This thesis explores the chaotic, dynamic, ambiguous, complex and confusing world of the insider researcher. The proliferating species of insider researcher is common in public sector organisations and is particularly prevalent among post-graduate students who have combined study with work. Insider researchers range from the in-house researcher employed to conduct research to those who are conducting research in addition to their normal duties. This thesis, through five illustrative case-studies, discusses, reflects upon, explains, and clarifies the possibilities, limitations and the issues arising from a consideration of the practice of professionals conducting research in the large government education system in Victoria. The central focus of this thesis, that of exploring issues arising from professionals conducting research in their own working environments, has an importance that hitherto has had little direct recognition in the qualitative education research literature. And yet the practice of insider research is common and has a potentially large impact on the nature of the decision making process in public sector organisations. This relative invisibility in the social research literature of a discussion of issues relating to insider research demands to be made more visible. It is both useful and necessary to explore the particular possibilities, conditions and challenges of insiders conducting research in public organisations as the practice of insider research contines to grow. This thesis adds to the literature by locating insider research in a discussion of the wider soial context of ideology, culture, relationships, politics, language and meaning, and the decision-making process.

公債發行與預算赤字通常被視為一種「罪惡」，且為大眾所探討與關心的課題。但是預算赤字（總支出減總收入）此一簡單的數字，並未能真實表達政府的財務狀況。傳統的赤字衡量方式，因為未考慮：通貨膨脹的效果、景氣循環的因素、經常支出與資本支出之區分、有形資產之計入與隱含性負債的考慮等等，故並非一合適的衡量指標。鑑於此種種問題，最近已產生對傳統赤字衡量有揭露不充分的感覺，故有必要嘗試以另一種方法，來洞悉政府債務與赤字的「迷思」(Myth)與實際(Realities)。 　　英美兩國已針對赤字問題，發展出「資產負債表法」，試圖將所有可能改變政府部門淨值（總資產減總負債）變化的因素皆予以考慮，認為除了觀察赤字變化之外，政府部門的資產負債表方能提供政府財務狀況之全貌。單一預算的預算赤字，袛表示「現金流量不足」，為防止數字之誤導，應將目前的資本支出與費用予以釐清，而編製公共部門的資產負債表。所以本文乃在探討此法的理論背景與衡量方法，並企圖建立中央政府的資產負債表，概略估計其淨值變化之趨勢，藉以澄清赤字問題或許並非如斯可怕，而期以較正確的角度來觀察政府的財務狀況。

自1995年聯合國世界婦女大會提倡性別主流化行動綱領開始，多元性別意識逐漸為各國所意識，這股潮流隨著同志運動的興起，也將同性戀權益透過民間或政府的力量納入到法律或政策當中。而許多針對同性戀者職場處境的文獻也反映出，多數職場仍充斥著異性戀霸權的規範，因此，對同性戀者工作權的保障成為多元性別議題中重要的一環。和多數針對私人企業員工的研究調查相較，本文的研究對象係服務於公部門中的公務人員。透過對同性戀公務人員、和職場相關異性戀公務人員的深度訪談，本研究發現，由於不同的影響因素，同性戀公務人員之間存在性傾向處理策略的差異，且除了自身的影響因素外，公部門亦存在若干特質讓同性戀公務人員難以改變目前的處理策略。最後本文根據訪談結果提出建立友善同志職場的幾點建議。

