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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Government funding for entrepreneurs in Tung Chee-hwa'sadministration

Yeung, Chi-yuen., 楊志遠. January 2012 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration
32

SimulaÃÃes dos efeitos macroeconÃmicos do aumento dos investimentos pÃblicos no Brasil / Simulations of the macroeconomic effects of increased public investment in Brazil

Arley Rodrigues Bezerra 27 February 2013 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho à construir um modelo de equilÃbrio geral,de modo a realizar simulaÃÃes contrafactuais dos recentes aumentos dos investimentos pÃblicos no Brasil, visando verificar efeitos nos agregados macroeconÃmicos, bem como no bem-estar social.Para a calibraÃÃo das variÃveis e parÃmetros do modelo foram utilizadas diversas bases de dados, inclusive IBGE, IPEADATA e Banco Central. Os exercÃcios consistem em alterar os valores dos parÃmetros referentes à proporÃÃo da composiÃÃo dos investimentos pÃblicos no qual no ano de 2010 os investimentos da administraÃÃo pÃblica, que se supÃem complementares aos investimentos privados, tiveram uma participaÃÃo de 53% da parcela dos investimentos pÃblicos em relaÃÃo ao PIB. Os investimentos das empresas estatais, que, por hipÃtese, sÃo substitutos dos investimentos privados, participaram com o complementar, 47%. A simulaÃÃo que direciona 80% dos investimentos pÃblicos à administraÃÃo pÃblica enquanto o restante 20% sÃo investidos pelas empresas estatais proporciona resultados de longo prazo no qual o produto cresceria cerca de 9,5%, enquanto o bem-estar cresceria 8%, de acordo com a medida proposta no trabalho. AlÃm disso, nas simulaÃÃes realizadas, mesmo na hipÃtese do capital das empresas estatais possuir maior produtividade que o capital privado,ganhos de bem-estar e crescimento poderiam ser obtidos. / The objective of this work is to build a general equilibrium model, in order to perform counterfactual simulations of recent increases in public investment in Brazil to check effects on macroeconomic aggregates, as well as in social welfare. For the calibration of the model parameters and variables were used several databases, including IBGE, IPEADATA and Central Bank. The exercises consist of changing the values of the parameters for the composition ratio of public investment in the year 2010 in which the investments of public administration, which are supposed to complement private investment, had a participation of 53% of the share of public investment to GDP. The investments of the state enterprises, which, by definition, are substitutes for private investment, participated with 47% complementary. The simulation that directs 80% of public investment to public administration while the remaining 30% is invested by state enterprises provides long-term results in which the product would grow about 9.5% while the welfare would grow 8%, according with the proposed measure on the job. Furthermore, in simulations performed, even if the capital of the state enterprises have higher productivity than private capital, gains in welfare and growth would be obtained.
33

Investimento públicos no Brasil de 1988 a 2008 = uma análise para além da formação bruta de capital fixo / Public investments in Brazil from 1988 to 2008 : an analysis beyond the Gross Fixed Capital Formation (FBCF)

