A diminuição da disponibilidade de água de boa de qualidade em nível mundial é resultado, entre outros fatores, do consumo elevado exercido pela agricultura irrigada. A fim de minimizar os impactos ocasionados por essa atividade aos recursos hídricos, muitos países demonstram a viabilidade do emprego de efluentes de esgoto tratado na agricultura. Contudo, esta prática oferece riscos à saúde pública através dos organismos patogênicos capazes de sobreviver no esgoto. Entre estes patógenos a OMS destaca os protozoários e os helmintos parasitas do homem, pelo fato de apresentarem maior período de sobrevivência em condições adversas e alto poder de infecção. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um levantamento qualitativo e quantitativo dos parasitas intestinais de importância sanitária presentes no esgoto afluente, no efluente tratado e no efluente desinfetado de duas estações de tratamento localizadas na cidade de Piracicaba. A ETE Cecap é composta por um sistema australiano com uma lagoa anaeróbia, lagoas facultativas primária e secundária e tratamento por filtração e desinfecção por cloração. A ETE Piracicamirim é constituída por reatores UASB seguidos por lagoa aerada, decantadores secundários de lodo ativado, tratamento por filtro de areia e desinfecção por radiação ultravioleta. Entre maio de 2008 e dezembro de 2009 foram coletas amostras do esgoto bruto e dos efluentes tratado e desinfetado, seguindo as orientações de AYRES e MARA (1996). As técnicas de preparo e análises parasitológicas foram realizadas segundo YANKO (1987) e WHO (1999). A ETE Cecap apresentou uma freqüência de amostras positivas de 40 por cento para o efluente desinfetado, sendo Toxocara sp o parasita mais presente com 46,17 ovos/l. A média de ovos de helmintos para o período de estudo foi 3,78 ovos/l de efluente desinfetado. A ETE Piracicamirim apresentou uma freqüência de 100 por cento para o efluente desinfetado. Ascaris sp foi o parasita mais encontrado nos três pontos de coleta. A média de ovos de helmintos para o período foi de 0,89 ovos/l de efluente desinfetado. A ETE Cecap não apresentou um efluente final propício à utilização na irrigação. Já o efluente proveniente da ETE Piracicamirim atende as recomendações da WHO (2006), para a presença de ovos de helmintos, para utilização na irrigação irrestrita / Decreased availability of good water quality worldwide is a result, among other factors, high consumption exerted by irrigated agriculture. In order to minimize the impacts caused by this activity to water, many countries demonstrate the viability of using treated sewage effluent in agriculture. However, this practice provides a public health risk through the pathogens can survive in sewage. Among these pathogens, WHO stresses the protozoa and helminths of human, because they presented greater period of survival in adverse conditions and high power of infection. This paper aims to evaluate the quality and quantity of intestinal parasites of sanitary importance present in the raw sewage in the treated effluent and disinfected from two treatment plants located in the city of Piracicaba. The sewage treatment plant CECAP comprises an Australian system with an anaerobic pond, facultative ponds primary and secondary treatment by filtration and disinfection by chlorination. The sewage treatment plant Piracicamirim consists of UASB followed by aerated lagoon, activated sludge secondary clarifiers, treatment by sand filter and disinfection by ultraviolet radiation. Between May 2008 and December 2009 were collected and samples of raw sewage effluent treated and disinfected, following the guidelines of AYRES and MARA (1996). The techniques of preparation and analysis were performed according parasitological YANKO (in 1987) and WHO (1999). CECAP showed rates of positive samples of 40 per cent for the effluent disinfected with Toxocara sp parasite more present with 46.17 eggs/l. The mean helminths eggs for the study period was 3.78 eggs/l effluent disinfected. Piracicamirim showed rates of 100 per cent for the effluent disinfected. Ascaris sp was the parasite most commonly found in the three collection sites. The mean helminths eggs for the period was 0.89 eggs/l effluent disinfected. CECAP not produced a final effluent suitable for irrigation use. Already the effluent from the sewage treatment plant Piracicamirim meets the recommendations of WHO (2006), for the presence of helminths eggs for use in unrestricted irrigation

The protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis (syn. G. lamblia, G. duodenalis) is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease throughout the world, where an estimated 500 million people are infected annually. Despite efforts in trying to elucidate factors associated with virulence in G. intestinalis little is currently known. The disease outcome is highly variable in Giardia infected individuals, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to severe disease. The reasons behind the differences in disease outcome are vaguely understood and studies trying to link infectivity to different Giardia assemblages or sub-assemblages have rendered conflicting results. Prior to this study, little was known about the prevalence and genetic diversity of different G. intestinalis assemblages across the world. In this thesis, molecular characterization of clinical G. intestinalis samples from Eastern Africa and Central America, has been performed, enabling a better understanding of the prevalence of different Giardia genotypes in endemic areas (Papers I and II). A correlation between Giardia colonization and the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the human host was established. We found that the currently available genotyping tools provide low resolution when used to characterize assemblage A Giardia. Also, genotyping of assemblage B isolates at these loci is troublesome due to the polymorphic substitutions frequently found in the sequencing chromatograms. This ambiguity was investigated by using micromanipulation to isolate single assemblage B Giardia cells (Paper III). Both cultured trophozoites and cysts from giardiasis patients were analyzed. The data showed that allelic sequence heterozygosity (ASH) does occur at the single cell level, but also that multiple sub-assemblage infections appear to be common in human giardiasis patients. Furthermore, genome-wide sequencing followed by comparative genomics was performed in order to better characterize differences between and within different Giardia assemblages. The genome of a non-human infecting, assemblage E isolate (Paper IV) was sequenced.  The genomes of two freshly isolated human infecting assemblage AII isolates were also sequenced (Paper V). Subsequent, comparative analyses were performed and included the genomes of two human infecting isolates, WB (AI) and GS/M (B). Several important differences were found between assemblages A, B and E, but also within assemblage A; including unique gene repertoires for each isolate, observed differences in the variable gene families and an overall difference in ASH between the different isolates. Also, a new multi-locus genotyping (MLG) strategy for genotyping of assemblage A Giardia has been established and evaluated on clinical samples from human giardiasis patients.

Water quality worldwide is assessed by enumeration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci) intended to act as surrogates for human enteric pathogens. In environmental waters, this predictive relationship is confounded by many possible sources of FIB with varying implications for human health. Many physico-chemical and biological factors influence the fate of enteric pathogens and FIB in aquatic habitats, but are poorly understood, thus limiting our understanding of the usefulness of FIB as fecal pollution indicators. These studies explored the field application of a “toolbox” approach to microbial source tracking (MST) intended to discriminate between human and non-human fecal pollution: a) in a Florida estuary used for shellfishing and recreational activities and b) at public beaches before and after remediation of wastewater infrastructure. Lastly, the effects of environmental factors (sediments, protozoa, sunlight) on survival of culturable E. coli were investigated in freshwater and seawater mesocosms simulating environmental conditions. Detection of a human- associated MST marker (the esp gene of Enterococcus faecium) at sites with suspected sewage contamination indicated that human fecal pollution is impacting water quality in Wakulla County, while Lagrangian drifters designed to follow current and tidal movement suggested that local hydrology plays an important role in bacterial transport and deposition pathways. Elevated FIB concentrations and frequent detection of human-associated MST markers (esp and human polyomaviruses) identified human sewage pollution at a public beach, facilitating remediation efforts (sewage main repair, removal of portable/abandoned restrooms), followed by significant decreases in FIB concentrations and MST marker detection. These studies show that comprehensive microbial water quality assessment can reliably identify contamination sources, thereby improving pollution mitigation and restoring recreational water quality. Protozoan predation, freshwater vs. seawater habitat and sediment vs. water column location affected the concentration of culturable E. coli in outdoor mesocosms. Sediments offered a refuge from predation where freshwater vs. seawater habitat was amore important determinant of survival. These findings provide important insight into the ecology of E. coli and their natural predators in aquatic habitats and underscore the inherent effect different habitats play in their survival.

