Cette thèse évalue et explique l’impact économique des nouveaux stades sur l’écosystème d’affaires du football professionnel français. Entre 2008 et 2016, 13 nouvelles enceintes ont été créées ou ont été rénovées. L’objectif visé par ce programme est de permettre l’évolution des modèles de revenus des clubs, et en parallèle la baisse des subventions publiques qui leur sont versées. Ce modèle avait été observé en Allemagne à la suite d’un programme similaire réalisé entre 2001 et 2006. Dans un premier temps, à partir de ces ambitions, les indicateurs utilisés pour effectuer une analyse comparée France-Allemagne, montrent que les résultats économiques attendus sont éloignés des espérances. Dans le but d’identifier les liens de causalité entre les objectifs ex ante et les résultats ex post, une analyse des modalités de programmation et d’exploitation de la ressource stade est réalisée à l’aide de 7 monographies. Cette recherche inductive fait émerger des limites structurelles, financières et organisationnelles importantes, générées par les logiques d’acteurs de ces projets. Il apparaît en effet, par faute de leader, que les collectivités territoriales, les clubs et les sociétés privées du bâtiment n’ont pas su enclencher le processus de coévolution nécessaire à la bonne programmation de ces « outils de production ». Il est ainsi montré comment l’alchimie de la compétence joue un rôle central dans la création d’une nouvelle ressource. Outre le savoir et le savoir-faire, la volonté d’action, de partage, définis quant à eux par la notion de « savoir-être », éclairent les logiques initiales d’acteurs et expliquent l’impact final de la politique publique de rénovation des stades en France. Ainsi, grâce à ce cas spécifique, la recherche enrichit les travaux en management du sport portant sur la compréhension des performances économiques d’une organisation sportive, à travers l’analyse de ses actifs et son business model. Dans une logique de new public management, elle évalue la pertinence et l’efficience d’un programme de rénovation qui a mobilisé plus de 2 milliards d’euros de fonds publics. Enfin, dans une logique d’apprentissage et d’évolution ces travaux se concluent par des préconisations managériales. / This thesis assesses and explains the economical impact of new stadiums on the business ecosystem of French professional football. From 2008 to 2016, 13 new venues were built or renovated. The aim of this program is to enable the evolution of club revenue models, and, in parallel, the decline of the public subsidies paid to them. This model was witnessed in Germany following a similar program carried out between 2001 and 2006. Firstly, from these aspirations, the indicators used to perform a comparative analysis France-Germany, show that the expected economical results are far from expectations. In order to identify the causal links between ex ante objectives and ex post results, an analysis of the programming and exploitation modalities of the stadium resource is crafted using 7 monographs. This inductive search reveals important structural, financial and organizational limits, generated by the logics of these projects' actors. It appears, by absence of leader, that local communities, clubs and private building companies have failed to initiate the process of coevolution needed for the correct programming of these "tools of production". It therefore demonstrates how an alchemy of competence plays a central role in the creation of a new resource. In addition tothe knowledge and the « know-how », the will for action and sharing, defined by the notion of soft skills or « know-how-towbe », clarifies the initial logics of actors and explains the finalimpact of the stadiums' renovation's public policy in France. Thus, thanks to this specific case, the research enriches works in sports management dealing with the understanding of economic performance of a sports organization, through its assets and business model. Following a logic of new public management, it evaluates the relevance and efficiency of a renovation program that has mobilized more than 2 billion euros of public funds. Finally, following a logic of learning and evolution, this work eventually leads to managerial recommendations.

