El negocio Psicoatent está enfocado en la comercialización de servicios de consulta y terapia psicológica online, la cual, se realiza por el canal virtual utilizando como medio de comunicación la videollamada por Zoom para entregar el servicio al cliente final (paciente) a través de la plataforma web Psicoatent siendo un negocio de innovación tecnológica con la propuesta de valor que consiste en la experiencia de “ahorro de tiempo y accesibilidad” durante el servicio a cargo de staff de Psicólogos habilitados por el Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú. Cabe indicar, durante la investigación de mercado se evidencia la necesidad de consultas y terapias psicológicas online para problemas de ansiedad y depresión que sufren los varones y mujeres de 25 a 55 años de edad del NSE A, B y C de Lima Metropolitana. Por lo tanto, esta negoción tiene potencial crecimiento de 5% a 9% anual ya que las proyecciones de la tasa de crecimiento población de 18 a 59 con problema de salud mental es de 15% anual. Psicoatent es un modelo de negocio a 5 años, con una inversión de 79,693 soles, el cual, será financiado el 70% con el aporte de socios y el 30% con el préstamo de Mi Banco, dando como resultado un VAN de flujo de financiero de 64,568 soles y la TIR de 72% donde la inversión se recupera en 1.45 años. / The Psicoatent business is focused on the commercialization of online psychological therapy and consultation services, which is carried out through a virtual channel using Zoom video call as a means of communication to deliver the service to the final client (the patient) through our platform. Psicoatent website being a business of technological innovation with the value proposition that consists of the experience of "saving time and accessibility" during the service by staff of psychologists authorized by the College of Psychologists of Peru. It should be noted, during the market research, the need for online psychological consultations and therapies for anxiety and depression problems suffered by men and women between 25 and 55 years of age from the NSE A, B and C of Metropolitan Lima is evident. Therefore, this business has potential growth of 5% to 9% annually since the projections of the population growth rate of 18 to 59 with a mental health problem is 15% annually. Psicoatent is a 5-year business model, with an investment of 79,693 soles, which, 70% will be financed with the contribution of partners and 30% with the loan from Mi Banco, resulting in a financial flow NPV of 64,568 soles and the IRR of 72% where the investment recovers in 1.45 years. / Trabajo de investigación

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo fazer a interface da prática e das técnicas da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) com a Psico-Oncologia, no que tange ao entendimento do modelo cognitivo e como este interfere positiva ou negativamente no enfrentamento do câncer. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, com metodologia de estudo de caso, com duas participantes, sendo uma com câncer de colo de útero e a outra com câncer de mama. A pesquisa qualitativa foi organizada em 14 encontros: no primeiro, foram medidas as variáveis distress, ansiedade e depressão, por meio dos instrumentos Termômetro do Distress e Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão; os 12 encontros seguintes foram realizados no formato de sessões de psicoterapia, baseados na Terapia Psicológica Adjuvante, em que os conflitos, a necessidade de adaptação a uma nova realidade e o enfrentamento do diagnóstico e do tratamento do câncer foram abordadas por meio das técnicas da TCC; por fim, o último e 14º encontro teve como objetivo o fechamento das sessões e a avaliação das variáveis medidas ao início. Os resultados apontaram que as duas participantes apresentaram melhora das variáveis medidas, tendo resultados mais significativos, em ambos os casos, nas variáveis ansiedade e distress. Por meio do entendimento do modelo cognitivo e da ressignificação de crenças e pensamentos automáticos, as duas participantes tiveram melhora na capacidade de aceitação da nova condição, bem como na aceitação e enfrentamento dos limites impostos pelos sintomas da doença e pelos efeitos colaterais do tratamento, além de reestruturar alguns pontos de grande importância em sua vida pessoal, familiar e de saúde, tendo ganhos consideráveis, a despeito do adoecimento oncológico. Ademais, a pesquisa demonstrou a necessidade de um olhar individualizado para cada paciente e suas crenças estabelecidas em diferentes momentos, em diversas situações e como sua percepção acerca do câncer pode ser instrumentalizada positivamente para ajudar no enfrentamento do adoecimento e em sua qualidade de vida e de relacionamentos / The purpose of this dissertation was to interface the practice and techniques of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with Psycho-Oncology, by understanding the cognitive model and how it interferes - positively or negatively - in coping with cancer. For that, a qualitative research using a case study methodology with two participants, one with cervical cancer and the other with breast cancer, was carried out. The qualitative research was organized in 14 meetings: in the first, the distress, anxiety, and depression variables were measured, using the Distress Thermometer and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; the following 12 meetings were held in the format of Psychotherapy sessions based on the Adjuvant Psychological Therapy, where the conflicts, the need to adapt to a new reality, the confrontation of the diagnosis, and the treatment of cancer were addressed through CBT techniques; finally, the last and 14th meeting had the objective of closing the sessions and evaluating the variables measured at the beginning. The results showed that both participants presented improvements in their psychological states, with more significant results, in both cases, in the variables of anxiety and distress. By understanding the cognitive model and the modification of beliefs and automatic thoughts, the two participants had an improvement in their ability to accept their new condition, as well as in accepting and coping with the limits imposed by the symptoms of the disease and the side effects of the treatment, and by restructuring important points relating to their personal, family and health life, which resulted in considerable gains, in spite of their cancer. In addition, the research demonstrated the need for individualized care for each patient and a deeper understanding of their beliefs, which were established at different moments and in different situations, as well as understanding how their different perception towards cancer was used as a tool to help them confront the disease, improve their quality of life and relationships

