Les fraternités ou les confréries de Notre Dame du Rosaire des Hommes Noirs sont apparues au Brésil au cours de la période de l'esclavage, en manifestant un grand intérêt pour les Africains, libres et captifs, et leurs descendants. Malgré l'imposition du culte catholique qui les caractérisait, ces associations laïques n'ont pas cessé d'être un vecteur de création de sociabilités et de construction d'identités. Il serait ainsi possible de prétendre que les noirs ont élaboré, à partir des confréries les accueillant dans le Nouveau Monde, des modes alternatifs d'existence en acceptant la religion du maître et en incorporant simultanément les rituels et les symboles culturels mémorisant leur appartenance aux sociétés de provenance. Cette ambiguïté marque probablement ce qui les singularisait en particulier, d'autant plus que pour exister ces associations dépendaient nécessairement de la bénédiction du pouvoir séculier et religieux par la reconnaissance de leurs statuts et de leurs règles. Selon différentes approches, ces aspects sont présentés dans l'étude qui suit sur la fraternité de Notre Dame du Rosaire des Hommes Noirs, située dans la ville de Quixeramobim, dans l'intérieur du Ceará au Brésil, aux alentours de l'année 1755, et accueillant les esclaves issus de la région africaine de l'Angola. L'objet de la recherche, qui ne constitue nullement une revendication, une création ou une assimilation par les membres de cette fraternité au long de son existence presque bicentenaire, problématise la notion de groupe de provenance. C'est à partir de cette problématique que le concept d'identité est ici interrogé. De même, une description ethnographique du processus de constitution et d'organisation de la confrérie est présentée, attentive à ses dimensions diachroniques et synchroniques. Pour cette dernière, le dialogue avec des descendants d'anciens membres de l'organisation de la confrérie a été indispensable, surtout pour recueillir la mémoire du plus important rite de sociabilité de la fraternité : la fête de commémoration de sa patronne Notre Dame du Rosaire. / The brotherhoods of Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos flourished in Brazil during the slavery period. They were of great interest for African people and their descendants. In spite of being characterized by the imposition of Catholic cults, these lay-led associations revealed as a means for group socialization and identity construction. In this way, such brotherhoods became a space through which black people could produce an alternative form of existence in the world. While at times they were led to accept the religion of their slavery masters, at times they embodied cultural symbols which connected them to the societies from which they had been removed. This ambiguity is perhaps one of the most visible features of this type of brotherhoods. I explore these issues in my study about the brotherhood of Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Homens Pretos, which was established by slaves of Angolan origin in Quixeramobim, in the back-lands of Ceará, Brazil, around the year of 1755. Throughout the period of two centuries, the idea of Angolan origin has not been claimed as a central idea in the foundation and continuity of this brotherhood. Yet, it emerges in the notion of group of origin. While doing an ethnographic description of the processes involved in the making of this brotherhood, here I also introduce the concept of identity. Through my dialog with the descendants of the old members of this association I attempt to recuperate the memory of its main form of sociability: the feast of Nossa Senhora do Rosário.

The core problem addressed in this research is the current lack of an ability to repurpose and curate scientific data among interdisciplinary scientists within a research enterprise environment. Explosive growth in sensor technology as well as the cost of collecting ocean data and airborne measurements has allowed for exponential increases in scientific data collection as well as substantial enterprise resources required for data collection. There is currently no framework for efficiently curating this scientific data for repurposing or intergenerational use. There are several reasons why this problem has eluded solution to date to include the competitive requirements for funding and publication, multiple vocabularies used among various scientific disciplines, the number of scientific disciplines and the variation among workflow processes, lack of a flexible framework to allow for diversity among vocabularies and data but a unifying approach to exploitation and a lack of affordable computing resources (mostly in past tense now). Addressing this lack of sharing scientific data among interdisciplinary scientists is an exceptionally challenging problem given the need for combination of various vocabularies, maintenance of associated scientific data provenance, requirement to minimize any additional workload being placed on originating data scientist project/time, protect publication/credit to reward scientific creativity and obtaining priority for a long-term goal such as scientific data curation for intergenerational, interdisciplinary scientific problem solving that likely offers the most potential for the highest impact discoveries in the future. This research approach focuses on the core technical problem of formally modeling interdisciplinary scientific data provenance as the enabling and missing component to demonstrate the potential of interdisciplinary scientific data repurposing. This research develops a framework to combine varying vocabularies in a formal manner that allows the provenance information to be used as a key for reasoning to allow manageable curation. The consequence of this research is that it has pioneered an approach of formally modeling provenance within an interdisciplinary research enterprise to demonstrate that intergenerational curation can be aided at the machine level to allow reasoning and repurposing to occur with minimal impact to data collectors and maximum impact to other scientists.