Depuis les années 2000, les « violences faites aux femmes » (VFF) font l’objet d’un traitement politique sans précédent. Cette publicité, fruit des luttes et des revendications féministes, est aussi le produit d'une histoire institutionnelle qui fait l'objet de cette recherche. Cette thèse porte sur les évolutions de l'encadrement étatique de la protection des victimes de violences de genre depuis les services d'aide proposés au sein même des groupes des tiers secteurs. Elle analyse ainsi comment les « coûts » des politiques de protection de lutte contre les VFF reproduisent du genre. Ces politiques sont analysées à travers une réflexion matérialiste sur la « protection institutionnalisée » (Brown, 1995) et en pensant le travail associatif/communautaire autour des violences avant tout un travail de soin. Trois niveaux d’analyse y sont explorés : celui des politiques publiques, celui, intermédiaire des relations entre l’État et les groupes des tiers secteurs, et celui plus sensible des pratiques de travail d’intervention. Cette recherche repose sur les monographies de quatre associations et organismes communautaires d’accompagnement des travailleuses du sexe et d’aide aux femmes victimes de violence conjugale en France et au Québec. La démarche méthodologique combine des entretiens sous forme de « récits de pratique » avec les intervenant·es et les directions de ces organisations et une analyse documentaire des politiques qui encadrent leur travail. L’angle des financements montre que les organismes sont utilisés comme des instruments de mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques. La comparaison met en lumière différentes stratégies et réponses des organismes. Cette dépendance contraint aussi le travail d'intervention dont la charge administrative s'alourdit et tend à réduire la part de soin pourtant inhérente à la relation d'aide. Ensuite, la thèse montre que l'institutionnalisation des politiques de lutte contre les VFF s'accompagne d'une mise sous contrainte des droits à l'aide et à la protection. Si la mise à l’agenda politique des violences de genre est le fruit de plus larges revendications contre le poids du mariage et le contrôle de la sexualité des femmes, lorsqu’elles sont intégrées dans le langage de l'action publique, sa définition tend à se resserrer sur des notions de risque social ou de crime. / Since the 2000s, “violence against women” (VAW) has raised political interest on an unprecedented scale. This exposure is the result of feminist demands and struggles. But it is also the result of an institutional history which is at the heart of this research. The focus of this thesis is the expanding role of the state in regulating the protection of gender-based abuse victims. The research takes the standpoint of social services within nonprofit organizations. It analyzes the costs of VAW protection policies and how they reproduce gender oppression. These policies are analyzed through a materialist reflection on “institutionalized protection” (Brown, 1995) and by considering nonprofit work with victims first and foremost as care work. This thesis provides three levels of analysis: public policies, the relations between the State and nonprofit organizations, and finally, on a more tangible level, I analyze social work practices. This research is based upon the monographs of four non-profit organizations: supporting sex workers and assisting women victims of domestic abuse in France and Quebec. From a methodological perspective, this research combines narrative interviews of the organizations’ workers and head of staff, with a literature review of policies governing their work. The study of funding shows that nonprofit organizations are used as tools to implement public policies. The comparison highlights different strategies and differentiated responses from organizations. Organizations’ reliance on public funding restrains social work. The administrative burden limits the part of care pivotal to social work. The thesis demonstrates further that institutionalization of policies on VAW leads to a restriction of the rights to assistance and protection. Political awareness of gender-based violence falls within broader reassessments of issues such as marital pressure and the policing of women’s sexuality. But when it comes to state action, it tends to be conflated to social risk and crime.

This thesis presents the design and development of a web-based platform intended to streamline the public sector funding process for startups by employing a matching algorithm. The platform was developed as part of a Bachelor's program in Computer Engineering and aims to address the inefficiencies and complexities currently impeding startup access to vital funding sources. Utilizing the MERN technology stack (MongoDB, Express.js, React, and Node.js), the project integrates web-based technologies to enhance user experience and ensure robust security measures aligning with GDPR standards. The methodology adopted includes agile development practices to facilitate iterative testing and improvements. The system's use of data from public funding webpages, combined with API integration and web scraping techniques, ensures a rich database of funding opportunities tailored to startups' diverse needs. This thesis serves as a practical solution for startups striving to navigate the complex landscape of public sector funding. / Den här uppsatsen presenterar designen och utvecklingen av en webbaserad plattform avsedd att effektivisera processen för offentlig finansiering till startups genom att använda en matchningsalgoritm. Plattformen, som utvecklats är en del av ett högskoleingenjörsprogram inom datateknik och syftar till att adressera de ineffektiviteter och komplexiteter som för närvarande hindrar startups från att få tillgång till nödvändiga finansieringskällor. Genom att använda MERN-teknikstacken (MongoDB, Express.js, React och Node.js) integrerar projektet webbteknologier för att förbättra användarupplevelsen och säkerställa robusta säkerhetsåtgärder i linje med GDPR-standarder. Den antagna metoden inkluderar agila utvecklingspraxis för att underlätta iterativ testning och förbättringar. Systemets användning av data från offentliga finansieringswebbplatser, kombinerat med API-integration och webbskrapningstekniker, säkerställer en rik databas med finansieringsmöjligheter anpassade till startups mångfaldiga behov. Denna avhandling fungerar som en praktisk lösning för startups som strävar efter att navigera i det komplexa landskapet för offentlig sektorfinansiering.