Psychological intervention has been recommended to address some of the common problems reported in acute psychiatric inpatient services, such as having nontherapeutic environments, minimal provision of therapeutic interactions and activities and highreadmission rates. There is a small evidence base investigating the effectiveness of acute inpatient psychological therapy, however, this has never been reviewed or synthesised. Robust investigation of cross-diagnostic inpatient psychological intervention is alsoabsent, and whether this is feasible is unknown. Informed by the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework, this thesis examined and synthesised the current evidence base of controlled trials of psychological therapy for acute psychiatric inpatients for the first time. It also tested the feasibility of implementing and evaluating cross-diagnostic psychologically informed acute mental health care in comparison to treatment as usual. The latter was largely based on the Woodhaven Approach, which is theory-driven psychological model of care. The model offers psychological intervention for acute inpatients and targets mechanisms of psychological dysfunction identified by the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems model (ICS). This thesis, therefore, comprises two main studies: 1) a meta-analysis, and 2) a feasibility study. The meta-analysis focused on the effectiveness of brief inpatient psychological therapyon psychotic symptoms, risk of readmissions, and emotional distress (depression and anxiety). Results showed that in randomised and single-blind studies psychological intervention had little effect on psychotic symptoms. Other outcomes, however, showed more promising results. For example, although not significant, robust evidence suggests that brief psychological therapy may reduce emotional distress and risk of readmission for some acute inpatients. The feasibility study aimed to test the feasibility of implementing and evaluating a cross diagnostic psychological model of acute inpatient care, and gather preliminary clinical outcome data. Using a framework of methodological issues, the feasibility study showed that some aspects of the trial processes were run successfully, i.e. some clinical outcomes had good completion rates, some intervention components were successfully implemented and some outcomes produced effects which favoured the intervention group over the control group. However, other aspects of the trial processes were problematic and required amendment before progressing to a full trial. Key issues identified by the feasibility study include problematic eligibility criteria, poor implementation of some intervention components, poor engagement, poor completion of follow-up questionnaires and therefore poor trial retention. The feasibility study also highlighted methodological issues which have not yet been addressed, but are important in planning a future definitive trial, i.e. randomisation and assessor blinding. This thesis has provided the first study to test the feasibility of evaluating the effectiveness of this psychological model, in comparison to treatment as usual, and it was the first time the impact of this psychological model has been investigated in relation to re admissions. Overall, this thesis indicates that a cross-diagnostic approach to acute psychiatric inpatient psychological therapy is feasible, however further work is needed to fully implement the model into routine practice.

Introduction: Chronic orofacial pain (COFP) is distressing and disabling to sufferers and can be costly to patients, health services and society. Frequently, no underlying medical pathology can be found to account for the condition. Despite this, patients are treated according to a biomedical model, often by mechanistic and invasive procedures, which tend to be unsuccessful and not evidence based. Evidence suggests that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) based management may produce improved outcomes for patients. However, published studies can tell us little about which intervention components are effective, or recommend an optimum way for these components to be applied. Aim: To develop an evidence based intervention for the management of COFP that is feasible and acceptable to patients and practitioners. Method: The Medical Research Council’s guidelines for developing complex interventions were used as a framework for the research. Evidence from multiple sources was synthesised to produce the draft components of an intervention to manage COFP. An exploratory trial investigated preliminary outcomes, acceptability, feasibility and explored parameters for a full scale randomised control trial. Results: The intervention was acceptable to participants and could be feasibly implemented. No conclusions could be drawn relating to the effectiveness of the intervention. Participants were not affected at baseline for a number of outcomes, which implies that cut off points should be introduced into the inclusion and exclusion criteria of any future studies. Conclusion: The study produced an intervention which is acceptable and feasible to participants, however it is not known if it is effective. A number of recommendations are made for progression to a larger, definitive trial.

