Apesar de serem países fronteiriços- o Uruguai tendo sido parte do Império do Brasil e guardando características que o aproximaria da região Sul brasileira- quando analisados sob o prisma da desigualdade social e da pobreza, e também sob a luz do papel que historicamente o Estado desempenhou, os dois países apresentam mais diferenças do que similaridades. O objetivo principal da presente dissertação foi analisar a percepção sobre pobreza e desigualdade social de um grupo pouco estudado pela Sociologia: os dirigentes públicos. Trata-se de cargos de livre nomeação e exoneração do alto escalão do Executivo Federal e exercem papel crucial na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas. No Brasil, esses cargos são denominados Direção e Assessoramento Superior (DAS) 5 e 6 e, no Uruguai, como Diretor de Ministério. Empiricamente, partiu-se da análise de um survey aplicado com esses dirigentes em 2013, em uma amostra de 60 entrevistados em cada país Os objetivos abrangeram três aspectos principais. O primeiro deles foi examinar as diferenças e semelhanças no perfil dos dirigentes públicos do Brasil e do Uruguai que ocupavam cargos em 2013 e na forma como percebiam a pobreza e a desigualdade. O segundo objetivo foi averiguar se os dirigentes públicos percebiam a pobreza e a desigualdade como problemas prioritários, que agente era percebido como o principal responsável por esses problemas e como enxergavam o papel das Ongs e do Estado. E, por fim, o último objetivo da dissertação foi verificar a preferência dos dirigentes por políticas públicas, isto é, como percebiam as políticas que visavam o crescimento econômico, a redistribuição, os programas sociais e a intervenção na economia. Os dados corroboraram alguns argumentos presentes na literatura, e trouxeram indícios que necessitam de futuras investigações qualitativas, dentre os quais se destacam a questão da responsabilidade coletiva e da proeminência do Estado. / Brazil and Uruguay are neighbouring countries. The latter was part of Brazil’s Empire and also has some characteristics which make it similar to Brazilian South. However, they present more differences than similarities when it is taken into account social inequality, poverty and the role of the State. The main objective of this dissertation was to analyse the perception about poverty and social inequality among public sector executives. These are positions of free appointment and dismissal of the high ranking Federal Executive. They play a crucial role in the formulation and implementation of public policies. In Brazil, these positions are called “Direção e Assessoramento Superior” (DAS) 5 and 6 and, in Uruguay, as Director of the Ministry. Empirically, it was analysed a survey applied with these leaders in 2013, in a sample of 60 interviewees in each country. The aims covered three main aspects. Firstly, to examine the differences and similarities in the profile of the public sector executives in Brazil and Uruguay who held positions in 2013 and how they perceived poverty and inequality. Secondly, to investigate whether they perceived poverty and inequality as priority problems; who was perceived as the main responsible for these problems and what was the view about the role of the NGO’s and the State. Finally, to verify the preference of the leaders for public policies, such as how they perceived policies focus on economic growth, redistribution, social programs and intervention in the economy. The data corroborates some arguments in the literature, as well as indicates further qualitative investigations, especially concerning the question of collective responsibility and the level of responsibility they attribute to the State.

Why public officials complicit in corruption? It is absolutely a nagging and antiquated question. This thesis examines the corruption on a micro-scale from those convicted in corruption cases in Central Java Province, Indonesia, more specifically by taking the personal views and experiences of the imprisoned actors into account. Broadly speaking, the problem of corruption is a tantalizing daily issue around Indonesia. Despite the government is highly committed to overcome corruption, it is argued that national corruption eradication efforts have not simply failed to diminish the number of corruption cases, but they - at least until 2019 – failed to impede the deployment of corruption from central to local government levels. Empirically, this study explores corruption from leadership theories to build its own analytical framework of corruption, namely administrative and political corruption. Using narrative analysis methods, this study analyses nine interviews with elective public officials at district and village levels, combined with several secondary techniques. In drawing its conclusions, this study highlights three major findings to understand the failure of government in addressing corruption, each of which is related to 1) critical role of public legitimacy built upon informal norms; 2) strict bureaucratic function built upon formal norms; 3) cleavages between formal and informal norms that encourage public officials to enact one or both types of corruption. Above all, the idea of ‘private gain’ as the central element of corruption cannot be found in this study. Ultimately, this study provides some direction for future research that would suggest academia and policymakers to better understand the corruption in the public sector by taking informal norms into consideration.