[pt] Sistemas de informação, desenvolvidos para diversos setores econômicos, necessitam com maior freqüência capacidade de rastreabilidade dos dados. Para habilitar tal capacidade, é necessário modelar a proveniência dos dados. Proveniência permite testar conformidade com a legislação, repetição de experimentos, controle de qualidade, entre outros. Habilita também a identificação de agentes (pessoas, organizações ou agentes de software) e pode ser utilizada para estabelecer níveis de confiança para as transformações dos dados. Esta dissertação propõe um modelo genérico de proveniência criado com base no alinhamento de recortes de ontologias de alto nível, padrões internacionais e propostas de padrões que tratam direta ou indiretamente de conceitos relacionados à proveniência. As contribuições da dissertação são portanto em duas direções: um modelo conceitual para proveniência - bem fundamentado - e a aplicação da estratégia de projeto conceitual baseada em alinhamento de ontologias. / [en] Information systems, developed for several economic segments, increasingly demand data traceability functionality. To endow information systems with such capacity, we depend on data provenance modeling. Provenance enables legal compliance, experiment validation, and quality control, among others . Provenance also helps identifying participants (determinants or immanents) like people, organizations, software agents among others, as well as their association with activities, events or processes. It can also be used to establish levels of trust for data transformations. This dissertation proposes a generic conceptual model for provenance, designed by aligning fragments of upper ontologies, international standards and broadly recognized projects. The contributions are in two directions: a provenance conceptual model - extensively documented - that facilitates interoperability and the application of a design methodology based on ontology alignment.

This master thesis investigates the phenomenon of men with filed (modified) teeth in Scandinavia during late Iron Age. More than 100 buried men with filed teeth have up till now been discovered. Of these, 92 are included in my analysis. Burials containing men with filed teeth have been discovered on Gotland, in Skåne, Uppland, Västergötland and Öland in Sweden, on Fyn in Denmark and in one mass grave in Dorset, England. Most of the men derive from burials on Gotland.   The men with filed teeth have hitherto mostly been studied from an osteoarchaeological approach. Instead, this study regards the burial contexts in which they were found. In order to study this, I have compiled a data base in which available information about these men and their burial contexts have been gathered. The term ¨burial context¨ in this essay refers to the grave finds and the aspects of the burial itself, as well as the landscape in which it is situated.   The aim of the study is to try to determine what unites, and separates, the men with filed teeth; what can be said about the dating of their occurrence, the men’s origin/provenance and what social status and occupation they may have held.

The Gemsbok Sub-basin is situated in the south-western corner of the Kalahari Karoo Basin and extends south from the Kgalagadi District of Botswana into the Northern Cape (South Africa); and west into the Aranos Basin (southeast Namibia). The Sub-basin preserves a heterogeneous succession of Upper Palaeozoic to Lower Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Karoo Supergroup. Because the succession is largely covered by the Cenozoic Kalahari Group, the stratigraphy of the succession is not as well understood as the Main Karoo Basin in South Africa. Most research in the Gemsbok Sub-basin is based on borehole data. This study focuses on the intrabasinal correlation, depositional environments and provenance of the Karoo Supergroup in the Gemsbok Sub-basin in Botswana and Namibia. Based on detailed sedimentological analyses of 11 borehole cores of the Karoo Supergroup in the Gemsbok Sub-basin of Botswana and Namibia, 8 facies associations (FAs) comprising 14 lithofacies and 2 trace fossil assemblages (Cruziana and Skolithos ichnofacies) were identified. The facies associations (FA1 to FA8) correspond to the lithostratigraphic subdivisions (the Dwyka Group, Ecca Group, Beaufort equivalent Group, Lebung Group [Mosolotsane and Ntane formations] and Neu Loore Formation) of the Karoo Supergroup. Sedimentological characteristics of the identified facies associations indicate the following depositional environments: glaciomarine or glaciolacustrine (FA1, Dwyka Group), deep-water (lake or sea) (FA2, Ecca Group), prodelta (FA3, Ecca Group), delta front (FA4, Ecca Group), delta plain (FA5, Ecca Group), floodplain (probably shallow lakes) (FA6, Beaufort Group equivalent), fluvial (FA7, Mosolotsane and Neu Loore formations) and aeolian (FA8, Ntane Sandstone Formation). The Dwyka Group (FA1) forms the base of the Karoo Supergroup in the Gemsbok Subbasin and overlain by the Ecca Group deposits. Three types of deltas exist within the Ecca Group: fluvial-dominated; fluvial-wave interaction and wave-dominated deltas. The Gemsbok Sub-basin was characterised by rapid uplift and subsidence and high sediment influx during the deposition of the Ecca Group. Petrographic and geochemical analyses of the Ecca Group sandstones revealed immature arkose and subarkose type sandstones dominated by angular to subangular detrital grains, sourced from transitional continental and basement uplifted source areas. The sandstones of Ntane Sandstone Formation are classified as subarkoses and sourced from the craton interior provenances.