Background: According to Grawe’s psychological therapy approach, conflict reduction can be expected not only in psychodynamic, but also in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This was tested in an effectiveness study. Changes in cognitive conflicts, along with those of symptom severity and well-being were analyzed during alcohol inpatient treatment. Methods: Four times during treatment, groups of patients receiving psychodynamic therapy (n = 45 patients) or CBT (n = 49 patients) were measured and compared. Lauterbach’s Online Conflict Test was used to measure conflict. Symptom severity and well-being were measured using questionnaires. Results: Results showed significant conflict decrease in both groups with a tendency towards faster reduction under CBT. There was also significant change in symptom severity and well-being in both groups with no difference regarding reduction gradient. Moreover, patients in the psychodynamic treatment group exhibited lower symptom scores at treatment begin which may be a consequence of clinical group assignment. Conclusions: In general, the findings confirmed Grawe’s theoretical assumptions. Generalizability to other diagnostic groups and other clinical settings remains to be tested. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om: 1. Die struikelblokke wat in terapie binne verskillende kulture voorkom, te ontleed. 2. Verskillende Westerse en nie-Westerse terapeutiese benaderings se toepassing op multikulturele terapie te ontleed. 3. Bestaande riglyne en modelle vir multikulturele terapie daar te stel, ten einde 'n model vir relasieterapie te ontwerp. 4. Ondersoek in te st el na die doeltreffendheid van relasieterapie op kliente uit verskillende kulture. Daar is 'n idiografiese model vir Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie binne verskillende kulture ontwerp. Die model is enersyds gebaseer op 'n Iiteratuurstudie en andersyds op die beginsels van relasieterapie as Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige benadering. Die resultate het die volgende getoon: 1. Hindernisse in Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie met persone uit verskillende kulture kan oorbrug word. 2. V erkryging van kulturele kennis oor die klient asook selfondersoek deur die terapeut vergemaklik multikulturele Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie. 3. Aan die hand van die model vir relasieterapie binne verskillende kulture kan doeltreffende multikulturele terapie uitgevoer word. 4. Die model bied riglyne vir terapie binne verskillende kulture. / The purpose of this investigation was: 1. To analyse impediments appearing in therapy within different cultures. 2. To analyse the application of different Western and non-Western therapeutic approaches on multicultural therapy. 3. To bring about existing guidelines and models for multicultural therapy, in order to design a model for relation therapy. 4. To examine the effectiveness of relation therapy on clients from different cultures. A model was designed for multicultural Educational Psychological therapy. The model is based on a study of literature as well as the principles of relation therapy as an Educational Psychological perspective. The results have shown the following: 1. Obstacles in educational psychological therapy with persons from different cultures can be bridged. 2. Attainment of cultural knowledge of the client as well as introspection by the therapist facilitate multicultural educational psychological therapy. 3 . The model for relation therapy within different cultures can be utilised effectively for therapy 4. The model offers guidelines for multicultural therapy. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om: 1. Die struikelblokke wat in terapie binne verskillende kulture voorkom, te ontleed. 2. Verskillende Westerse en nie-Westerse terapeutiese benaderings se toepassing op multikulturele terapie te ontleed. 3. Bestaande riglyne en modelle vir multikulturele terapie daar te stel, ten einde 'n model vir relasieterapie te ontwerp. 4. Ondersoek in te st el na die doeltreffendheid van relasieterapie op kliente uit verskillende kulture. Daar is 'n idiografiese model vir Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie binne verskillende kulture ontwerp. Die model is enersyds gebaseer op 'n Iiteratuurstudie en andersyds op die beginsels van relasieterapie as Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige benadering. Die resultate het die volgende getoon: 1. Hindernisse in Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie met persone uit verskillende kulture kan oorbrug word. 2. V erkryging van kulturele kennis oor die klient asook selfondersoek deur die terapeut vergemaklik multikulturele Opvoedkundige-Sielkundige terapie. 3. Aan die hand van die model vir relasieterapie binne verskillende kulture kan doeltreffende multikulturele terapie uitgevoer word. 4. Die model bied riglyne vir terapie binne verskillende kulture. / The purpose of this investigation was: 1. To analyse impediments appearing in therapy within different cultures. 