Organisations in the public sector are facing tough challenges and need to review alternative ways of working. Robotic process automation (RPA) is a technology that is becoming a more common way to automate processes in order to become more efficient as an organization. However, the majority of studies on RPA are focused on companies in the private sector. Through a qualitative case study, we investigate the effects that RPA has on a organisation in the public sector. This study finds effects such as time savings, liberation from tedious tasks, reduced number of employees and increased productivity. Preparation before the implementation of RPA, in particular process mapping, has proven to be a factor that has a significant impact on the outcomes. In general, RPA is perceived as something positive within the studied case. The study shows that there is potential in automating public sector processes with RPA, however there seems to be some challenges with RPA as well, such as the loss of human social interpretation when a human is replaced by a robot.

Tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning har på senare tid vuxit fram som en möjlig styrfilosofi i Sverige. Tillitsbaserad styrning handlar om att organisationer ska förbättra kvaliteten på sitt arbete genom att öka tilliten i styrkedjan. När organisationer interagerar med andra organisationer påverkas de på olika sätt. Men hur, och i vilken utsträckning påverkas relationer mellan aktörer i styrkedjan när myndighetens styrning förändras? Och hur bör relationerna byggas för att bidra till det förväntade resultatet av tillitsbaserad styrning? Syftet med studien var att bidra till kunskapen om tillitsbaserad styrning, genom att undersöka källor till tillit i relationer mellan myndigheter och civilsamhällesorganisationer, i en kontext där myndigheten verkar genom civilsamhällesorganisationen. För att besvara syftet intervjuades fem myndighetsanställda samt en föreningsrepresentant. Även styrdokument från myndigheterna ligger till grund för det empiriska underlaget. Det empiriska underlaget analyserades utifrån Mayer et al.:s tillitsmodell och dess faktorer för tillit, och reflekterar aktuell forskning om hur modellen kan brytas ned och förstås i specifika kontexter. En aktuell forskningsrapport om tillit inom relationer på biståndsområdet har varit bakgrund och inspiration till att bryta ner tillitsfaktorerna till mindre beståndsdelar - tillitskällor. Studiens resultat pekar ut fem möjliga tillitskällor som finns i relationen mellan myndigheter och civilsamhällesorganisationer: kontrollsystem, extern expertis, inter-personella relationer, kommunikation, samt tydlighet och förväntningar. Tillitskällorna bidrar till tillitsbyggandet i att de interagerar och är beroende av varandra - som enskilda aspekter av relationen bidrar de nödvändigtvis inte till att bygga en tillitsbaserad relation. Studien visar också att om en myndighet vill nyttja tillitsbyggande i dessa relationer har detta också konsekvenser på styrningen. Bland annat genom att det bör finnas ett rimligt manöverutrymme för handläggare eller andra professioner inom bidragsprocesser, och att det finns tydligt chefsstöd i det att handläggarna har som uppgift att hantera ett visst mått av risk å myndighetens vägnar. / Trust-based governance and management has recently emerged as a possible governance philosophy in Sweden. Trust-based governance is about organizations improving the quality of their work by increasing trust in the governance chain. When organizations interact with other organizations, they are affected in different ways. But how, and to what extent, are relations between actors in the governance chain affected when the authority's governance changes? And how should relationships be built to contribute to the expected outcomes of trust-based governance? The purpose of the study was to contribute to the knowledge of trust-based governance, by examining sources of trust in relations between authorities and civil society organizations, in a context where the authority operates through the civil society organization. To answer the purpose, five authority employees and one civil society representative were interviewed. Governing documents from the authorities are also included in the basis for the empirical data. The empirical data was analyzed based on Mayer et al.:s model of trust and its factors for trust, and reflects current research on how the model can be broken down and understood in specific contexts. A current research report on trust in relations in the area of international development aid has been the background and inspiration for breaking down the trust factors into smaller components - sources of trust. The results of the study point out five possible sources of trust that exist in the relationship between authorities and civil society organizations: control systems, external expertise, interpersonal relationships, communication, and clarity and expectations. The sources of trust contribute to the building of trust in that they interact and are dependent on each other - as individual aspects of the relationship, they do not necessarily contribute to building a trust-based relationship. The study also shows that if an authority wants to use trust building in these relationships, this also has consequences for governance. Such as, reasonable room for manoeuvre for granting officers or other professionals in grant processes, and that there is clear managerial support due to the fact that the granting officers have the task of managing a certain amount of risk on behalf of the authority.