O rio Madeira é um dos principais afluentes da margem direita do rio Amazonas, porém este rio é ainda pouco estudado no âmbito de sua proveniência sedimentar. Deste modo este trabalho busca sugerir as rochas fontes dos sedimentos das areias holocênicas que compõem as barras fluviais ativas do baixo curso dorio Madeira, desde as proximidades da cidade de Porto Velho, próximo a divisa do estado de Rondônia e Amazonas, até sua jusante no rio Amazonas. Para tal, foram realizadasas análises granulométrica, mineralogias essencial e de minerais pesados, tipologias de zircão, andaluzita e quartzo e índice rutilo-zircão. As areias do rio Madeira possuem granulometria nas frações areia fina e média, sendo a fina pobremente selecionada e a média bem selecionada, com a granulação média ocorrendo entre os afluentes Ji-Paraná, Manicoré e Aripuanã. A análise de minerais pesados transparentes não micáceos demonstra uma assembleia mineralógica principal composta de andaluzita, zircão, hornblenda, estaurolita, epídoto, turmalina, rutilo e granada. Com menor frequência ocorrem clinopiroxênios (principalmente augita), ferrisilita, titanita, gedreita-antofilita e sillimanita, além de dumortierita, cassiterita, topázio, espinélio e monazita como traço, sendo os três primeiros os mais abundantes. O anfibólio mais comum é a hornblenda, sugestiva de fontes ígneas e cujas maiores ocorrências começam após a entrada do rio Ji-Paranáno Madeira, o que assinala nova contribuição de fontes mais máficas a aquelas vindas de montante junto aos minerais ferricilita e augita, que denotam fontes de rochas vulcânicas e que podem se tratar de remanescentes vindos da cordilheira andina. Esta nova injeção de anfibólios pode estar associada à Suíte Intrusiva Serra da Providência e Complexo Jamari. A andaluzita é predominante ao longo do rio com 100% de frequênciade ocorrência e valores médios de 52% em areia fina e 22% em areia muito fina, com prevalência de grãos límpidos (metamorfismo regional e/ou hidrotermal) e indício de fontes no Cráton Amazônico para quiastolíticas (metamorfismo de contato) após a entrada do afluente Mancoré. Nesta mesma região grãos euédricos a subédricos de andaluzita, soma 93% em areia fina, o que revela proximidade de sua fonte. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho mostram que este mineral esta constantemente sendo introduzido na carga sedimentar fluvial do rio Madeira, porém a referencia deste mineral nas rochas do sudeste do Cráton Amazônico, da Cordilheira Central e da bacia antepaís andina são escassos, o que dificulta a determinação da origem deste mineral.. A tipologia de zircão mostrou grande quantidade de grãos euédricos e grãos angulosos, com pequeno predomínio de grãos arredondados, que correspondem a mais de 50%. Estes dados mostram contribuição de rochas sedimentares e metassedimentares, como a Formação Içá e o Grupo Alto Tapajós, além dereforçar a contribuição ígnea, como as rochas que ocorrem à montante do Madeira e ao longo de seus afluentes nos estados de Rondônia e Amazonas. Os valores obtidos no RZi não demonstram mudanças fortes de fontes de sedimentos. As fontes sugeridas ganham reforço na identificação de fragmentos de rochas como granitóides, micaxistos, quartzitos e arenitos, que indicam diretamente a rocha de origem e mostram que as fontes do rio Madeira são poligenéticas. A quantificação dos grãos de quartzo (Q), feldspato (F) e fragmentos de rocha (L), demonstram que as areias deste rio são arcóseos, com forte contribuição de fontes ígneas e meta-ígneas. O resultado deste trabalho demonstra que a assembleiade minerais pesados do rio Madeira diferencia-se das comumente descritas para o sistema Solimões-Amazonas, sendo marcado pela presença abundante da andaluzita e este mineral é um indicador da contribuição do Madeira na carga sedimentar do rio Amazonas. A proveniência dessas areias holocênicas está relacionada não apenas aos sedimentos vindos dos Andes e bacias de antepais, como também aos detritos trazidos por seus tributários rios Ji-paraná, Manicoré e Aripuanã que predominam na margem direita no baixo curso deste rio, e que drenam rochas do Cráton Amazônico e da cobertura sedimentar cenozóica que as recobrem. / The