Thesis title:Special modes of contracting by entrepreneurs This paper deals with the specific ways of closing a contract regulated by the Civil Code, such as auction, public tender and public offer. However, before proceeding to the very subject of this work, it is necessary, at least in the essential features to say, what is a contract and what is the typical way of closing a contract, when it is afterwards discussed what is the special ways of closing a contract. The first chapter deals with the concept of a contract and a typical way of closing it. The second chapter summarizes how to deviate from a typical way of concluding contracts and what arrangements are then used for this procedure. Since this work is aimed at entrepreneurs, so it deals with the specific ways of closing a contract particularly from their point of view. Therefore the paper firstly defines who is an entrepreneur according to the Civil Code and how the rules for contracting are different in regard to entrepreneurs. Although it is not a way of concluding a contract, at the end of the second chapter, a brief description of the public promise is provided, so that it can be judged which legal action results in the conclusion of a contract and which is a public promise and creates an obligation to provide performance without...

In Alternext, companies could choose two different kinds of IPO mechanisms; one is Public Offer, and the other is Private Placement. In fact, Private Placement in Alternext means 100% book-building. This article focused on what kind of companies would intend to choose Private Placement other than Public Offer, and compared their IPO discounts and market performance with companies using another mechanism. Companies with low profitability and no family holding would prefer to use Private Placement. However, companies with highly information asymmetry and profitability would also choose Private Placement. From the view of post-IPO liquidity, we infer that companies that choose Private Placement may be due to their preference for long-term investors. Referring to IPO indirect cost, we found that companies choosing Private Placement pay higher IPO discount cost. However, their post-IPO cumulated abnormal returns (CAR) are higher than companies using Public Offering.

<p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det förkommer underprissättning och om den består de första fem månaderna samt finna sannolikheten för en positiv utveckling efter börsintroduktionen. Eftersom vi har studerat kursförändringar efter börsintroduktioner har vi valt att använda en kvantitativ metodansats i form av en eventstudie. Teorierna behandlar främst förklaringar till varför en underprissättning sker samt hur publicitet och informations asymmetri påverkar prissättningen. Teorier som berörs är bland annat ”Winners Curse”, ”Cascade theory” och ”Signalling theory”.</p><p>Våra empiriska data kommer främst från bolagens prospekt samt kursinformation från Affärsvärlden och Stockholmsbörsen. Prospekten har visat kursintervall och introduktionsdatum, val av garant med mera. Affärsvärlden visar branschtillhörighet samt bransch- och indexhistorik. Stockholmsbörsen tillför slutkurser för samtliga bolag samt information om noteringskrav och -process.</p><p>Studien visar att de nyintroducerade bolagen har varit underprissatta med i genomsnitt 2,17% under perioden 2001-2006, vilket är betydligt lägre än vad tidigare studier visat. Detta beror främst på att de tidigare studierna har baserats på den amerikanska marknaden och under en tidsperiod då större underprissättning har förekommit än under 2001-2006. Den genomsnittliga utvecklingen efter 5 dagar, 1 månad, 3 månader, 5 månader respektive 1 år har varit 2,40%, 2,46%, 3,06%, 3,73% respektive 5,01%. Det har även förkommit stora skillnader mellan olika branscher, garanter, introduktionsår, introduktionspris och överteckningsgrad.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to examine if it occurs under pricing and if it last the first five month and find the probability of a positive share development after a initial public offering. Since we have studied exchange fluctuation after initial public offerings have we chosen to use an quantitative method approach. The theories consider explanations to why under pricing occurs and how publicity and information asymmetry affect the price determination. ”Winners Curse”, ”Cascade theory” and ”Signalling theory” are some of the theories that are mentioned.</p><p>Our empirical data is mainly captured from the companies prospects and share price information from Affärsvärlden and the Stockholm Exchange. The prospects has shown share price intervals, initial public offering dates, underwriter etc. Affärsvärlden show type of business and index history. The Stockholm Exchange contribute closing prices for all of the studied companies and information about demands for quotation and the process regarding initial public offerings.</p><p>Our study show that initial public offerings have been under priced with an average of 2,17% during the period 2001-2006, which is considerably lower than earlier studies. The reason is mainly because the earlier studies has based on the American stock market and under a period when larger under pricing have existed. The average development after 5 days, 1 month, 3 months, 5 months respectively 1 year has been 2,40%, 2,46%, 3,06%, 3,73% respectively 5,01%. It has also occurred big differences between different type of business, underwriters, year of introduction, oversubscribtion and initial share price.</p>