Junqueira, Gabriel Gdalevici, 1983- 08 December 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Sergio Roberto Rios do Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T08:24:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Junqueira_GabrielGdalevici_M.pdf: 2342541 bytes, checksum: 40ccbae9358bd9f6cdc7154624c2fe11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Na última década é possível notar nos mais diversos ambientes de debate uma crescente preocupação frente à evolução dos investimentos do setor público brasileiro, que caiu para níveis considerados extremamente baixos especialmente a partir dos anos noventa. É fato que no período recente (principalmente desde 2005) houve uma inflexão nesse movimento, mas que está longe de se mostrar suficiente para satisfazer os anseios da sociedade. Nesse contexto, a presente dissertação objetiva analisar a evolução dos investimentos públicos no Brasil entre 1988-2008. Ao elaborar o trabalho, refletimos que a mera observação da taxa agregada da Formação Bruta de Capital Fixo (FBCF) tem limitado significado para a avaliação de sua adequação, pois deixa de captar aspectos importantes da realidade que recentemente se tornaram mais relevantes. Além disso, constatamos que raramente os projetos de investimento foram realizados unicamente pelo Estado, e que as formas de atuação do setor público não se restringem à realização de despesas de capital, podendo ser feita de diversas maneiras, como: inversões financeiras, contratação de empresas privadas, crédito, regulação, isenções tributárias, subsídios diretos, etc. Assim, consideramos importante que a dissertação fosse para além da observação da taxa de FBCF para pesquisar também a evolução histórica das articulações público-privadas, buscando entender as tendências de médio e longo prazo que representam para o financiamento de projetos de investimento. O argumento central é que as parcerias com a iniciativa privada são importantes e imprescindíveis para a viabilização de uma maior volume de projetos a curto e médio prazo (permitindo contornar parcialmente a escassez de recursos públicos), mas que uma atuação do Estado de forma significativa é condição necessária para a realização dos projetos de rentabilidade baixa ou incerta e aqueles cujo retorno se dá de forma difusa (externalidades) ou na forma de benefícios sociais. Nesses casos, é preciso mobilizar mais recursos orçamentários, inclusive para os ativos operados por agentes privados. Ademais, destacamos que esse aporte não se restringe à FBCF e que, portanto, devem ser evitadas proposições simplistas como a do controle indiscriminado dos gastos correntes. Ao contrário, é preciso entender que a viabilização dos projetos de investimento de interesse público na magnitude desejada passa necessariamente pelo aumento das despesas de capital fixo, mas também de outras categorias de dispêndio / Abstract: In the last decade, it is possible to notice in various environments of debate a growing concern facing the evolution of Brazilian public sector investment, which fell to levels considered extremely low, especially since the nineties. It is true that in recent years (mainly since 2005) happened a turning movement, but which shows far from enough to meet the needs of society. In this context, this research aims to analyze the evolution of public investments in Brazil between 1988 and 2008. In preparing the work, we noticed that the mere observation of the aggregate rate of Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) has limited significance for the assessment of its suitability, because it fails to capture important aspects of reality that have recently become more relevant. In addition, we found that rarely investment projects were carried out solely by the State, and that formats of public sector participations are not restricted to the realization of capital expenditure and can be done in several ways, such as: financial investments, hiring private companies, credit, regulation, tax exemptions, direct subsidies, etc. Thus, we consider important that the analysis went beyond the observation of the rate of GFCF to also research the historical development of public-private articulations, seeking to understand the medium and long term trends they represent for the financing of investment projects. The central argument is that partnerships with the private sector are essential for the viabilization of a larger volume of projects in the short and medium term (allowing to partially overcome the scarcity of public resources), but that a significant state action is a prerequisite for the realization of projects of low or uncertain returns and those whose return occurs diffusely (externalities) or in the form of social benefits. In these cases, it is necessary to mobilize more budgetary resources, including to assets operated by private agents. Furthermore, we emphasize that this financial support is not restricted to the GFCF and therefore should be avoided simplistic propositions as indiscriminate control of current spending. Rather, one must understand that the viabilization of investment projects in the magnitude required will necessarily demand an increase in the fixed capital expenditures, but also in other categories of public spending / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
34

Exploring the challenges of income generating projects funded by the Department of Social Development at Kwa-Nobuhle, Uitenhage, in the Eastern Cape

Filita, Unathi Samora January 2013 (has links)
Income generating projects represent one strategy adopted by the Department of Social Development to alleviate poverty. The purpose of this study is to explore challenges of an income generating project funded by the Department of Social Development in Kwa-Nobuhle, Uitenhage of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa., A sample of thirty respondents was drawn from ten income generating projects funded by the Department of Social Development. The sampling method of this study was purposive sampling. Data was gathered through semi-structured questionnaires. Related literature has been reviewed that focuses on income generating projects for poverty alleviation. Various recommendations have been made on the findings of the study. The findings of the study indicated the need for regular visits from the officials of the Department, to conduct monitoring and evaluation. Project members also need training on financial management so they cannot mismanage their finances. The research findings indicated clearly that strategies that were used by the Department were not effective enough to achieve desired goals of poverty alleviation.
35