The public sector in Australia, as in other western countries, has been accused in recent times of being too costly, too rigid, inefficient and ineffective. What is apparently needed is a public sector that is smaller, less costly, more efficient and more effective. The search for alternative and better ways to organise and undertake work to meet these reform objectives is at the heart of the rapid expansion of Competitive Tendering and Contracting (CTC) within the public sector in the last two decades. But increased reliance on government contracting does not always lead to outsourcing. Some government agencies allow, indeed encourage, their current employees to also bid for the work on offer by including an In-House Option (IHO) within their CTC processes. In a number of cases these IHOs have been selected ahead of their commercial competitors. IHOs are effectively internal tenders that, if selected, must be implemented by work areas within the confines of the policies and practices of their parent organisation. The reasons commonly expressed in support of IHOs are to do with addressing the potentially problematic aspects of organisational review and possible outsourcing, and to assist the parent organisation achieve its reform intentions in the most effective and least disruptive manner possible. This research examined the achievements of six IHOs within the Australian Defence Organisation. It also asked what can be learned from their experiences? The findings show that IHOs can contribute to reform and enhance the effectiveness of CTC processes but that these achievements come at a price�borne primarily by the staff who work within selected IHOs. IHOs add to the competition of CTC exercises. They also act as an insurance policy against being caught with no reasonable bids and offer a benchmark against which to assess unknown bids. But competition can also focus bidders on doing what is necessary to win rather than what is best for an organisation or its staff. Having IHOs increases the uncertainty for staff about their future employment while at the same times raising expectations that if they can be successful they will be able to make changes and improve their work areas. This research has shown that this does not always occur and staff can find the whole experience frustrating and demoralising. Organisations that include IHOs within their CTC methodologies need to assist them if they are to have the best opportunity to propose new and innovative ways of working. And they must be prepared for the possibility that their IHOs could win. Selected IHOs need support to successfully implement changes, and as the IHOs examined here have shown, they can make significant improvements in work practices and more efficient use of resources if given the chance.

<p>The main aim of this thesis has been to compare psychosocial working conditions in workplaces with different forms of ownership, i.e. public, private and cooperative. A second aim has been to study how organisational characteristics of relevance for psychosocial working conditions (in terms of management control strategies and prerequisites for management) are manifested in these ownership forms. The empirical data is based on structured interviews with managers at 60 workplaces within the service sector and on a questionnaire to all employees working in the participating workplaces, resulting in a set of 1384 individuals. An additional seven interviews with first-line managers within geriatric care were also conducted for the last study. The results show that employees in cooperatives perceived that they had better opportunities to influence decisions concerning the workplace as a whole, although there were also results showing advantages for public and private employees. Regarding opportunities for employees to influence their own work situation, there were no differences between the ownership forms. Differences were found in the prerequisites for first-line geriatric care managers. As a result of an earlier organisational change, the public managers were now further away from the strategic level and had to focus on daily, operative work tasks, while simultaneously also being responsible for keeping within the budget. The private managers, on the other hand, having group leaders to deal with the daily work concerning personnel and operations, could focus more on strategic work related to financial results in terms of planning and follow-up of the budget. One conclusion is that there are certain differences in both psychosocial working conditions and organisational characteristics between the ownership forms, but when the comparisons were restricted to only one type of service, in this case the provision of care, it is rather the similarities within the care organisations, regardless of ownership form, that are most pronounced.</p>