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det förkommer underprissättning och om den består de första fem månaderna samt finna sannolikheten för en positiv utveckling efter börsintroduktionen. Eftersom vi har studerat kursförändringar efter börsintroduktioner har vi valt att använda en kvantitativ metodansats i form av en eventstudie. Teorierna behandlar främst förklaringar till varför en underprissättning sker samt hur publicitet och informations asymmetri påverkar prissättningen. Teorier som berörs är bland annat ”Winners Curse”, ”Cascade theory” och ”Signalling theory”. Våra empiriska data kommer främst från bolagens prospekt samt kursinformation från Affärsvärlden och Stockholmsbörsen. Prospekten har visat kursintervall och introduktionsdatum, val av garant med mera. Affärsvärlden visar branschtillhörighet samt bransch- och indexhistorik. Stockholmsbörsen tillför slutkurser för samtliga bolag samt information om noteringskrav och -process. Studien visar att de nyintroducerade bolagen har varit underprissatta med i genomsnitt 2,17% under perioden 2001-2006, vilket är betydligt lägre än vad tidigare studier visat. Detta beror främst på att de tidigare studierna har baserats på den amerikanska marknaden och under en tidsperiod då större underprissättning har förekommit än under 2001-2006. Den genomsnittliga utvecklingen efter 5 dagar, 1 månad, 3 månader, 5 månader respektive 1 år har varit 2,40%, 2,46%, 3,06%, 3,73% respektive 5,01%. Det har även förkommit stora skillnader mellan olika branscher, garanter, introduktionsår, introduktionspris och överteckningsgrad. / The purpose of this essay is to examine if it occurs under pricing and if it last the first five month and find the probability of a positive share development after a initial public offering. Since we have studied exchange fluctuation after initial public offerings have we chosen to use an quantitative method approach. The theories consider explanations to why under pricing occurs and how publicity and information asymmetry affect the price determination. ”Winners Curse”, ”Cascade theory” and ”Signalling theory” are some of the theories that are mentioned. Our empirical data is mainly captured from the companies prospects and share price information from Affärsvärlden and the Stockholm Exchange. The prospects has shown share price intervals, initial public offering dates, underwriter etc. Affärsvärlden show type of business and index history. The Stockholm Exchange contribute closing prices for all of the studied companies and information about demands for quotation and the process regarding initial public offerings. Our study show that initial public offerings have been under priced with an average of 2,17% during the period 2001-2006, which is considerably lower than earlier studies. The reason is mainly because the earlier studies has based on the American stock market and under a period when larger under pricing have existed. The average development after 5 days, 1 month, 3 months, 5 months respectively 1 year has been 2,40%, 2,46%, 3,06%, 3,73% respectively 5,01%. It has also occurred big differences between different type of business, underwriters, year of introduction, oversubscribtion and initial share price.

[pt] São duas as contribuições principais desta dissertação. A primeira é documentar a concentração acionária de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, na oferta pública inicial (IPO) e nos anos subsequentes. A segunda contribuição é mostrar como a proteção aos direitos dos acionistas minoritários influencia a dinâmica da concentração acionária no Brasil. Uma vasta literatura empírica em Finanças documentou a existência de altos graus de concentração acionária em países como o Brasil, onde o ambiente de mercado oferece fraca proteção aos direitos dos minoritários. A visão predominante é que essa concentração reduz o risco de mudanças no controle, que implicariam na perda de benefícios privados não internalizados nos preços das ações. Em linha com esse cenário, esta dissertação confirma que, no momento dos IPOs ocorridos no Brasil entre os anos de 2004 a 2011, a participação acionária média do maior investidor era superior a 50 por cento. Nos quatro anos subsequentes às datas do IPO, a participação acionária média caiu de 50 por cento para 39 por cento; uma queda expressiva, embora menor do que a observada nos EUA. Uma possível razão para essa redução é a função disciplinadora dos mercados de capitais, que desvaloriza o preço das ações de empresas que não respeitam os direitos dos minoritários, induzindo-as a fechar o capital. A contrapartida ao efeito disciplinador do mercado é a valorização das empresas sobreviventes, incentivando seus