Efecto crowding-in entre la inversión pública y privada en el Perú - análisis de los efectos contemporáneos y futuros de la inversión del sector público sobre la inversión del sector privado (1999-2014)

Flores-Romero, Mayra-Cecilia January 2017 (has links)
El objetivo general de este trabajo será hallar el efecto que tiene la Inversión Pública sobre la Inversión Privada para el caso peruano durante el periodo 1999 ? 2014, tanto el efecto contemporáneo (corto plazo), como el efecto futuro (largo plazo); y poder comprobar, de esta manera, si existe complementariedad (crowding in), pues cabe la posibilidad que ambos efectos se produzcan en diferentes periodos. He ahí la necesidad de analizar en su conjunto los efectos contemporáneos y futuros y determinar si es el crowding in o crowding out el efecto que predomina en el largo plazo. / Trabajo de investigación
36

Institutional Quality and Public Renewable Energy Investments : A panel quantile regression analysis on the effects ofcorruption on the renewable energy transition in middle-income countries

Halldén, Filip, Hultberg, Anna January 2023 (has links)
To avoid the worst effects of climate change, we need to end our reliance on fossil fuels and invest in alternative, renewable sources. Despite making up only 25% of total renewable energy investments, public investment is still vital due to its ability to encourage investments through policy measures and programs. In this paper we investigate how institutional quality, together with other financial, economic and policy variables, affects public renewable energy investments in middle-income countries. We account for the non-normal distribution of our data by conducting a panel quantile regression analysis for 64 middle-income countries. We present the results for the 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 quantiles, representing countries with low, moderate, or high levels of public renewable energy investments. Our main finding is that absence of corruption is a vital factor for public renewable energy investments, regardless of which stage of the renewable energy transition a middle-income country is in. In the light of corruption, potential market failures are discussed as a consequence which can create a downward spiral for further renewable energy investments. Furthermore, better financial stability will increase these investments as well. We also find that public investors seem to be unaffected by economic policy uncertainty, indicating that these investors play an important role in uncertain times when private investors refrain from investing due to the high uncertainty connected to the irreversibility of these investment projects.
37

Predicting and improving the effectiveness of social investment programs using international business theory

Wilken, Andries Stephan 04 March 2010 (has links)
Social entrepreneurship and international business theory have not been properly introduced. Many authors conducted micro-studies within their field of interest but limited information has been published on the opportunity selection models and entry mode strategies that social entrepreneurs use to venture into foreign countries. The primary purpose of this study was then to introduce these distinct industries to one-another, transferring international business's best practices into the social entrepreneurship arena. The outcome of the study is a Global Social Investment Model that will empower social entrepreneurs and investors with a means to structure their project proposals prior to entering a new country and to highlight problem areas within their existing proposals. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / M.B.L.
38

O mapeamento das áreas verdes urbanas de Uberlândia (MG): análise da concentração de investimentos públicos / The mapping of the urban green areas de Uberlândia (MG): analysis of the concentration of public investments