<p>Offentliga sektorn i Sverige skulle, enligt en rapport från Europeiska centralbankssystemet (ECBS) 2003, kunna hålla samma kvalitet med bara hälften av resurserna. Det behövs därför nya sätt som kan öka värdet och minska kostnaderna i offentliga verksamheter i Sverige. Innovativa processerföreslås vara en möjlighet till att hitta nya arbetssätt för en effektivare offentlig sektor. I studien undersöks innovationsprocessen i ett offentligt bolag i syfte att ge förslag på arbetssätt som kan effektivisera bolagets innovationsprocesser. Följande frågeställningar vägledde studien: Vad kännetecknar effektiva innovationsprocesser? Hur kan effektiva innovationsprocesser tillföra värde för ett offentligt bolag? Hur kan Bolaget AB arbeta för effektivare innovationsprocesser i sin verksamhet?</p><p>Syftet med studien är att ta fram förslag på arbetssätt för effektivare innovationsprocesser i Bolaget AB: s verksamhet.</p><p>I studien används en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med totalt fyra personer. Det vill säga två medarbetare, en chef och en VD i ett offentligt bolag i Sverige. Intervjuerna syftade till att ge en nulägesbeskrivning av bolagets innovationsprocesser. Utifrån studiens teoretiska referensram analyserades empirin och förslag på arbetssätt för en effektivare innovationsprocess gavs.Effektiva innovationsprocesser ser olika ut i olika organisationer. Det finns ingen allmängiltig process som är mer effektiv än andra utan den skall anpassas till den organisation där den verkar. En effektiv innovationsprocess i det offentliga bolaget som undersöks här kan innebära möjlighet att skapa ettkonkurrenskraftigt näringsliv som ger fler arbetstillfällen för stadens invånare och ökar tillväxten i regionen. Det offentliga bolag som undersökts i studien har brister i den idégenererande verksamheten och i den kontinuerliga utvärderingen. Det är främst kulturella hinder som i dagsläget påverkar innovationsprocessen negativt. Bolaget behöver även rutiner för bland annatomvärldsbevakning och informationshantering.</p> / <p>The public sector in Sweden should, according to a rapport from the European central bank system (ECBS) in 2003, be able to keep the same quality with only half the economic resources. New ways that could raise value and reducing expenses in the Swedish public sector are therefore much needed. Innovative processes are suggested to be important for the public sector to find new andmore efficient methods of work. In this research the innovation process in a public corporation is reviewed with an intention to give suggestions of work methods that could improve the corporation’s efficiency. The following questions have guided the research: What characterize efficient innovation processes? How can efficient innovations processes help value to a publiccorporation? How can the public corporation work for more efficient innovation processes in their business?The purpose of this research is to develop suggestions for work methods that will help to improve the efficiency of the public corporation´s innovation processes.In this research a qualitative method is used in form of semi structured interviews with four employees in a public corporation in Sweden, two co‐workers, one executive and one CEO. The interviews were aimed to give a description of the present innovation processes in the corporation. The empiric data was analyzed from a theoretic point of view and set out to give suggestions for work methods that will help to improve the efficiency of the corporation´s innovation processes.Efficient innovation processes can vary from one organization to another. There is not one process that is more efficient than other processes and the innovation process have to be suited for the specific organization. A more efficient innovation process in the public corporation in this study can mean possibilities for a competitive business environment which gives job opportunities and an economic growth in the region. The public corporation in this study has flaws in their idea generating activities and in their continuous evaluation. It is primarily cultural obstacles that affect the innovation processes negative. The public corporation also needs routines for external and internalenvironment monitoring and for managing information.</p>

<p><strong>Problem.</strong> With the Swedish public sectors problem with efficiency in mind, several reforms have beeninitiated during the last decades. These reforms go, in academic contexts, under the name“New public management”. The reforms have resulted in, among other things, an increasedcompetition, privatization and goal-orientation in the public sector. These new conditionshave changed the public leadership challenge and demand an increased focus on innovation todecrease costs and increase value as a central aspect of the Swedish public leadership.</p><p><strong>Purpose.</strong> The purpose for this research has been to examine the conditions for innovation in a publicorganization and how the leadership can improve the organizational innovativeness.</p><p><strong>Method</strong>. This research does not aim to measure the innovativeness in a public organization, instead itfocuses on understanding the condition for innovation and how the leadership can affect theorganizational innovativeness. Hence, it is motivated that I use a qualitative approach in theresearch process. Semi structured interviews and precedent research are being used as afoundation for the results and recommendations given.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> The leadership’s opportunities to improve the organizational innovativeness depend on anumber of independent organizational variables and the adaption of the variables to oneanother and the system as a whole. Leadership includes both the formal boss and the coworkerin a relationship that ought to be characterizing by reciprocity and cooperation. Bothmanagement and leadership are vital competences for the formal boss as both structure andculture must support each other. The conditions for organizational innovativeness improve ifthe organization has a structure and a culture that enhances: transboundary cooperation, spaceand energy for creative activities, a common context that contributes to an organizationalidentity and motivation and competence and organizational learning. The examinedorganization needs to decentralize the right to make decisions, improve the openness of theculture, and strengthen the organizational identity and audit structures in purpose to facilitatetransboundary cooperation.</p>