Siekiant nustatyti parazitų pasireiškimo sezoniškumą bei jų intensyvumo kitimą pagal meteorologines sąlygas atlikti tyrimai ekologiniame ožkų ūkyje. Be to buvo taikytas gydymas preparatais Ivomec PLUS ir Panacur granulėmis, jų efektyvumui įvertinti. / In order to determine the seasonal distribution intensity and variations of the meteorological conditions and infection intensity of parasites in organic goat farm. In addition, to determine efficiency of fenbendazole were treated with Panacur and Ivomec PLUS.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis--Catholic Univ. of America. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-73).

In my study I was examining the influence of the probiotic Bifidobacterium sp. on the functional status of the cattle´s rumen. Two adult cows Aberdeen-angus were used in this experiment. They were treated with a permanent cannula, which served for daily dosing of probiotics Bifidobacterium sp.. Samples of rumen fluid were analyzed for the amount of volatile fatty acids, protozoans, pH and the quantity of ammonia. When we tested the effect of the probiotics on each variable, the fixed effect of the influence of an individual has not been proved. When we tested the data without the effect of the individual in a linear model, the variables best describing my data were the butyric and acetic acids. The amount of protozoans increased as there levels grew. There is a strong effect of the individual as only two individuals were used. My results indicate that the influence of the probiotics Bifidobacterium sp., on the functional status of the rumen is low. These results could be affected by the low number of experiment-replication as well as by small quantity of tested animals.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 taparo_cv_me_araca.pdf: 677501 bytes, checksum: cb871034a8580ee800d34d6d183f9ac3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As enteroparasitoses comumente afetam o equilíbrio orgânico dos animais de estimação, sendo isto particularmente preocupante em relação aos cães, devido ao intimo contato destes com o homem. As técnicas coproparasitológicas usualmente utilizadas na rotina laboratorial para detecção de parasitoses gastrintestinais são indispensáveis para o diagnóstico e por conseqüência para determinar a necessidade de tratamento dos animais infectados. Neste estudo objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de helmintoses e protozooses em cães domiciliados e sua associação com faixa etária, sexo e raça, bem como a eficiência dos Métodos Willis- Mollay, Faust, Sedimentação e Exame Direto quanto a recuperação de ovos e oocistos de parasitos gastrintestinais da espécie canina. Foram processadas 401 amostras fecais, sendo que em 300 foi efetuada a Técnica de Kinyoun para pesquisa de Cryptosporidium spp. Os parasitos encontrados foram Ancylostoma spp. em 53,1%, Toxocara canis em 20,7%, Cystoisospora ohioensis em 15,7%, Trichuris vulpis em 3,7%, Dipylidium caninum em 2,5%, Cryptosporidium spp. em 1,33% e Taenia spp. em 1,0% das amostras. A positividade para Ancylostoma spp. não foi influenciada pelas variáveis raça, sexo e idade. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para T. canis e C. ohioensis nos cães com até seis meses de idade quando comparados a animais acima de seis meses (P<0,0001). Quanto a variável sexo houve associação apenas com o ascarídeo T. canis com maior ocorrência nos machos quando comparado as fêmeas (P = 0,0243). A associação da presença das formas evolutivas dos parasitos com raça dos cães não foi estatisticamente significativa. / The enteroparasitoses generally affect the organic equilibrium of pets, being particularly worrying referring to dogs, due to intimate contact with the human being. The techniques coproparasitologics usually used in laboratorial routines for detection of gastroenteric parasitoses are indispensable for the diagnosis and consequence to determine the necessary of infected animals treatment. In this study we evaluated the occurrence of helminthoses and protozooses in dogs and its association with age, sex and race, as well as the efficiency of Willis-Mollay, Faust, Sedimentation and exam Direct methods. It was processed 401 fecal samples, being accomplished in 300 parts, the technique of Kinyoun for directed research of Cryptosporidium spp. The parasite found were Ancylostoma spp. (53.1%), Toxocara canis (20.7%), Cystoisospora ohioensis (15.7%), Trichuris vulpis (3.7%), Dipylidium caninum (2.5%), Cryptosporidium spp. (1.33%) and Taenia spp. (1.0%). There was a statistically significant difference for T. canis and C. ohioensis in dogs up to six months old (P<0,0001). The occurrence of T. canis was statistically bigger in males when compared to females (P=0,0243). The association of parasites with race was not statistically significant. Of the four dogs (1.33%) positives for Cryptosporidium spp., only one presented a semi liquid consistence faeces and light dehydration (5 to 7%), having this animal age superior to six months old, with simultaneous infection for Ancylostoma spp. The Willis-Mollay was more efficient in the diagnosis of Ancylostoma spp. and T. canis eggs. The Direct method was least efficient. The techniques were statistically the same as the occurrence of the C. ohioensis oocysts.