der Umwelt (im Sinne eines „natürlichen Milieus“: „milieux naturels“) oder auch als Landschaftsdiversität der physikalisch-materiellen Landschaft begriffen werden. Um dem Mangel an einer multilinguistischen und interkulturellen Betrachtung der Geodiversität abzuhelfen, enthält die vorliegende Dissertation einerseits eine Grundlagenforschung zur Differenzierung der Begriffe Geodiversität und Landschaftsdiversität im englischen, deutschen und französischen Sprachraum, und befasst sich andererseits empirisch mit der Frage, wie Geodiversität gemessen werden kann; insbesondere wenn sie als räumliche Diversität sowohl die vertikalen („diversité mésologique“) als auch horizontalen („diversité paysagique“) Strukturen der Umwelt und der Landschaften berücksichtigt. Eine so definierte „globale“ oder „allgemeine“ Geodiversität ist nicht mit einer sich nur auf das Geos beschränkten Geodiversität der unbelebten Natur zu verwechseln: Die global interpretierte Geodiversität bezieht sich ebenso auf biotische wie auf abiotische Geokomponenten und integriert die anthropogene Überprägung der „milieux naturels“; also ohne getrennte Betrachtung der mineralischen und lebendigen oder der natürlichen und künstlich geschaffenen Komponenten der Umwelt. Bei einem systematischen Ansatz kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die räumliche Struktur (Morphologie) die Prozesse und Dynamik der Umwelt widerspiegelt, die Unterschiede der Raumstruktur die Geodiversität der als System begriffenen Umwelt also hinreichend charakterisieren. Simultane Aufnahmen der Umweltkomponenten durch einen integrativen Ansatz der Standortaufnahmen sowie die eher disziplinär orientierten Methoden der Vegetations- und Bodenaufnahmen veranschaulichen die verschiedenen Organisationsebenen der Diversität. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit wird die Geodiversität des in den französisch-katalanischen Ostpyrenäen gelegenen Madres-Coronat-Massivs mittels eines multiskalaren Ansatzes untersucht. Im FFH-Gebiet „Massif de Madres-Coronat“ zeigt sich die Diversität der Landschaft durch eine auffallende Varietät der Gesteine und Reliefformen sowie durch die Vegetationshöhenstufen wie auch die differenzierte Landnutzung besonders deutlich. Die Geländeaufnahmen ermöglichen es, die Beziehung zwischen Geodiverstät und floristischer sowie pedologischer Diversität zu untersuchen und die Standortdiversität zu beschreiben, die als „diversité mésologique“ (nach „Milieu“ bzw. mesos) bezeichnet wird. Die durch Luftbildinterpretation kartierten elementaren Landschaftseinheiten, den sogenannten „géons“, veranschaulichen das Landschaftsmuster und erlauben es, die Diversität der horizontalen Raumstrukturen und somit die morphologische Landschaftsdiversität oder sogenannte „diversité paysagique“ (der Landschaft, „paysage“ zugeordnet) zu quantifizieren. Diversitätsindizes und multivariable Analysemethoden ermöglichen die Beschreibung der Standortaufnahmedaten und der Kartierdaten über die Geodiversität des Untersuchungsgebietes. So kann eine hohe Standortdiversität (diversité mésologique) in Waldstandorten und komplexen Standorten des Typs Heide- und Buschvegetation sowie eine hohe morphologische Landschaftsdiversität in der glazial überformten Gipfelregion und in Tallagen beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse bilden die Basis für eine Diskussion zu den Eigenschaften und dem potentiellen Nutzen der Geodiversität für das Management und den Schutz von Lebensräumen und Landschaften.

This thesis is concerned with the sustainable tourism development in the Protected Landscape Area Kokořínsko. The aim is to evaluate current state of sustainable tourism in this area and outline the perspectives of its further development. The theoretical part is dedicated to the definition of the concept of sustainable development and its application to the tourism in protected areas. The beggining of the practical part describes the Protected Landscape Area Kokořínsko. The practical part is also concerned with the organization of tourism and an analysis of offer of environmentally friendly forms of tourism. The thesis is completed with an overall evaluation based on the SWOT analysis, chosen indicators of sustainable tourism development and a questionnaire survey among tourists, residents, entrepreneurs in the tourism industry and municipalities in the region of the Protected Landscape Area Kokořínsko.

Les Aires Marines Protégées (AMPs) sont reconnues comme des outils efficaces de conservation et de gestion des ressources. L'efficacité des AMPs, définie comme le degré d'accomplissement de leurs objectifs, est très variable. Certaines caractéristiques des AMPs (âge) expliquent une partie de cette variabilité, mais une autre partie reste encore inexpliquée. En appliquant la Science de l’Organisation (OS, discipline qui étudie l’organisation) aux AMPs, d'autres facteurs qui affectent l'efficacité de la gestion pourraient être détectés. Les objectifs de ce manuscrit sont : 1) évaluer l'efficacité des AMPs méditerranéennes, 2) explorer l'application des OS aux AMPs, 3) utiliser la OS pour l'évaluation des caractéristiques de l'organisation des AMPs, la performance (qui est le niveau d'effort exercé pour atteindre les objectifs) et l'efficacité. Les données écologiques et organisationnelles des AMPs méditerranéennes ont été collectées dans la littérature scientifique et grise, et par des questionnaires. Les résultats montrent que les AMPs méditerranéennes sont efficaces, malgré que la variabilité de nos résultats n’ait été que partiellement expliquée. Notre approche utilisant la OS pour les AMPs n’a pas été appliquée auparavant. Notre tentative d'incorporer la OS dans le contexte des AMPs est ainsi originale. Les résultats montrent une hétérogénéité organisationnelle des AMPs méditerranéennes. Dans les AMPs étudiées, la performance était faible, avec des relations entre des variables organisationnelles et l'efficacité des AMPs. Cette recherche constitue une avancée pour améliorer l'efficacité des AMPs, qui aura de multiples répercussions écologiques, sociales et politiques. / Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognized as tools for conservation and resource management purposes. MPA management effectiveness, i.e. the degree of achievement of MPA goals, is highly variable. Some MPA features (e.g. age) partially explain such variability, but part of it still remains unexplained. Other factors affecting MPA management effectiveness could be detected by applying the Organization Science (OS, discipline that studies the organizations) to MPAs. The objectives of this manuscript are to 1) assess the management effectiveness of Mediterranean MPAs, 2) explore the application of OS in MPA context, 3) use the OS framework for the assessment of MPA organizational features, management performance (i.e. the level of effort exerted to achieve MPA goals) and effectiveness. Ecological and organizational data on Mediterranean MPAs were collected through questionnaires, and from peer-reviewed and grey literature. Results show that Mediterranean MPAs are effective, but the overall variability of our outcomes was only partially explained. No previous studies applied the OS framework to MPAs. Our attempt to incorporate the OS framework in the MPA context is, therefore, novel. Results show a significant heterogeneity of Mediterranean MPAs from an organizational point of view. The studied MPAs displayed a generally low management performance, with relationships between some organizational variables and the MPA management effectiveness. The present research is an important step forward to improve MPA management effectiveness, which has multiple ecological, social and political implications.