Projects finance by funds of European Union deals about possibilities and assessment of investments to the projects which bring the benefit to public sector at the level regions, but also as whole for society. On this account can be financed from means of company of EU. The aim diploma thesis is finding factural prospectus in select sector and choose variants of realization. On the basis ascertained records these variants analyze and financially valorize. The thesis will be resolved reconstruction project memorable buildings in the city center Bohumín, thus create new spaces for public library facilities and training center for commercial and non-commercial nature.

Burnout has led to turnover and poor counselor performance within public sector rehabilitation. Scholarly literature on burnout among mental health counselors and school counselors are abundant. However, few researchers have compiled studies to evaluate burnout among rehabilitation counselors. No research could be found that examined the relationships among job demand, control, support, and burnout among public sector rehabilitation counselors. The Job Demand Control- Support (JDC-S) model indicates that stress from work is developed based on work demands, perceptions of control, and the perceived support that is received. The purpose of this research study was to determine the extent of the prediction, if any, between burnout and job demand, job control, and job support for public sector rehabilitation counselors. This study examined the following research question through a multiple linear regression: Job demand, job control, and job support (as measured by subscales of the Karasek and Theorell Job Content Questionnaire) predicts burnout (as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory) among public sector rehabilitation counselors. Instruments used in the study included the Job Content Questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. An electronic questionnaire was sent to 1,000 certified rehabilitation counselors throughout the United States;197 were returned. The results of this study suggest that there is a likelihood of a lower risk of stress because of high autonomy on the job. Moreover, there was a significant prediction between burnout (as described by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) to job demand, job control, and job support. Results of the study may contribute to social change through increasing the wellness of counselors within the public rehabilitation counseling sector, which, in turn, could lead to improvement in the quality of services for clients.

Sammanfattning Denna studie belyser det upplevda sambandet mellan socialt kapital och chefers hälsa inom svensk offentlig sektor. Studiens frågeställningar är ”Hur ser relationen mellan sociala resurser och friskfaktorer ut för chefer inom svensk offentlig sektor?”, ”Vilken roll har socialt kapital för chefernas självupplevda hälsa?”. Den teoretiska referensramen består av Pierre Bourdieus resonemang kring socialt kapital (1986) och Robert D. Putnams resonemang att socialt kapital påverkar individens omgivning (2006). Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod där empirin har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer.   Resultatet visar att utbildning och yrkeserfarenhet ökar chefernas tillgång till socialt kapital.  Utbildning och yrkeserfarenhet ger individuella fördelar genom att öka chefers tillgång till socialt kapital. Chefer använder sig av sociala nätverk på arbetsplatsen för att skapa ett effektivare arbetsflöde. Chefer utpekar att stödresurser i form av kompetensutveckling, chefsgrupper, HR- och ekonomistöd understödjer ett hållbart ledarskap. Tillit och förtroende för närmaste chef och kollegor anges som en av de viktigaste förutsättningar för att kunna utöva chefsuppdraget. Stödresurser och ledarskap har betydelse för chefers självupplevda hälsa. Chefer med större socialt kapital och organisatoriska stödresurser har i högre utsträckning förmåga att sätta gränser, inte ta med sig arbetet hem och tydliggöra för andra när man är tillgänglig. Stödresurser och organisatoriska förutsättningar motiverar chefer att ta hand om och vårda sin hälsa genom träning, avkoppling eller andra fritidsaktiviteter. Tillgången till socialt kapital ökar chefernas medvetenhet om betydelsen av att vårda hälsan.  Slutsatsen är att socialt kapital har stor betydelse för chefers självupplevda hälsa.   Nyckelord: Chef, Mellanchef, Offentlig sektor, Socialt kapital, Friskfaktorer, Hälsa / Abstract   This study highlights the perceived relationship between social capital and the affects on public sector managers health. The study's questions are "What is the relationship between social resources and health factors for managers in Swedish public sector?”, "What role does social capital play in relation to managers' health?". The theoretical frame of reference consists of Pierre Bourdieu's reasoning about social capital (1986) and Robert Putnam’s reasoning that social capital affects the individual's environment (2006). The study is based on a qualitative method where the empiricism has been gathered in semi-structured interviews.   The result shows that education and work experience increase managers access to social capital. Education and professional experience provide individual benefits by increasing access to social capital. Managers use social networks at workplaces to create a better workflow. The managers point out that support resources in the form of skills development, management groups, human resource management and financial support sustainable leadership. Trust and confidence in the nearest manager and colleagues are stated as one of the most important prerequisites for managing management tasks. Support resources and leadership affect managers self-perceived health. Managers with greater social capital and organizational support resources to a greater extent have the ability to set boundaries, not take work-related stress home and make it clear to others when fortified. Support resources and organizational conditions motivate managers to take care of and nurture their health through exercise, relaxation or other leisure activities. Access to social capital increases manager's awareness of the importance of health care. The conclusion is that social capital is of great importance for the managers' self-perceived health. Keywords: Manager, Middle manager, Public sector, Social capital, Health factors, Health