A Article Processing Charge (APC), ou taxa de processamento de artigo, como um modelo de negócio, é empregado para a publicação de revistas científicas de Acesso Aberto (AA) e híbridas. Esta pesquisa, de abordagem quantitativa e de tipologia exploratória e descritiva, analisou a produção científica brasileira em Acesso Aberto mediante o pagamento de APC e a política de fomento público. Os objetivos específicos foram: verificar os tipos de financiamento ofertados pelas agências de fomento brasileiras para a publicação de artigos mediante o pagamento de APC; caracterizar a produção científica brasileira em AA publicada no período 2012-2016, indicando o custo da APC. Na primeira parte da pesquisa utilizou-se questionário on-line para 29 agências de fomento brasileiras e, complementou-se os dados referentes às políticas de fomento analisando os seus sites. Verificou-se que o financiamento da APC é praticado pela minoria das agências brasileiras. Na segunda parte coletou-se, na Web of Science Core Collection, a produção científica brasileira publicada em Acesso Aberto e agregou-se dados, formando um banco de 63.847 documentos publicados em 930 revistas. A maior parte dos documentos (69%) foi veiculada em revistas nacionais. As áreas com maior concentração de documentos foram Ciências Biológicas, da Saúde e Agrícolas. Identificou-se 610 revistas com APC responsáveis pela publicação de 37.847 documentos, apresentado um custo médio de USD1,492.27 por artigo e USD957.75 para o período de cinco anos. O valor total estimado para o período foi de aproximadamente USD36 milhões. Desse total, as revistas do programa SciELO representam 22% dos gastos, enquanto os mega-journals representam 27%. Considera-se que o Brasil possui uma política de financiamento da APC embrionária, enquanto que o número de documentos publicados em revistas de AA com APC tem um aumento mais veloz que naquelas sem a cobrança de taxa. / The Article Processing Charge (APC) is an Open Access (AA) and hybrid journals publishing model. This study followed an exploratory and quantitative approach and analyzed the implications of the publication of scientific papers in AA journals paid with APC for the official scientific publication policies in Brazil. The specific objectives are: to find out the types of grants offered by the Brazilian official institutions for the publication of articles by APC; to characterize the Brazilian scientific production in AA published in 2012-2016, indicating the cost of the APC. For the first part of the study, 29 Brazilian granting agencies were asked to answer an online questionnaire on granting policies and also their websites were looked through for data collection on the subject and cross checking answers. It was found that only a minority of Brazilian granting agencies have allowances for APC. In the second part of the study, data from the Brazilian scientific papers indexed by the Web of Science Core Collection that were published in AA were put together in a database of 63,847 documents published in 930 journals. Most of the documents (69%) were published in Brazilian journals. The fields with the biggest share of documents published in AA were Biology, Health and Agricultural Sciences. We found out that 610 journals with APC published 37,847 papers, at an average cost of USD1,492.27 per paper and USD957.75 for the five year period. The estimated total value for the period was approximately USD36 million. Of this total, SciELO program journals represent 22% of expenditures and mega journals represent 27%. Brazil is beginning to develop granting policies for APC, as the number of papers published in AA journals with APC increases faster than the number of papers published without fee.

<p>The purpose of this essay was to overview the conflicts regarding the exhibition space (Kunsthalle) Tensta Konsthall during 2003 and 2004, in order to gain an understanding of the following: why the conflict started, if anyone exceeded their authority, how the case has been reviewed in the press, what kind of value judgements lay behind the actions and why this case has received so much attention. By studying mainly press material and political documents it has been made clear that Tensta Konsthall’s location in an ill reputed suburb of Stockholm has been the cause for its exposure to different demands and expectations compared to other similar exhibition spaces. Further the essay deals with questions raised by the conflict in the intersection of culture and politics.</p>

The purpose of this essay was to overview the conflicts regarding the exhibition space (Kunsthalle) Tensta Konsthall during 2003 and 2004, in order to gain an understanding of the following: why the conflict started, if anyone exceeded their authority, how the case has been reviewed in the press, what kind of value judgements lay behind the actions and why this case has received so much attention. By studying mainly press material and political documents it has been made clear that Tensta Konsthall’s location in an ill reputed suburb of Stockholm has been the cause for its exposure to different demands and expectations compared to other similar exhibition spaces. Further the essay deals with questions raised by the conflict in the intersection of culture and politics.