Madeira River is a major tributary of the Amazon River on the right bank, however its sediment provenance is still little studied. Therefore, this paper aims to suggest the source rocks of the Holocene sands that make up the activebars of the lower Madeira River, from near the city of Porto Velho, located close to the border of the states of Rondônia and Amazonas, to the Madeira River downstream, in the Amazon River. To this end, we conducted grain size analysis, major and accessory mineral analysis, varietal study of zircon, andalusite and quartz, and determined the Rutile-Zircon index (RZi). The sands of the Madeira River are fine- to medium-grained. The fine-grained sand is poorly sorted, whereas the medium-grained sand is well sorted and occurs among the Ji-Paraná, Manicoré and Aripuanã affluents. Analysis of non-micaceous transparent heavy minerals shows an mineral assemblage consisting mainly of andalusite,zircon, calcic amphiboles (mostly hornblende), staurolite, epidote, tourmaline, rutile and garnet. Clinopyroxenes (mostly augite), ferrosilite, titanite, gedrite-anthophyllite and sillimanite are less common, with trace amounts of dumortierite, cassiterite, topaz, spinel and monazite, the first three being the most abundant. The most common amphibole is hornblende, which is indicative of igneous origin. Large amounts of hornblende occur after the Ji-Paraná River flows into the Madeira River, indicating the new contribution of mafic rocks to the contribution coming from upstream, with minerals of ferricilita and augite which may be indicates new contribuition of mafic sources to those coming fromthe Andes. This new injection of Amphibole may be associated with the Serra da Providência Intrusive Suite and the Jamari Complex. Andalusite predominates along the whole Madeira River, and the average percentages of this mineral are 52% and 22% in fine-grained and very fine-grained sand, respectively, with prevalecence of clear grains of andalusite (regional and/or hydrothermal metamorphism), and indication of sources in Amazon Craton to chiastolite (contact metamorphism) after entry of the affluente Manicorériver. In this region, grains of andalusite sum 93% in fine-grained sand, which indicates proximity to the source. The data shows that this mineral is constantly being introducted in the fluvial sediment load of the Madeira River, but the reference of the andalusite in the rocks of southeastern Amazon Craton, the Central Cordillera and foreland basin of Andean are scarce. This fact difficult to determine the origin of this mineral. Zircon varietal study shows large amounts of euhedral and angular grains, with a slight predominance of rounded grains, which account for over 50% of the grains. This data shows the contribution of sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks, such as the Içá Formation and the Alto Tapajós Group, and enhances the contribution of igneous rocks, such asthe rocks present along the Madeira River in the Rondônia State and the rocks carried by its tributaries. RZi index shows no considerable changes in sediment sources. The sources suggested here are reinforced by the identification of fragments of rocks, such as granitoids, mica-schists, quartzites and sandstones, which directly indicate the source rocks and show that the source rocks of the Madeira River are not limited to a single rock. Thequantification of quartz (Q) and feldspar (F) grains, and rock fragments (L) shows that the sands of this river are arcosean sands with a strong contribution from igneous and meta-igneous sources. The results of this study show that the heavy minerals assemblage of the Madeira River differs from those described for the Solimões-Amazon system, marked by minerals of andalusite as an indicator of the contribution of the Madeira River to the sediment load of the Amazon River. The sources of these Holocene sands is not associated only with the sediments coming from the Andes and foreland basin, as well as the debris carried by its major tributaries (Ji-Paraná, Manicoré and Aripuanã Rivers), which are more numerous on the right bank of the Madeira River and drain parts ofthe Amazon Craton and the Cenozoic sedimentary cover.