D. Tech (Department of Human Resource Management, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / The expectation by South Africans is that the public sector must contribute positively to the economy. However, the general perception is that the public sector is failing to fulfil its mandate due to systemic problems in the entire public sector. Its supply chain in South Africa is both volatile and imperfect. This is demonstrated by the level of service delivery protests, which emanate from the feeling that the public is not receiving the quantity or quality service that they need. This study aimed to assess the relationship between supply chain risks, supply chain flexibility and supply chain performance in the South African public sector. A conceptual framework was developed, which included six supply chain risk factors, namely, government policies, supply complexity, availability of skills, supplier performance monitoring, information security and process efficiency, which feed into supply chain flexibility, which in turn leads to supply chain performance. Seven hypotheses underlying these relationships were put forward for testing. A quantitative approach using the cross-sectional survey design was adopted in which a questionnaire was distributed to 306 conveniently selected supply chain professionals who were based in Gauteng province. Items used in the survey questionnaire were adapted from previously validated scales. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the psychometric properties of the measurement instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the perceptions of respondents towards the factors under consideration in the study. Hypotheses were tested using the structural equation modelling approach. The results of the study show that the threat from supply chain risks in the South African public sector remains high, and that flexibility and performance of the supply chain remains unsatisfactory. Hypotheses tests showed that all six supply chain risks significantly predicted supply chain performance. While the other supply chain risks were positively related to supply chain flexibility, the relationship between the flexibility and supply complexity was negative. Amongst the supply chain risks considered in this study, availability of skills emerged as the strongest predictor of supply chain flexibility. The study further showed that supply chain flexibility significantly and positively predicts supply chain performance. Theoretically, the study provides a specific conceptualization of the relationship between supply chain risks, supply chain flexibility and supply chain performance within the South African public sector, where no such study has been conducted before. Practically, it provides information to supply chain professionals in the South African public sector regarding the improvement of supply chain performance. The study underscores that the performance public supply chain in South Africa can be improved by managing the six risks considered in this study, and their contribution to supply chain flexibility.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Local governments worldwide are invariably faced with challenges of human capacity constraints, corruption, lack of operating transparency and accountability, dysfunctional ward committees, poor public participation, non-compliance with legislation and by-laws, poor prioritisation of community needs, unaligned budget processes, unauthorised and wasteful expenditure, tensions between politicians and administrators, as well as weak financial viability. A strong legal framework, clearly defining authority and accountability, backed by relevant skills development training, are necessary foundations for service delivery; however, without the appropriate training, staff performance could remain inadequate. Various countries have reached varying levels of local government effectiveness; however, all too often municipalities do not have the adequate skills required, to deliver the services needed, to ensure community development.

The public sector has opened its eyes to the possibilities of artificial intelligence (AI) transforming and streamlining their organizations. However, they are lagging behind the private sector organizations in competency, knowledge, as well as resources, and have difficulties implementing any type of change. While there are studies on change within public sector, along with AI use in such organizations, there is a lack of research concerning perceptions of AI in public organizations, and organizational analysis based on those perceptions. This study aims to address this gap, by studying a department within Umeå Municipality with technology determinism and instrumentalism in mind, examining their attitudes and views of AI, and how those may affect a future implementation. The findings made through the study involve a thorough analysis, showing both deterministic and instrumentalist views, coming from both the municipality and the department. While there is a lack of competency and resources, the employees show an understanding, a need, and motivation for including AI and other digital tools in their work. The study describes possible approaches the department can take, and has contributed to the beginning of filling the mentioned research gap.