Pharmaceutical drugs are often hailed as the poster child for the proposition that patents foster accelerated rates of innovation. This sentiment stems, in large part, from the significantly high research and development (R&D) costs endemic to the pharmaceutical sector. I argue that if the role of the patent regime is one of fostering higher amounts of investment in the R&D process, it is better served by a direct investment protection regime, where the protection does not depend upon whether or not the underlying idea behind the drug is 'new' and 'inventive', the two central tenets of patent law. Rather, any drug that successfully makes it past the regulatory filter ought to be entitled to protection, since its discovery and development entail significant investment and risk. Owing to the inadequacy of the current patent regime in appropriately protecting intensive pharmaceutical R&D investments from free-riders, I propose a comprehensive investment protection regime that protects all the investment costs incurred during the drug discovery and development process. Though similar to existing data protection regimes in some respects, it differs in others. Firstly, it enables a recovery of all R&D costs, and not only costs associated with clinical trials. Secondly, unlike patents and data exclusivity which offer uniform periods of protection, it rewards investments in a proportionate manner, wherein drug originators are entitled to protection against free-riders only until such time as they recoup their specific investments and earn a rate of return on investment that is dependent on the health value of the drug. Given that a pure market exclusivity based investment protection regime is likely to foster excessive pricing and subject the market to the dictates of a single firm, I advocate a compensatory liability model based on a novel cost sharing methodology, where follow-on entrants are free to manufacture the drug, but must pay a reasonable amount of compensation to the originator.

Department of Curriculum Studies and Education Management / DEd (Curriculum Studies) / Also availabe in print

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EU:s sammanhållningspolitik har sedan 1980-talet varit ett verktyg för att investera och utveckla regioner. Utvecklingen sker genom olika strukturfonder och har de senaste decennierna finansierat stora delar av turismens utveckling, särskilt i turismintensiva regioner. Jämtland Härjedalen är ett tydligt exempel på en turismintensiv region där EU-medel används till utvecklingsprojekt. EU:s finansieringssystem upplevs av stödsökande komplext och resurskrävande i både ansöknings- och genomförandeprocesserna. De regelverk som finns är vidare mycket invecklade, vilket gör processerna än mer omfattande. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka och skapa en förståelse för vilka utmaningarna är samt vilka förbättringsmöjligheter som finns. Detta har skett genom en flermetodsstudie, där datainsamlingen genomförts med både enkät och intervjuer. Enkäten och de första intervjuerna gjordes med projektägare som är verksamma i Jämtland Härjedalen, och kompletterande intervjuer gjordes med representanter från finansiärerna Tillväxtverket och Region Jämtland Härjedalen. De främsta utmaningarna och förbättringsområdena från studien kan sammanfattas enligt följande: Upplevda utmaningar: Komplex och tidspressad ansökningsprocess Finansiärernas bristande förståelse om besöksnäringen Att vara låst till målen som skrivits i ansökan Rädsla att inte få kostnader för genomförda aktiviteter godkända Komplicerad redovisning och rapportering Projekt som arbetsform Önskade förbättringar: Förenklat regelverk Förbättrad kommunikation Mindre byråkratisk ansökningsprocess Mer dialog och samverkan Tydligare ansvar och roller Vi avslutar denna studie med en sammanfattande diskussion där vi lyfter egna tankar och funderingar kring utmaningarna och förbättringsmöjligheterna som framkommit av vårt resultat. Vi ser flera stora förbättringsområden, inte minst kopplat till förenklad byråkrati, ökad samverkan och mer dialog. Projektfinansiering är ett relativt outforskat område och vi hoppas att framtida forskning kommer beröra ämnen kopplade till den EU-finansierade projektvärlden. / Since the 1980s, the EU's cohesion policy has been a tool for investing and developing regions. The development takes place through various structural funds and in recent decades has financed large parts of the development of tourism, especially in tourism-intensive regions. Jämtland Härjedalen is a clear example of a tourism-intensive region where EU funds are used for development projects. However, the EU's funding system has proven to be a complex system where applicants experience the application and implementation process as very complex and resource-intensive with complicated regulations to deal with. This study aims to investigate and create an understanding of what the challenges are and what opportunities for improvement exist. This has taken place through a mixed-method study, where the collection of data was carried out with both a questionnaire and interviews. The survey and the first interviews were done with project owners who are active in Jämtland Härjedalen, and supplementary interviews were done with representatives from the financiers Tillväxtverket and Region Jämtland Härjedalen. The main challenges and areas for improvement from the study can be summarized as following: Perceived challenges: Complex and time consuming application process The financiers lack of understanding about the hospitality industry To be locked to the goals written in the application Fear of not getting costs for completed activities approved Complicated accounting and reporting Projects as a form of working method Desired improvements: Simplified regulations Improved communication Less bureaucratic application process More dialogue and cooperation Clearer responsibilities and roles We conclude this study with a summary in which we raise our own thoughts and reflections regarding the challenges and opportunities for improvement that emerged from our results. We see several major areas of improvement, not least linked to simplified bureaucracy, increased cooperation and more dialogue. Project financing is a relatively unexplored area and we hope that future research will touch on topics connected to the EU-funded project world. / <p>2023-06-16</p>