Anomalias biogeoquímicas expressivas têm sido reconhecidas em rochas marinhas neoproterozoicas depositadas em todos os continentes, não havendo similares ao longo do Fanerozoico. O interesse nesta Era aumentou nos últimos anos, especialmente em relação ao Ediacarano, período que precede a grande Explosão de Vida Cambriana e que abriga os primeiros organismos macroscópicos, conhecidos como Fauna de Ediacara. Assim, o entendimento das condições paleoambientais e paleoclimáticas, bem como o estabelecimento da cronologia dos eventos, é fundamental no entendimento da evolução da biota no planeta durante este período. As rochas da Faixa Paraguai Norte, na região de estudo, registram a ocorrência de duas glaciações, uma criogeniana e outra ediacarana (formações Puga e Serra Azul), separadas por uma espessa plataforma carbonática (Grupo Araras), que registra anomalias biogeoquímicas na água do mar ediacarano. Estas rochas foram depositadas na margem sudeste do Craton Amazônico, no intervalo de tempo entre a quebra do paleocontinente Rodínia e a colagem do Gondwana. O presente trabalho é apresentado na forma de artigos e apresenta estudos de: i) quimioestratigrafia isotópica (C, O, S e Sr) de detalhe nos carbonatos do Grupo Araras e da Formação Serra Azul; ii) proveniência (Sm-Nd) das rochas terrígenas das formações Puga e Serra Azul, bem como da base da Formação Raizama; e iii) geocronologia (Pb-Pb em carbonatos e K-Ar em clastos vulcânicos) da Formação Serra Azul. Os valores de \'delta\'\'POT.13 C\' evidenciaram duas anomalias negativas (ca. - 6%o) pósglaciais e um gradiente de até 2,5%o ao longo da bacia, no período interglacial. As razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\' (entre 0.7074 e 0.7087) mostraram uma evolução coerente com a esperada para o oceano ediacarano. Os valores de \'delta\'\'POT.34 S\' obtidos nos sulfatos-traços dos carbonatos variaram de 22 a 61, enquanto que nas piritas variaram de 11 a 43%o, sendo os mais pesados já registrados no tempo geológico (acima de 48%o e 30%o, respectivamente). As idades modelo (\'T IND.DM\') Sm-Nd obtidas em rochas terrígenas das formações Puga, Serra Azul e Raizama encontram-se entre 1,6 e 2,2 Ga, mostrando contribuição variável, ao longo da seção, com predomínio de fontes localizadas a norte e a leste da bacia precursora da Faixa Paraguai. As idades K-Ar obtidas em clastos vulcânicos recuperados da Formação Serra Azul variaram de 730 a 1167 Ma, evidenciando uma fonte jovem, distinta do esperado para o Cráton Amazônico. A idade isocrônica Pb-Pb de 596 ± 26 Ma determinada em carbonatos da Formação Serra Azul corrobora sua correlação com a Glaciação Gaskiers, datada em 580 Ma. / Expressive biogeochemical anomalies have been recognized in Neoproterozoic marine rocks deposited worldwide, with no similar record throughout the Phanerozoic. The interest in this Era have been increased, especially on the Ediacaran time, the period that precedes the great CambrianLife Explosion, and houses the first macroscopic organisms, which are known as the Ediacaran Fauna. Thus, the understanding of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions, associated with the establishment of the chronology of the events is crucial in the understanding the evolution of biota on the planet during this period. The rocks of northern Paraguay Belt in the study area record the occurrence of two glaciations, where one is Cryogenian and another is Ediacaran (Puga and Serra Azul formations). These glacial deposits are separated by a thick carbonate platform (Araras Group), which records biogeochemical anomalies in the Ediacaran seawater. These rocks were deposited in the southeastern margin of the Amazonian Craton, in the time interval between the breakup of the Rodinia Paleocontinent and the assemblage of the Gondwana. This work is composed by five articles, whose study scopes are: i) detailed isotope chemostratigraphy (C, O, S and Sr) in carbonates from the Araras Group and the Serra Azul Formation; ii) provenance (Sm-Nd) of the siliclastic rocks from the Puga and the Serra Azul Formations and the base of the Raizama Formation; and iii) geochronology (Pb-Pb in carbonate and K-Ar in volcanic clasts) from the Serra Azul Formation. The \'delta\'\'POT.13 C\' values showed two post-glacial negative anomalies (ca. - 6%o) and a gradient of up to 2.5%o along the basin, during interglacial period. The obtained \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 Sr\' ratios (between 0.7074 and 0.7087) showed a consistent trend with that expected for the Ediacaran sea water. The trace sulfate extracted from obtained carbonates yielded \'delta\'\'POT.34 S\' values from 22 to 61%o, whereas the pyrites ranged between 11 and 43%o. These \'delta\'\'POT.34 S\' values are the heaviest ever recorded in geologic time (above 48 and 30, respectively). The Sm-Nd model ages (\'T IND.DM\') obtained from siliciclastic rocks from Puga, Serra Azul and Raizama formations range from 1.6 to 2.2 Ga, and indicate a variable contribution along the section, with predominant sources coming from areas at north and east of the precursor basin. Recovered volcanic clasts from the Serra Azul Formation yielded K-Ar ages between 730 and 1167 Ma, revealing a non expected young source for areas on the Amazon Craton. The Pb-Pb isochron age of 596 ± 26 Ma was determined in carbonates from the Serra Azul Formation and corroborates its correlation with Gaskiers Glaciation which was dated at 580 Ma.

O registro sedimentar do final do Neoproterozóico tem sido alvo de intensas pesquisas desde a retomada dos modelos de glaciação extrema e rápidas mudanças climáticas, com destaque para a hipótese Snowball Earth. Esses modelos baseiam-se na identificação, em todos os continentes, de sucessões neoproterozóicas que compreendem diamictitos sobrepostos por carbonatos, interpretados, respectivamente, como depósitos glaciais e pós-glaciais. A fim de explicar o caráter global da distribuição dos diamictitos e sua aparente transição rápida para carbonatos, alguns autores propuseram hipóteses de que o planeta teria sofrido mudanças climáticas extremas, e de que estas teriam ocorrido na forma de três eventos glaciais durante o Criogeniano e o Ediacarano (Sturtian, Marinoan e Gaskiers). Outros autores consideram que a correlação global destes depósitos pode ser explicada pelo modelo Zipper-rift, que considera a existência de geleiras de altitude, condicionadas pelo soerguimento das ombreiras de sistemas de rifts, supostamente abertos durante a fragmentação do supercontinente Rodínia. Apesar de intensos esforços para correlacionar estas sucessões, ainda persistem dúvidas a esse respeito. Isto se deve, em parte, à ênfase dada ao estudo das sucessões carbonáticas sobrejacentes, em detrimento das pesquisas nos próprios diamictitos. Dentro desse contexto, o presente estudo tem como alvo a sucessão sedimentar inferior do Grupo Una, interpretada como representativa do evento Sturtian, localizada na porção norte do Cráton do São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil. Foram realizadas análises de fácies, de associações de fácies e de proveniência sedimentar com o objetivo de testar os modelos de dinâmica glacial propostos para o período e avaliar localmente o caráter da transição entre diamictitos e carbonatos. O Grupo Una apresenta área de afloramento de aproximadamente 16.000 km2 e compreende depósitos sedimentares isentos de metamorfismo, que se encontram distribuídos em três sinclinais (Salitre, Irecê e Una-Utinga). Na base, compreende arenitos, diamictitos e pelitos com clastos esparsos da Formação Bebedouro, interpretada em termos das associações de fácies (1) Transicional marinha influenciada por banquisas e/ou icebergs e (2) Marinha de plataforma continental. A passagem para a unidade de topo ocorre de forma brusca, em contato plano com dolomitos maciços a laminados com pseudomorfos de aragonita, sobrepostos por ritmitos de calcarenitos e calcilutitos com laminação planoparalela, laminação cruzada cavalgante, estromatólitos e slumps, dividos nas associações de fácies de (3) Plataforma carbonática rasa influenciada por ondas e (4) Rampa carbonática influenciada por escorregamentos. Dados de contagem de litotipos em clastos e seções delgadas indicam variação lateral de proveniência, com fontes particulares para cada uma das áreas investigadas. Essa variação é interpretada como resultado de aporte de geleiras de vale ou do tipo outlet na margem glacio-marinha, indicando a presença de altos topográficos. A datação U-Pb SHRIMP de seixos revelou predomínio de fontes próximas, com contribuição local de fontes mais distantes, sugerindo alguma deposição a partir de icebergs provenientes da margem oposta da bacia, talvez a mais de 150 km à leste, sobre os Blocos Jequié ou Itabuna-Salvador- Curaçá. Datações de cristais de