Silva, Laira Cristina da 26 March 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-16T12:08:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laira Cristina da Silva - 2018.pdf: 6909395 bytes, checksum: 83dd3376ee6e0b99d60cce938bc6b4b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-16T12:08:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laira Cristina da Silva - 2018.pdf: 6909395 bytes, checksum: 83dd3376ee6e0b99d60cce938bc6b4b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T12:08:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laira Cristina da Silva - 2018.pdf: 6909395 bytes, checksum: 83dd3376ee6e0b99d60cce938bc6b4b3 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The constant process of growth of cities usually happens in a disordered way. With this process, the “globalization” experienced in the last decades contributes significantly to the municipal territorial (re)ordering. In that perspective, Uberlândia city (MG) experiences a urban growth and reordering, resulting in an increased demand for public structures, such as faster road networks, enlargement and improvement of public transportation, creation of new schools and hospitals, construction of new squares and parks, amongst several other necessary structures to meet the needs of the population, enlarging, this way, welfare conditions and quality of life. Thus, through everyday observations, the existence of large discrepancies with regard to these urban infrastructures throughout Uberlândia territory, especially in urban green areas - parks and squares - the present work aimed at mapping and analysing the green areas in the urban perimeter of Uberlândia (MG), seeking the understanding of the distribution/concentration of these territorial plots so important for keeping the urban quality of life, as well as the evaluation of the different investment/treatment scales of the public power in green areas of certain locations when compared to others. To reach the main goal, the methodology used was bibliographic research, in which were approached the topics related to green areas, urban planning and geoprocessing, as well as digital data processing and fieldwork resulting from the urban green areas analysis to get to the final analysis of the distribution of the green areas and the concentration of public investments. As a result, maps of population distribution, concentration of tree vegetation, distribution of possible green areas, field stop point, indices of vegetation by neighborhood, indices of vegetation by inhabitants, area of influence of green areas and area of influence of urban green areas with population distribution of Uberlândia were generated. From the maps and analyzes, it was possible then to diagnose that considering squares and parks, 11 of the 74 integrated neighborhoods in Uberlândia do not have a green area and when calculating the Green Area Percentage (PAV) per neighborhood, it was observed that in 35 of them the percentage is less than 1% and in only 2 it exceeds 10%. Also calculating the Index of Green Areas per Inhabitants (IAVHab), taking into account the total of inhabitants and the total of urban perimeter's green areas, the index is 7,41 m²/inhabitants, and still calculating, this same index per neighborhood was verified that out of the 74 neighborhoods, 14 obtained no results, 51 results between 0.01 to 10.85 m²/inhabitants and only 9 neighborhoods reached results above the percentage considered by the United Nations (UN), which considers that there should be at least 12 m² of green area per inhabitant. It was also carried out the individual analysis of fifteen selected green areas where it was noted that only two of them could really be considered as green areas taking into consideration the theoretical review used. Finally, the concentration of public investments destined to this so important element for the quality of life of the population was evaluated. / Resumo: O constante processo de crescimentos das cidades acontece, muitas vezes, de forma desordenada. Junto a este processo, a “globalização”, vivida nas últimas décadas, contribui de forma significativa para o (re)ordenamento territorial municipal. Em meio a isto, a cidade de Uberlândia (MG) experimenta um crescimento e reordenamento urbano, resultando em um aumento na demanda de infraestruturas públicas, como malhas viárias mais rápidas, ampliação e melhoramento do transporte coletivo, criação de novas escolas e hospitais, construção de novas praças e parques, dentre diversas outras estruturas necessárias para se atender a população, ampliando, desta maneira, as condições de “bem estar” e qualidade de vida. Assim, através de observações cotidianas onde chamou a atenção a existência de grandes discrepâncias no que diz respeito a essas infraestruturas urbanas ao longo do território uberlandense, com destaque para as áreas verdes urbanas – parques e praças - o presente trabalho teve como objetivo mapear e analisar as áreas verdes do perímetro urbano de Uberlândia (MG), buscando, assim, o entendimento da distribuição/concentração destas parcelas territoriais importantes para a manutenção qualidade de vida urbana, bem como a avaliação das diferentes escalas de investimento/tratamento do poder público em áreas verdes de determinadas localidades quando comparadas a outras. Para atingir ao objetivo geral, a metodologia utilizada constituiu-se em pesquisa bibliográfica, onde tratou-se dos assuntos relacionados a áreas verdes, planejamento urbano e geoprocessamento, bem como processamento digital de dados e trabalhos de campo, resultantes na análise das áreas verdes urbanas para, então, chegar-se a análise final da distribuição das áreas verdes urbanas e da concentração de investimentos públicos. Como resultado, foram gerados mapas em relação ao município de Uberlândia sobre a distribuição da população, concentração da vegetação arbórea, a distribuição das possíveis áreas verdes, ponto de parada de campo, índices de vegetação por bairro, índice de vegetação por habitantes, áreas de influências das áreas verdes e área de influência das áreas verdes urbanas junto a distribuição da população. A partir dos mapas e das análises foi possível então diagnosticar que considerando praças e parques, 11 dos 74 bairros integrados em Uberlândia não possuem sequer uma área verde e ao calcular o Percentual de Área Verdes (PAV) por bairro, em 35 bairros dos existentes o percentual é menor que 1% e em apenas 2 ele ultrapassa 10%. Calculando também o Índice de Áreas Verdes por Habitantes (IAVHab) levando em consideração o total de habitantes e o total de áreas verdes do perímetro urbano o índice é de 7,41 m²/habitantes e, ainda calculado o IAVHab por bairro foi constatado que dos 74 bairros, 14 obtiveram resultados nulos, 51 resultados entre 0,01 a 10,85 m²/hab. e apenas 9 bairros obtiveram resultados acima do percentual considerado pelas Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), a qual considera que haja 12 m² de área verde por habitante. Foi realizado também a análise individual de quinze áreas verdes selecionadas onde constatou-se que apenas 2 delas poderiam realmente ser consideradas como áreas verdes levando em consideração a revisão teórica utilizada. Por fim, avaliou-se a concentração de investimentos públicos destinados a esse bem tão importante para a qualidade de vida da população.
39