2. To analyse the application of different Western and non-Western therapeutic approaches on multicultural therapy. 3. To bring about existing guidelines and models for multicultural therapy, in order to design a model for relation therapy. 4. To examine the effectiveness of relation therapy on clients from different cultures. A model was designed for multicultural Educational Psychological therapy. The model is based on a study of literature as well as the principles of relation therapy as an Educational Psychological perspective. The results have shown the following: 1. Obstacles in educational psychological therapy with persons from different cultures can be bridged. 2. Attainment of cultural knowledge of the client as well as introspection by the therapist facilitate multicultural educational psychological therapy. 3 . The model for relation therapy within different cultures can be utilised effectively for therapy 4. The model offers guidelines for multicultural therapy. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

PsicoFriendly brinda el servicio integral en diagnóstico y terapia psicológica online por videollamada desde el App PsicoFriendly a cargo de Psicólogos habilitados por el Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú, donde el paciente tendrá acceso ilimitado a sesiones de terapia autoguiada a través de audio y video y contará con el acompañamiento y control de su recuperación a cargo del asistente virtual. En este sentido, el servicio está diseñado en tres planes de diagnóstico y terapias, de acuerdo, a la necesidad del segmento de clientes que son varones y mujeres entre 18 a 55 años de nivel socioeconómico A, B y C1 en Lima Metropolitana, que padecen problema emocional como secuela de la enfermedad de cáncer o debido a la pandemia Covid-19, se busca generar en el paciente una experiencia de acompañamiento, tranquilidad, confianza y ahorro de tiempo al brindar el servicio. Cabe indicar, que el negocio es escalable con proyecciones de crecimiento entre 4% a 10% anual llegando a facturar en el quinto año S/ 778,529 en ventas de los tres tipos de planes. Por ello, según la evaluación del plan económico financiero se necesita una inversión de S/129,299 para poner en marcha el negocio, que será financiado el 65% con aporte de accionistas y el 35% con préstamo del banco, que en cinco años generará un VPN del FCLD de S/ 646,778 para todos los inversionistas y un VPN del FCNI de S/ 741,528 para los socios accionistas. / PsicoFriendly is an online psychological therapy service and provides comprehensive services in diagnosis through video calls from the PsicoFriendly application managed by psychologists authorized by the Peruvian College of Psychologists. Our patients get unlimited access to self-guided therapy sessions through audio and video recovery sessions with the accompaniment of the virtual assistant. In this sense, the service is designed with three diagnosis and therapy plans, according to the needs of the of clients who are men and women between 18 and 55 years of age from socioeconomic status A, B and C1 in Metropolitan Lima and they suffer from emotional issues as a consequence of cancer diseases or Covid-19 pandemic. The aim is to generate an experience of accompaniment, tranquility, confidence and timeliness for the patient. It should be noted that the business is scalable with growth projections between 4% to 10% per year, reaching a turnover in the fifth year of S/ 778,529 in sales for the each of the three diagnosis and therapy plans. Therefore, according to the evaluation of the financial economic plan, an investment of S/ 129,299 is needed to start the business, which will be financed 65% with contributions from shareholders and 35% with a bank loan, which in five years will generate a NPV (Net Present Value) of FCF (Free Cash Flow) of S/ 646,778 for all investors and a NPV (Net Present Value) of FCNI (Investor Net Cash flow) of S/ 741,528 for shareholders. / Trabajo de investigación

Background: According to Grawe’s psychological therapy approach, conflict reduction can be expected not only in psychodynamic, but also in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). This was tested in an effectiveness study. Changes in cognitive conflicts, along with those of symptom severity and well-being were analyzed during alcohol inpatient treatment. Methods: Four times during treatment, groups of patients receiving psychodynamic therapy (n = 45 patients) or CBT (n = 49 patients) were measured and compared. Lauterbach’s Online Conflict Test was used to measure conflict. Symptom severity and well-being were measured using questionnaires. Results: Results showed significant conflict decrease in both groups with a tendency towards faster reduction under CBT. There was also significant change in symptom severity and well-being in both groups with no difference regarding reduction gradient. Moreover, patients in the psychodynamic treatment group exhibited lower symptom scores at treatment begin which may be a consequence of clinical group assignment. Conclusions: In general, the findings confirmed Grawe’s theoretical assumptions. Generalizability to other diagnostic groups and other clinical settings remains to be tested. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