controladores a diversificar sua riqueza via venda de ações. Por esse mecanismo, a participação acionária média tende a cair após o IPO. De fato, os dados analisados nesta dissertação mostram que há uma correlação positiva entre a queda na concentração e a emissão de American Depositary Receipts (ADR). A literatura de governança corporativa aponta que empresas de mercados emergentes submetidas ao monitoramento do agente regulador americano, a Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), se empenham na proteção aos direitos dos minoritários. Portanto, a correlação positiva entre a queda na participação acionária e a emissão de ADRs é consistente com a hipótese associada ao efeito disciplinador dos mercados de capitais. Esta dissertação estuda outros fatores correlacionados com a redução da concentração pós-IPO, demonstrando também que a queda na participação acionária não influi no desempenho das ações. / [en] There are two main contributions of this dissertation. The first is to document the ownership concentration of publicly traded Brazilian companies in initial public offering (IPO) and in the subsequent years. The second is to show how the protection of minority shareholders rights influences the dynamics of ownership concentration in Brazil. The empirical literature on Finance identifies the existence of high degrees of ownership concentration in countries like Brazil, where the market provides weak protection for the rights of minority shareholders. The prevailing view is that this concentration reduces the risk of changes in control that would entail the loss of private benefits not internalized by the stock prices. In line with this scenario, this essay confirms that, on the dates of the IPOs that have taken place in Brazil from 2004 to 2011, the average participation of the largest shareholder is greater than 50 percent. Within five years of the date of the IPO, the average participation fell from 50 percent to 39 percent, an important drop although smaller than observed in US. A possible reason for this fall is the disciplinary function of the equity markets. The stock market would reduce the prices of the shares of companies that do not respect the rights of its minority shareholders, inducing such firms to delisting. The counterpart of this punishment would be a better valuation of the stocks of survivor companies, encouraging their controllers to diversify wealth by selling stocks, reducing the concentration. In fact, the data analyzed in this dissertation show that there is a positive correlation between ownership reduction post IPO and the issuance of American Depositary Receipts (ADR). The literature of corporate governance indicates that emerging-market companies submitted to the monitoring of the American capital market regulator - the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) - compromise with practices of protection to the rights of minority shareholders. Thus, this positive correlation is consistent with the hypothesis associated with a disciplinary effect on the controlling shareholders. This dissertation identifies other factors correlated with the reduction of concentration after the IPO, and also concludes that this decrease in ownership concentration does not influence the long-term performance of stock returns.

[pt] Este estudo visa analisar o desempenho de empresas familiares brasileiras, que abriram capital entre os anos de 2007 e 2012 através da performance das ações a partir do ano de 2013 até 2017, já que o discurso sobre o desempenho dessas empresas é controverso devido aos problemas de profissionalização e governança corporativa, por exemplo. Com base em estudos realizados em outros países, foram testadas se empresas familiares brasileiras tem melhor desempenho no mercado de ações do Brasil (BOVESPA) do que empresas não familiares que também abriram capital no mesmo período. Foi usado o CAPM como método para estimar o retorno esperado e comparar com retorno real das ações de empresas familiares e não familiares. Os resultados indicam que dentre as empresas analisadas, as familiares obtiveram melhores resultados, mesmo não havendo diferença na relação risco e retorno apresentado por empresas de ambos os grupos. / [en] This study aims to analyze the performance of Brazilian family companies, which opened capital between 2007 and 2012 through the performance of actions from the year 2013 to 2017, since the discourse on the performance of these companies is controversial due to the problems of professionalization and corporate governance, for example. Based on studies conducted in other countries, it was tested whether Brazilian family companies perform better in the Brazilian stock market (BOVESPA) than non-family companies that also opened equity in the same period. CAPM was used as a method to estimate the expected return and to compare with the real return of the shares of family and non-family companies. The results indicate that among the companies analyzed, the family members obtained better results, even though there was no difference in the risk and return relationship presented by companies of both groups.