L’IMPATTO DEI MEGA-EVENTI SUL WELFARE DI UNA CITTÀ: UN'ANALISI DEL MERCATO IMMOBILIARE APPLICATA AL CASO DELE OLIMPIADI DI TORINO / THE IMPACT OF MEGA-EVENTS ON THE WELFARE OF A CITY: AN ANALYSIS THROUGH REAL ESTATE MARKETS APPLIED TO THE CASE OF TURIN OLYMPICS

PODESTA', ARIANNA 29 April 2014 (has links)
In una realtà sempre più globalizzata e di competizione tra città, ospitare un mega-evento è un’opportunità di accelerazione della trasformazione economica, infrastrutturale, sociale e urbana. Questa tesi si propone di valutare se Torino è stata capace di trasformare l’occasione dei Giochi Olimpici Invernali 2006 in una duratura eredità per la città, separando l’effetto dei Giochi in se' e per se' da quello degli investimenti pubblici e della visibilità. Il primo capitolo evidenzia l’importanza di ospitare un evento per l’economia locale e fornisce un quadro generale d’analisi, presentando la scelta della dinamica dei prezzi immobiliari rispetto ad altri metodi usati in letteratura, assieme a quella della tecnica difference-in-differences. Infine, propone il contesto teorico dell’analisi empirica che viene sviluppata nei due capitoli successivi, spiegando le ragioni dietro la scelta del caso delle Olimpiadi di Torino. Il secondo capitolo mira a separare l’effetto differenziale degli investimenti pubblici locali (introducendo una loro nuova misurazione diretta) sull’attrattività della città, distinto da quello dell’ospitare i Giochi di per sé. Il terzo capitolo amplia l’analisi empirica introducendo il ruolo della visibilità internazionale tramite la creazione di un innovativo indice di visibilità basato sui dati forniti dallo strumento Google Trends. / In a context of increasing globalisation and competition between cities, hosting mega-events is an opportunity to accelerate economic, infrastructural, social and urban transformation. This dissertation aims at analysing if Turin was able to transform the hosting of the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in a long-lasting legacy for the city, separating the effect of the Olympics per se from the ones of public investments and visibility. In doing so, the first chapter highlights the importance of event hosting for local economies and provides a general framework of analysis, discussing the choice of housing prices dynamics to evaluate the impact of mega events with respect to other methods used in literature, as well as the one of difference-in-differences technique. Finally, the theoretical background of the empirical analysis that follows in the subsequent chapters is presented along with the choice of the case of Turin’s Olympics. The second paper aims at disentangling the differential effect of local public investments (introducing a new direct measure of them) on city appeal, distinguished from that of hosting the Olympics per se. The third paper extends the empirical analysis introducing the role of international visibility in shaping the legacy of Turin Olympics. In doing so, an innovative index of visibility is constructed using data from the Google Trend Tool.
40