There has been a stigma attached to mental health for years, with many people afraid to seek help from mental health professionals due to negative stereotypes about those seeking help. Young adults in particular are still reluctant in regards to seeing a therapist since they are ashamed, do not want to show weakness or they perceive their need for therapy as low. Since the COVID-19 pandemic has triggered many mental disorders of different kinds, numerous therapists have been fully booked, and the demand has been higher than the supply. Digital mental health apps aim to counteract the problem and help as many people as possible who either cannot get appointments with therapists or are not able to afford therapy sessions. The latest technologies, such as emotion-based Artificial Intelligence (Emotion AI), utilize many data sets and algorithms, which enable the system to learn and interpret human emotions through various verbal and non-verbal signals like voice recognition, text analysis, or face tracking. At the same time, the apps work as digital therapists who aim to help the user.  This research explores how emotion-based AI as a technology used in mental health applications can contribute to help young adults ranging from around 15 to 30 years of age, who are considered the age group suffering from symptoms of depression the most, but hesitate to see a therapist. By conducting a comparative study and quality assessment of three AIbased mental health apps and interviewing experts in Machine Learning and psychology on their points of view, this research project aims to gain qualitative data and, consequently, to obtain more insights on this topic. This research indicates that a complete replacement of face-to-face therapy is not yet imaginable because the human factor is considered inevitable in a therapy setting. However, most experts interviewed for this research stated that AI-based apps in mental healthcare can be seen as an additional supportive tool or coach on the side while seeing an actual therapist in face-to-face-sessions, either in person or through video calls, providing helpful content and exercises. In addition, these tools can bridge the waiting time between therapy sessions or function as a preventive solution for young adults. / Psykisk hälsa har i många år varit stigmatiserat, och många människor är rädda för att söka hjälp hos psykologer på grund av negativa stereotyper om dem som söker hjälp. Särskilt unga vuxna är fortfarande tveksamma när det gäller att träffa en terapeut eftersom de skäms eller inte vill visa svaghet. Eftersom COVID-19-pandemin har varit en utlösande faktor för många depressioner och psykiska störningar av olika slag så har många terapeuter varit fullbokade. Detta har gjort att efterfrågan på hjälp har varit större än utbudet som finns att tillgå. Digitala appar för psykisk hälsa har som syfte att motverka problemet och hjälpa så många människor som möjligt, antingen när det inte finns tillgängliga terapeuter för samtal eller när personen inte har råd med terapisamtal. Den senaste tekniken, såsom känslobaserad AI, utnyttjar en stor mängd data som gör det möjligt för systemet att lära sig att tolka mänskliga känslor genom olika verbala och icke-verbala signaler som till exempel röstigenkänning, textanalys eller ansiktsspårning. Samtidigt fungerar apparna som en digital terapeut som syftar till att hjälpa användaren. I denna studie undersöks i vilken utsträckning som känslobaserad AI, tillämpad i digitala lösningar för psykisk hälsa, kan bidra till att hjälpa unga vuxna i åldern 15-30 år som anses vara den åldersgrupp som lider mest av depressionssymptom. Genom att genomföra en jämförande studie, en kvalitetsbedömning av tre AI-baserade appar för psykisk hälsa samt intervjua experter inom maskininlärning och psykologi om deras synpunkter är syftet med detta forskningsprojekt att få kvalitativ data och därmed fler insikter om detta ämne. Resultaten av denna studie indikerar att en ersättning av terapisamtal med en person eller terapi via videosamtal ännu ej är tänkbar eftersom den mänskliga faktorn anses vara icke ersättningsbar. Majoriteten av de experter som intervjuades för den här forskningen uppgav dock att AI-baserade appar inom psykiatrin kan ses som ett extra stödverktyg eller en coach vid sidan av mötet med en riktig terapeut (antingen personligen eller genom videosamtal), med hjälp av användbart innehåll och övningar. Dessutom kan dessa verktyg överbrygga väntetiden mellan terapisessionerna eller fungera som en förebyggande lösning för unga vuxna.