zircão detrítico da matriz dos diamictitos confirmam os dados obtidos a partir de seixos, e permitem a identificação de uma fonte jovem, de fora do cráton, com cerca de 850 Ma. Esse dado limita a idade máxima da unidade. Ainda que a proveniência da Formação Bebedouro indique a existência de altos topográficos adjacentes à bacia, a ausência de controles tectônicos na sedimentação, evidenciada pela grande persistência lateral de sistemas deposicionais com pouca variação de espessura, não corrobora o modelo de desenvolvimento das geleiras neoproterozóicas em margens de sistemas de rifts. / The sedimentary record of Neoproterozoic age has become a major subject of research since the rebirth of the models of extreme glaciation and rapid climatic changes for the period, including the Snowball Earth hypothesis. These models are founded on the identification, in all continents, of Neoproterozoic diamictites directly overlain by carbonates, which are interpreted respectively as glacial and post-glacial deposits. In order to explain the global distribution of diamictites and their apparently rapid transition to carbonates, some authors have proposed hypothesis of extreme climatic change related to three glacial episodes during the Cryogenian and the Ediacaran (Sturtian, Marinoan e Gaskiers). On the other hand, some authors consider that the global correlation of these deposits is the consequence of altitude-nucleated glaciers formed on the shoulders of rift systems during the breakup of the Rodinia Supercontinent, in what is called the Zipper-rift model. Despite the efforts to establish a chronological correlation among the several successions, many questions still persist, in part due to the great emphasis on the study of the carbonate successions and the scarce work on the diamictites. The present work aims at studding the lower section of the Una Group, interpreted as related to the Sturtian glacial event and located in the northern region of the São Francisco Craton, Bahia, Brazil. Facies, facies associations and clastic provenance analysis were performed in order to test the current models on the Neoproterozoic glacial dynamics and to locally evaluate the passage from diamictites to carbonates. The Una Group crops out in a area of approximately 16,000 km2 and is composed of sedimentary deposits without metamorphism, preserved in three synclinal folds (Salitre, Irece e Una-Utinga). At its base, the unit comprises sandstones, diamictites and mudstones with dropstones grouped into the Bebedouro Formation. This formation comprises two facies associations: (1) Marine transitional deposits influenced by ice-shelves and/or icebergs and (2) Continental platform marine deposits. The passage to the upper unit is marked by a sharp planar surface above which lay two facies associations: (3) Wave influenced shallow carbonatic platform deposits, comprising massive to laminated dolomites, locally with aragonite pseudomorph crystals, overlain by (4) Carbonatic ramp influenced by slumps, composed of calcareous grainstones and mudstones with plane-parallel lamination, climbing ripples, slump structures and locally stromatolites. Pebble lithology and thin section compositional data indicate great spatial variation of provenance, with specific sources for each of the investigated areas. This variation is interpreted as the consequence of valley or outlet glaciers feeding the glaciomarine margin, thus indicating the presence of topographically elevated areas near the basin. U-Pb SHRIMP dating of selected pebbles reveals the dominance of nearby sources, with the local contribution of far-traveled clasts, suggesting mixing with sediments deposited from icebergs which came from the opposite basin margin, as far as 150 km to the east. U-Pb SHRIMP dating of detrital zircon grains from the matrix of the diamictites confirmed this model and lead to the identification of a source from outside the craton with approximately 850 Ma. This data constraints the maximum depositional age of the Bebedouro Formation. Despite provenance from the Bebedouro Formation indicates the presence of topographically elevated areas near the basin, the absence of tectonic controls on the sedimentation, evidenced by the great lateral continuity of the depositional systems and their small thickness variation, does not confirm the model of development of neoproterozoic glaciers over the shoulders of rift systems.