Por que as reformas permanecem? A trajetória gradualista de mudanças no setor de infraestrutura rodoviária no Brasil entre 1985-2010

Correia, Marcelo Bruto da Costa 25 February 2011 (has links)
Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-14T21:55:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 72080100008.pdf: 3751506 bytes, checksum: 3c58eff71a387881ca9867a5ed0252eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-06-15T11:32:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 72080100008.pdf: 3751506 bytes, checksum: 3c58eff71a387881ca9867a5ed0252eb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-06-15T11:33:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 72080100008.pdf: 3751506 bytes, checksum: 3c58eff71a387881ca9867a5ed0252eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-15T13:09:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 72080100008.pdf: 3751506 bytes, checksum: 3c58eff71a387881ca9867a5ed0252eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / This thesis offers an explanation for the existence of government policies that do not achieve stability after critical junctures that affect your equilibrium, focusing on the management of road infrastructure in Brazil. The policy of the sector has been in financial and institutional crisis since the mid-70s, which deepened in the 80's, pressuring the democratic Governments to pursue a reform agenda that involved the review of funding mechanisms and public investment, structural change of the sector´s bodies and competences and partnership with the market through policies of road concessions. Through case studies of the Governments of the New Republic between the years 1985 and 2010, the research answers why the reforms instituted in the sector made a string of failures and partial success, providing new imbalances and further attempts at reform. Through the theoretical framework of institutionalism, we demonstrate that the institutional changes that occurred in Brazil from the end of the 70 contributed to the shaping of a sector more pluralistic and under less autonomy of sectoral bodies, leading to institutional contradictions with which the successive governments coped under strategic dilemmas between keeping political support and pursue a good performance. This interaction between a competitive sector and political strategies resulted in a disjointed balance, which sacrifices performance and demand permanent reform. / Esta tese oferece uma explicação para a existência de políticas governamentais que não alcançam estabilidade após conjunturas críticas que afetam seu equilíbrio, enfocando a gestão da infraestrutura rodoviária no Brasil. A política do setor entrou em crise financeira e institucional em meados da década de 70, que se acentuou na década de 80, pressionando os Governos democráticos a perseguiram uma agenda de reformas que envolviam a revisão dos mecanismos de financiamento e investimento públicos, a mudança estrutural dos órgãos e competências do setor e a parceria com o mercado, através de políticas de concessões rodoviárias. Através de estudos de caso dos Governos da Nova República entre os anos de 1985 e 2010, a pesquisa responde o porquê de as reformas intentadas no setor apresentarem uma seqüência de falhas e sucesso parciais, proporcionando novos desequilíbrios e tentativas de reforma. Por intermédio do referencial teórico do institucionalismo, demonstramos que as transformações institucionais ocorridas no Brasil a partir do fim da década de 70 contribuíram para a configuração de um setor mais pluralista e sob menor autonomia dos órgãos setoriais, levando a contradições institucionais com as quais os sucessivos Governos lidaram sob dilemas estratégicos entre manter a governabilidade política e perseguir um bom desempenho. Esta interação entre um setor competitivo e estratégias políticas conduziu a um equilíbrio desarticulado, que sacrifica o desempenho setorial e demanda permanentes agendas de reformas.

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