Desde 2004, noticia-se na imprensa especializada um grande dinamismo do mercado de capitais brasileiro. Em 2005, foram realizadas nove ofertas pÃblicas iniciais â IPO, que movimentaram cerca de R$ 5 bilhÃes. Em 2006, foram 26 novas emissÃes, quando as empresas estreantes captaram cerca de R$ 15 bilhÃes. Em 2007, o nÃmero de IPOs foi recorde, chegando a 64 novas empresas (captaÃÃo de mais de R$ 55 bilhÃes), considerado um marco na histÃria do mercado de capitais brasileiro. Nesse contexto, este estudo analisou o comportamento das aÃÃes relativas Ãs ofertas pÃblicas iniciais de aÃÃes ocorridas no Brasil no perÃodo de 01.01.05 a 31.07.07, com o objetivo de apurar indÃcios de ocorrÃncia das seguintes anomalias relacionadas aos IPOs: subprecificaÃÃo (underpricing), alta volatilidade das aÃÃes, baixa performance das emissÃes no longo prazo e performance vinculada ao desempenho geral do setor de atividade das empresas emissoras. O estudo obteve os seguintes resultados: considerando o retorno mÃdio das aÃÃes no primeiro dia de negociaÃÃo (12,34%), ante a variaÃÃo do CDI e do Ibovespa de apenas 0,07% e 0,46%, respectivamente, conclui-se que existem evidÃncias de underpricing nas emissÃes analisadas; 83% das aÃÃes apresentaram volatilidade superior à do Ibovespa, o que poderia explicar os retornos elevados no primeiro dia de negociaÃÃo, ou seja, o retorno inicial elevado à uma recompensa ao risco aceito pelos investidores; a maioria das aÃÃes seguiu a mesma tendÃncia de desempenho do setor, sugerindo que as empresas abrem o capital em momentos de auge no desempenho do setor ao qual pertencem; as aÃÃes apresentaram baixa performance no longo prazo, indicando que os emissores tendem a aproveitar os perÃodos de grande volume de emissÃes, quando as aÃÃes estÃo sobrevalorizadas. Dessa forma, os retornos iniciais sÃo elevados e no longo prazo hà um movimento de mercado no sentido de posicionar os papÃis no seu real valor. / Since 2004, it has been noticed through the specialized media a great excitement in the Brazilian stock market. Nine (greatest amount since 1986) Initial Public Offers (IPO) were carried out along 2005 generating about R$ 5 billion. In 2006, 26 new offers were carried out and the beginning companies made around R$ 15 billion. In 2007, the number of IPOâs achieved a record of 64 new companies (more than R$ 55 billion), a landmark in the history of the Brazilian stock market. The enthusiasm of investors towards the initial offers reached a level where the stock markets decided to sell their own stocks. Natural people forgot their fear of the risk for a while trying to increase their income considering the decline of ordinary funds. BM&Fâs IPO, for instance, had 275 thousand natural people among the investors. Concerning all this excitement and some notorious cases of success and others of low performance of beginning companies in the stock market, the following work analyses the return of investments made in initial public offers of stocks in Brazil carried out between 2005/01/01 and 2007/07/31. Besides a comparative study of the return of the stocks with the CDI tax variation and the Ibovespa, it was a done an analyses of the behavior of investments according to the market section and a study of the profitability of long term funds. Among 81 companies, only 30 had positive results, which demonstrate a low performance considering the initial enthusiasm and the excessive increase of values. The profitability of stocks was only superior to the CDI and Ibovespa variation in a shot term frame and the papers seemed to be more volatile than the market average. It was also noticed that the return of investments is attached to the performance of each market section and the profitability of funds was not superior in a long term frame.

A Lei nº 6.404, de 15 de dezembro de 1976, foi concebida tendo como um de seus objetivos o estímulo à formação da grande empresa nacional. Para tanto, o legislador utilizou duas premissas: o estímulo à concentração empresarial e o fomento do mercado de capitais (tanto o mercado acionário, quanto o de títulos de dívida). Isto resultou em um modelo legal, calcado na figura do acionista controlador, de quem a lei reconhece poderes e, em contrapartida, institucionaliza deveres e atribui responsabilidades. Ainda, face à extremação dos poderes do acionista controlador, visando ao fomento do mercado de capitais, a lei atribui aos acionistas minoritários verdadeiros direitos compensatórios, sintetizados em direitos de saída da companhia e direitos de informação. Com a dispersão acionária e o consequente enfraquecimento, ou até desaparecimento, do acionista controlador, o poder desloca-se para os administradores, resultando em modelo essencialmente diverso daquele originalmente concebido pela Lei das Sociedades Anônimas. Relativizam-se, assim, os direitos compensatórios face ao controle acionário, ganhando força os mecanismos de monitoramento adequado dos administradores para assegurar a realização do interesse social. Isto implica modificações não apenas na esfera de direitos individuais e coletivos dos acionistas como principalmente mudanças na própria estrutura orgânica da sociedade anônima e nos negócios jurídicos envolvendo a disputa pelo controle societário. O presente trabalho, portanto, irá discutir até que ponto a Lei nº 6.404/76 está apta a lidar com este fenômeno recente em território brasileiro. Palavras chave: Lei nº 6.404/76, sociedade anônima, poder de controle, dispersão acionária, OPA. / One of the objectives guiding the development of Law 6,404, of 15 December 1976, was that of stimulating the formation of large-size Brazilian companies. The legislator set about this task using two premises: stimulating corporate concentration and boosting the bond markets (both the stock market and the government bond market). This resulted in a legal model, based on the figure