<p>Vad det är som händer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn är ett frågetecken, då vissa chefer blir ut- och inrullade i landstingens verksamheter. En vårdcentral har fått anlita konsultbolag för att kunna rekrytera en ny chef till sin verksamhet, då de misslyckat med rekryteringen själva. Idéer om New public management har börjat implementeras i landstingen, vilket betecknar den offentliga sektorns omvandling till att arbeta med företagiserade metoder gällande dess organisering och styrsätt. De nya arbetsmetoderna inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn har setts orsaka attitydproblem. Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse för hur ledningsarbetet inom offentliga hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisationer har kommit att påverkas av idéer om New public management. Studien har genomförts genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en inriktning av hermeneutik. Studien är gjord på ett deduktivt vis, då teori har styrt forskningen. Studien innehåller material från fem kvalitativa intervjuer med olika chefer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. Studien behandlar ledarskapsteorier beträffande det pedagogiska ledarskapet samt förklaringar på begreppet New public management. Det resulterar vidare i en förståelse för hur idéer om New public management kan förklara de ledningsproblem som kan ses inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. De slutliga reflektionerna av studien påpekar att det bland medarbetarna saknas förståelse för varför man har börjat förändra och effektivisera i hälso- och sjukvårdssektorns organisationer. Dock arbetar chefer inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn för att lägga mycket tid till att ständigt påminna sina medarbetare om syftet med utveckling och förändringar i verksamheternas organisationer. Troligen kommer chefer alltid att ha problem gällande förändringsarbeten, då det sitter i väggarna hur man alltid arbetat inom hälso- och sjukvårdssektorn. Möjligen när poster byts ut i framtiden och unga medarbetare tillkommer kanske de kan hjälpa till i utvecklingen och förändringen i verksamheterna.</p> / <p>What is happening in the medical care organizations is a question, as managers are frequently removed and replaced in the county councils. A care centre has been forced to hire a consulting-firm to be able to recruit a new manager to the care centre, because they failed in recruiting a new manager on their own. Ideas about New public management have started to be applied in the country councils, which signify the transformation to more business-like methods in the organizations. In the medical cares centres attitude problems can be seen from the personnel against the new work methods being employed. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding about how leadership work in the medical centres has been by ideas of the New public management. The study is carried out with a qualitative research method directed to the hermeneutics researcher’s way. A deductive way of work is followed, where the theory has control over the research. The study includes five interviews with five managers in different care centres. The study also deals with leadership theories  regarding the pedagogical leadership and explanations about New public management. It results in an understanding, if leadership problems in the health care sector can explain true ideas from New public management. The finial reflections of the study point out that it does not exist an understanding in why the organizations in the health care have started to change the organizations to make them more effective. However the managers are working or constantly reminding the personnel of the aim of working with organization changes. Managers will probably be compelled to deal with the leaderships problems in the medical health centres. Possibly in the future when posts are changed and young people, with other thoughts about how to work, arrive, the development and changes in the organizations may be assisted.</p>