This thesis presents a framework for understanding first-order theories by investigating their models. A common application is to help users, who are not necessarily experts in formal methods, analyze software artifacts, such as access-control policies, system configurations, protocol specifications, and software designs. The framework suggests a strategy for exploring the space of finite models of a theory via augmentation. Also, it introduces a notion of provenance information for understanding the elements and facts in models with respect to the statements of the theory. The primary mathematical tool is an information-preserving preorder, induced by the homomorphism on models, defining paths along which models are explored. The central algorithmic ideas consists of a controlled construction of the Herbrand base of the input theory followed by utilizing SMT-solving for generating models that are minimal under the homomorphism preorder. Our framework for model-exploration is realized in Razor, a model-finding assistant that provides the user with a read-eval-print loop for investigating models.

Na região leste do RS, porção sul da Bacia do Paraná, ocorre uma unidade do Jurássico Superior denominada de Arenito Pedreira. Para definir as relações estratigráficas e caracterizar esta unidade foram avaliados dois furos de sondagem para pesquisa de carvão, situados na região de Osório. Foram coletadas amostras representativas para análise petrográfica e contagem modal dos minerais constituintes para definição da proveniência dos sedimentos. Esta unidade está depositada entre à Formação Botucatu por desconformidade sobreposta e a Formação Rio do Rastro, com a qual tem contato erosivo. O Arenito Pedreira é composto por uma sucessão de ciclos granodecrescentes constituídos por arcóseos líticos e conglomerados arcoseanos clasto-suportados e polimíticos com grânulos e seixos subangulosos de varias litologias, que sucedem para pacotes de arenitos médios a grossos com estratificação cruzada tangencial e de baixo ângulo, finalizando em arcóseos com marcas de ondas e pelitos laminados no topo. Os litoclastos analisados representam rochas metamórficas de alto e baixo grau, granitoides, rochas sedimentares e vulcânicas básicas. As feições diagenéticas observadas caracterizam condições de eodiagenese e mesodiagenese, indicando ukm ambiente de clima continental seco. Os litoclastos descritos representam fontes associadas a um arco magmático dissecado e mostram características petrográficas semelhantes aquelas encontradas em rochas do Terreno Tijucas e do Batólito Pelotas, do Cinturão Dom Feliciano no RS. Estes dados sugerem uma área fonte próxima a área de deposição. A porção norte da estrutura soerguida do Arco de Rio Grande de direção NW-SE, representa a área fonte dos sedimentos que constituíram o Arenito Pedreira. / In the eastern part of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, in the southern portion of the Paraná Basin, there is a Upper Jurassic unit informally called Pedreira Arenite. In define the stratigraphic relations and to characterize this unit, a description of the two drilling holes associated to coal research work situated in the Osório region. It was collected representative samples to petrographic analysis and the modal count of the constituent minerals was carried out to define the provenance and origin of the sediments. This unit is deposited under Botucatu Formation by to unconformity and over Rio do Rastro Formation, with which it has erosive contact. The Pedreira Arenite is composed of a succession of granodecrescent cycles consisting of lithic arkoses and conglomerate sandstones, clast-supported and polymitic with subangular granules and pebbles of various lithologies, which succeed for medium to thick sandstone packages with tangential and low angle cross-stratification. This package ending in marks of waves arkoses and laminated mudstones at the top. The analyzed lithoclasts are represented by high and low metamorphic rocks, granitoids, sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The diagenetic features found characterize conditions of eodiagenesis and mesodiagenesis, where the environment present features of continental dry climate environment. The provenance studies highlight sources associated with dissected magmatic arc and shows petrographic features similiar to the rocks founded in Tijucas Terrane and Pelotas Batholith, of the Dom Feliciano Belt in the RS State. This data refers to a source area very close to the deposition area. The north portion of the positive structure of NW-SE direction called Rio Grande Arch,represent the source area of the sediments that generated the Pedreira Arenite.