of the controlling shareholder, to whom the law grants authority and, in return, imposes obligations and allocates responsibilities. Moreover, in view of the extreme nature of the controlling shareholders authority, and in order to boost the bond markets, the law grants genuine compensatory rights to the minority shareholders, which can be summarized as rights to leave the company and rights to information. Stock dispersion and the consequent weakening, or even disappearance, of the controlling shareholder, has led to authority shifting to the management, leading to a model that is, in essence, very different from the one originally conceived in the Brazilian Companies Law. Hence, compensatory rights have become relative to shareholder control, with the managers monitoring mechanisms gaining force in ensuring compliance with the corporate interest. This implies modifications not only in the sphere of shareholders individual and collective rights, but also changes to the very structure of the joint stock company and to legal business dealings concerning disputes for corporate control. This study will, therefore, debate just how well Law 6,404/76 is able to deal with this recent phenomenon in Brazil.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a ocorrência do underpricing no mercado brasileiro e analisar sua relação com fatores internos, externos da empresa e da oferta. O underpricing é considerado uma anomalia de mercado, pois proporciona para os investidores ganhos elevados com a mesma composição de risco. Para as empresas, a ocorrência do underpricing no IPO compromete a eficiência da oferta, uma vez que reduz o montante arrecadado. Este fenômeno foi estudado nas décadas de 80 e 90, porém somente na última década estudos começaram a ser realizados com foco no mercado brasileiro. Desta forma, foi observada a ocorrência do underpricing no mercado brasileiro em uma amostra composta por 30 IPO entre os anos de 2010 a 2016, e para analisar a relação dos fatores foi aplicado a análise de cluster aliada ao teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. / [en] The objective of this paper is to verify the occurrence of underpricing in the Brazilian market and to analyze its relationship with internal, external factors of the company and the offer. Underpricing is considered a market anomaly as it provides investors with high returns with the same risk composition. For companies, the occurrence of underpricing in the IPO compromises the efficiency of the offer, since it reduces the amount collected. This phenomenon was studied in the 80 s and 90 s, but only in the last decade studies began to be carried out focusing on the Brazilian market. Thus, underpricing in the Brazilian market was observed in a sample composed of 30 IPO between the years 2010 and 2016, and to analyze the relationship of factors was applied to the cluster analysis allied to the Wilcoxon nonparametric test.

Submitted by Cristiane Shirayama (cristiane.shirayama@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T12:47:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 66070100193.pdf: 756926 bytes, checksum: cfbd0a87b1cf9e00f37eff836d7c6ecd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T13:28:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66070100193.pdf: 756926 bytes, checksum: cfbd0a87b1cf9e00f37eff836d7c6ecd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia(suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2011-06-02T13:29:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 66070100193.pdf: 756926 bytes, checksum: cfbd0a87b1cf9e00f37eff836d7c6ecd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-02T13:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 66070100193.pdf: 756926 bytes, checksum: cfbd0a87b1cf9e00f37eff836d7c6ecd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-12 / This study aimed to verify whether it is possible to estimate an econometric model to predict the behavior of issuers of new shares of Fundos de Investimentos em Participações (FIPs) based on some explanatory variables for the most part, based on macroeconomic variables in the model estimated in the study of Iaquipaza (2005). We analyzed a series of 75 observations, on the number of FIPs’ offers made each month, from October 2003 to December 2009. To analyze the time series of FIPs’ offers, was used a model of Poisson regression, to work with the count data that made up the dependent variable sample. The results showed the influence of some variables listed in study Iaquipaza (2005) and others that were included in the model due to the specific type of asset analyzed. However, the study is limited by the fact that it was studied an industry still in its beginning, which culminated in the estimation of a model with few observations. / Este trabalho objetivou verificar se é possível estimar um modelo econométrico para prever o comportamento dos emissores de novas cotas de Fundos de Investimentos em Participações (FIPs) com base em algumas variáveis explicativas, em sua grande maioria, variáveis macroeconômicas baseadas no modelo estimado no trabalho de Iaquipaza (2005). Foi analisada uma série histórica de 75 observações, referentes ao número de ofertas públicas de FIPs realizadas em cada mês, no período de outubro de 2003 a dezembro de 2009. Para analisar a série histórica de ofertas públicas de FIPs utilizou-se um modelo de regressão de Poisson, para trabalhar com os dados 'contáveis' que compunham a amostra da variável dependente. Os resultados indicaram a influência de algumas variáveis indicadas no trabalho de Iaquipaza (2005) e de outras que foram incluídas no modelo em virtude da especificidade do tipo de ativo analisado. Contudo, o trabalho tem como limitação o fato de ter sido estudada uma indústria ainda incipiente, o que culminou na estimação de um modelo com a utilização de poucas observações.