<p>The new Welfare Reform in Norway consists of the establishment of a new welfare office; NAV office. The NAV office will open in all municipalities within 2010 as local partnerships between the state and the municipals as equal partners. The central government will keep responsibility for the national services and the local governments will keep responsibility for the locally provided welfare services. As such the NAV office will consist of two separate public servcelines, with the accountabilities for their individual services intact. The Government wished to keep the separation between the national and local governmental services but needed to ensure the provision of a more holistic, integrated and effective service delivery, more in tune with the public need. The aim was to provide a more joined-up welfare service and to put more effect behind the efforts to achieve the reform goals: increased work participation, more user-friendly services and more effective public administration. The NAV office as such becomes a local one-stop-shop.</p><p>The challenge of this partnership is that two separate, traditionally hierarchic public structures embark on a partnership venture where the more relational and both vertical and horizontal communicational skills are required, true to the spirit of the joined-up government model. Our aim with this study was to investigate how a few early onset NAV offices cope with this partnership stunt. We particularly wished to examine how the partners establish and use the important vertical and horizontal dimensions, and how the partnership manager operate to facilitate the partnership activities.</p><p>We mean that the focus of 4 partnership actors rather than two governmental partners is more correct with respect to depicting the situation in the local NAV partnerships and how the central partnership managerial duties are shared. We have developed a new model of how they divide the partnership responsibilities between them and the operations of an emergent essential partnership driving force. We have also due to the nature of the NAV partnership actors and the way they operate in the partnership, developed a new partnership model. This dialogue model is a more accurate picture of the NAV partnership than the original partnership model.</p><p>The early attempts to provide integrated services has not reached the potential we have hoped for, partially due to the allowance of the two partners to continue service production in the old way while the reform structure and following administrative challenges are ironed out. We believe that an understanding of the particularities of partnership management and the adherence of the relational qualities to the partnership structure is a prerequisite in successfully managing the NAV partnership and thus the reform goals. This needs to be the imminent focus of the reform participants.</p>

<p>The growth of private motor vehicle grows rapidly each year have negative impact not only forthe extra contribution of air pollution but also to time wasting. That impact can lead todecreasing of people quality life. Public transportation is one of the solutions for the problem.Therefore, the shift from private motor vehicle user to public transportation, in other wordincreasing market share of public transportation, is necessary. One of the public transportationthat can attract more market share is railways. It has large capacity, high safety level, and freefrom traffic jam. Those characteristic makes railway as primary public transportation.Indonesian railways nowadays have lot of problems and receive many complaints from thepassenger. Train travel is still colored with the delay, limited well-condition vehicle, and uncleartrain travel information that often disadvantage passengers, and many of services offered werefailed to attract passengers. These conditions result in decreasing quality of services andinsufficient railways operation. This will be a barrier to Indonesian railways accomplishment inmaking it to be a reliable and sustainable transport mode. Therefore, to improve market shareand to improve the railway condition, it necessary to have contractual governance withstandard that can lead to costumer satisfaction and making the process improve therelationship between the stakeholders. This lead to the problem of what is the customersatisfaction factors in using railway as their transport, what service quality item that satisfiedthe passenger, and how contract can maintain the relationship between the stakeholders.Finding in this thesis consist of several point. First, from the customer satisfaction index, thecustomers of Jabodetabek commuter train are not satisfied with the service. Second, theanalysis discovered that there are four factors that have high correlation with overallsatisfaction. The four factors are equipment and facility, assurance, competency, and traveltime and appearance. The attributes is grouping into five SERVQUAL dimension. Fromregression analysis of SERVQUAL dimensions there are two service items that influence thecustomer satisfaction; assurances and tangibles. Third, from gap analysis there are gaps inservice process that need to be closed in order to deliver service quality which lead tocustomer satisfaction in railway operational. Fourth, from contract analysis can be concludedthat present condition PT.KAI as the operator cannot perform as it is stated in contract. Thiscan be influenced by many factors such as; the lack of infrastructure, the lack of vehicle,customer misbehavior, staff misbehavior and external factors. In delivering service qualitywhich can lead to customer satisfaction, it is recommended to improve the service that relatedto assurances and tangible items and to involves passengers in controlling and improvingrailway operational. The result expected from the improvement is the increase of overallperformance of railway operation which can lead to the increase customer satisfaction andmarket share. From side of contractual governance, the research discovered that there areproblem in contract clausal and relationship between DGR, PT. KAI and people as customer ofrailway service. The recommendation is to include customer complains in setting contractclausal that can make DGR, PT. KAI and people as customer in mutualism developingrelationship.</p>