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-07-07T14:24:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2296320 bytes, checksum: 5609e539752b8a82d04f4ef213001d17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-07T14:24:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2296320 bytes, checksum: 5609e539752b8a82d04f4ef213001d17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-17 / Intestinal parasites diseases are responsible for serious problems in public health, intensely related to health conditions. They generate economic and social harm to the population, reducing their quality of life in developing countries and are also responsible for high mortality rates especially where health is unassisted. This study aided to analyze the association between these infections and clinical variables, haematological and epidemiological and introduce Decision Making considered by Logistic Regression model. This is an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in patients treated at the Gastroenterology clinic of University Hospital Lauro Wanderley, João Pessoa, Paraíba, under the exclusive public service of Brazil’s Unified Public Health System (SUS). The data were collected by the analysis of the records from October 2014 to May 2015. Among the 370 records analyzed, through inclusion and exclusion criteria, totaled 34. The data were organized and tabulated in a spreadsheet and later submitted, through the statistical software R version 2.15.1, to a descriptive analysis and later to an associative analysis between variables as well as the Logistic Regression. The results showed that females were more affected by parasites and the average group-age of subjects was 56 years old and in general from João Pessoa. The helminth was most prevalent when compared to protozoa, being predominantly Schistosoma mansoni. The most widely used methods for fecal examinations were Hoffman and Kato-katz. Among the results of biochemical analysis, most individuals presented levels of leukocytes out of the reference values. Through the relative risk, protective factors were observed between gastrointestinal symptoms, diabetes, hypertension, and diuretic in relation to the presence of the parasite and risk factors between the independent variables and the outcome variable have been gastrointestinal comorbidities, antiparasitic medicine and gastroprotetor. / As parasitoses intestinais são doenças responsáveis por graves problemas na saúde pública, relacionadas às condições sanitárias. Geram danos econômicos e sociais para a população, diminuindo a qualidade de vida em países que estão em desenvolvimento, sendo também responsável por elevados índices de mortalidade, principalmente onde a saúde é desassistida. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a associação entre estas infecções e variáveis clínicas, hematológicas. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, analítico, sobre a prevalência de enteroparasitoses em pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de Gastroenterologia do Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley, município de João Pessoa, Estado da Paraíba, com atendimento público exclusivo no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os dados foram coletados através da análise de prontuários no período de outubro de 2014 a maio de 2015. Os dados foram organizados e tabulados numa planilha e posteriormente submetidos ao software estatístico R versão 2.15.1 a fim de se realizar uma análise descritiva e posteriormente a uma análise associativa entre as variáveis bem como a Regressão Logística. Os resultados mostraram que os indivíduos do sexo feminino foi mais afetado por parasitoses, a faixa etária média dos indivíduos foi de 56 anos e em geral provenientes de João Pessoa. Os helmintos foram mais prevalentes em relação aos protozoários, sendo predominantemente Schistosoma mansoni. Os métodos mais utilizados para exames coproparasitológicos foram o Hoffman e Kato-katz. Dentre os resultados das análises bioquímicas, grande parte dos indivíduos apresentou níveis de leucócitos fora dos valores de referência. Através do risco relativo foram observados fatores de proteção entre os sintomas gastrointestinais, diabetes, HAS, e diurético em relação à presença do parasita e fatores de risco entre as variáveis independentes; e a variável desfecho têm-se comorbidades gastrointestinais, medicamento antiparasitário e gastroprotetor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP