Diploma thesis deals with the implementation of the public private partnership concept in Czech Republic. Its primary aim is to highlight risks of the PPP concept. Thesis describes theoretical and practical risks of the concept and concludes that the threat of risks is much more significant when the PPP concept is implemented in insufficiently suitable environment. In the practical part the thesis finds an answer to the question whether the PPP concept is suitable for implementation in the Czech Republic. By analyzing the legal and institutional environment and factors such as public procurement, corruption, transparency and public finances, the thesis demonstrates that under current conditions the implementation of the PPP concept is not suitable in Czech Republic. Conclusions are confirmed by analysis of PPP concept implementation. Finally, the thesis pronounces recommendations about the future application of the PPP concept in Czech Republic.

Problem: Sverige har ett tydligt behov att investera i vår infrastruktur och kollektivtrafik samtidigt som det krävs ökade anslag för att upprätthålla och underhålla redan befintlig infrastruktur. Då det påpekas gång på gång att gapet mellan vårt statliga budgetanslag och det faktiska behovet ökar för varje år som går växer problemet. Samtidigt visar erfarenheter från andra europeiska länder att det finns tydliga fördelar med att involvera privata aktörer till samhällsinvesteringar. Sverige ligger dock efter i den utvecklingen, och vi riskerar att våra behov i samhället inte uppfylls. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utreda huruvida aktörer verksamma inom transportinfrastrukturbranschen ställer sig till OPS-finansiering av kollektivtrafiken. Metod: Undersökningen har utgått från en kvalitativ ansats med semi-strukturerade intervjuer som primär datakälla. Slutsats: I undersökningen har forskarna fastslagit att aktörerna i kollektivtrafiksbranschen är positivt inställda till OPS och dess syfte, och att det finns goda utvecklingspotentialer inom kollektivtrafiken. Forskarna vill dock klargöra att aktörerna menar att det är en lång resa kvar till att större projekt finansieras via OPS, men att kollektivtrafiken i mångt och mycket skulle må bra av att introducera OPS-lösningar i mindre utsträckning för att på så sätt öka kompetensen och öka samarbetet mellan den offentliga och den privata sektorn. / Problem: Sweden has a clear need to invest in our infrastructure and public transport, while it requires increased funding to sustain and maintain existing infrastructure. As pointed out repeatedly that the gap between our state budget and the actual need is increasing, every passing year is a growing problem. At the same time the experience in other European countries, there are clear advantages to involve private players to community investments. Sweden is behind in this development, and we run the risk that our community needs are not met. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the operators active in the transport industry stands to PPP financing of public transport. Method: The survey was based on a qualitative approach with semi structured interviews as the primary data source. Conclusion: In the study, the researchers determined that the actors in the public transport industry are positive to the OPS and its purpose, and that there is good potential for development in public transport. Researchers want to make clear, however that the actors believe that it is a long way to go to major projects financed through PPP, but the public transport in many respects would do well to introduce PPP solutions to a lesser extent so as to increase skills and boost cooperation between the public and private sectors.

As parcerias público-privadas (PPPs) consistem em um arranjo, formado pelo setor público e privado para a provisão de serviços de infraestrutura, os quais eram previamente providos pelo governo. No ambiente desses contratos realizam-se três estudos, sendo que o desenvolve-se um modelo teórico de PPPs para hospitais. Neste sentido, o regime de bundling, em que as empresas são agregadas em um consórcio, mostra-se se superior ao que as empresas são contratadas separadamente. Isto se dá, porque no primeiro modelo, as firmas conseguem internalizar as externalidades advindas do processo produtivo. Já no segundo ensaio faz-se um modelo computacional de risco moral com loterias aplicado a essa modalidade contratual. As simulações realizadas neste exercício indicam que projetos de valor econômico mais elevado atraem firmas mais capacitadas e esse maior valor monetário provavelmente está correlacionado com a complexidade do empreendimento o que pode ser o motivo das empresas empenharem mais esforço. O terceiro trabalho pretende identificar os determinantes do investimento e do número de projetos de PPPs em economias emergentes. Os resultados indicam que o ambientes de negócios, macroeconômico, político e o sistema legal são os principais preponderantes na formulação destes contratos. Por fim, as PPPs demandam esforços governamentais para o desenho de contratos que coíbam o comportamento oportunista e consigam monitorar de forma adequada as empresas responsáveis pelo empreendimento. O compartilhamento de riscos de certa forma é um mecanismo de proteção para o parceiro privado, mas são necessários o desenvolvimento de contratos bem estruturados, que possam lidar com as possíveis contingências e evitar abusos por parte de ambos agentes. / The Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) consist of an arrangement formed by the public and private sectors for the supply of infrastructure services, which were previously provided by the government. In this contractual environment three studies have been performed. The first one develops a theoretical model for hospitals. In this sense, the bundling system, in which firms are aggregated into a consortium, is shown to be superior to when businesses are hired separately. This happens because in the first model, firms can internalize the externalities arising during the production process. The second essay makes a computational model of moral hazard, with lotteries applied to this type of contract. The simulations indicate that projects with a higher economic value attract more qualified firms and that greater monetary value is likely correlated with the project’s complexity, which may be why the companies pledge more effort. The third paper aims to identify the investment determinants and the number of PPP projects in emerging economies. The results indicate that the business, macroeconomic, political environments and legal system are the main preponderant in the formulation of these contracts. Finally, PPPs require government efforts to design contracts that restrain opportunistic behavior and are able to adequately monitor the companies responsible for the contracts. Risk sharing is a protection mechanism for the private partner, but there is a need to develop well-structured contracts which can deal with possible contingencies and prevent abuses by both agents.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-06-05T19:49:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel de Andrade Santos.pdf: 1146053 bytes, checksum: 6b7c160b5fdb30149c302bfe8ba6478c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T19:49:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel de Andrade Santos.pdf: 1146053 bytes, checksum: 6b7c160b5fdb30149c302bfe8ba6478c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-06 / Brazil in recent decades has seen considerable increases in crime levels, especially in crime against property and drug trafficking. This condition reflects directly in the penitentiary system. Lacking and insufficient to supply current needs, it finds itself on the verge of collapse. Violations of basic rights are a part of routine. The solution for the approaching chaos installed in the prison system is the privatization of prisons. Gradually applied, it began with the provision of means services, such as food, cleaning and health. However, in 2013, the first completely private penitentiary is inaugurated, from the project to the conclusion of the work, and execution of the service. I was developed in the public-private partnership model. However, the proposal is not innovative, as it ignores matters of social character, which are intrinsic to prison reality in Brazil. The criminal selectivity bordered by social stratification. The economic options that generate the massification of the collective. Organized crime and violence promoted by it. They are hidden tensors of the political proposals that are based on the economic aspect. The present work is guided by bibliographic research, uses historical and hypothetical deductive methods. It seeks to contribute with critical thinking regarding the proposals that aim to minimize the disorder installed in prisons. / O Brasil nas últimas décadas passou a exibir consideráveis aumentos nos níveis de criminalidade, em especial nos crimes contra o patrimônio e tráfico de drogas. Esta condição reflete diretamente no sistema penitenciário. Defasado e insuficiente para suprir as necessidades atuais, encontra-se a beira do colapso. As violações de direitos básicos são parte de rotina. A solução que se aproxima com o caos instalado no sistema prisional é a privatização dos presídios. Aplicada gradativamente, teve início com o fornecimento de serviços meios, como alimentação, limpeza e saúde. Porém, no ano de 2013, é inaugurada a primeira penitenciária totalmente privada, do projeto à conclusão da obra e execução do serviço. Desenvolvida no modelo de parceria público-privada. Contudo, a proposta não é inovadora, desconsidera questões de caráter social, que são intrínsecas à realidade carcerária no Brasil. A seletividade criminal margeada pela estratificação social. As opções econômicas que geram a massificação do coletivo. O crime organizado e a violência por ele promovida. São tensionadores ocultados das propostas políticas que se fundamentam no aspecto econômico. O presente trabalho orienta-se por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, utiliza dos métodos histórico e hipotético dedutivo. Busca contribuir com pensamento crítico em relação às propostas que visam minimizar a desordem instalada nas prisões.

Wirtschaftlichkeitsuntersuchungen dienen Kommunen als Instrument der Haushaltswirtschaft. Die Haushaltswirtschaft zählt zwar zur kommunalen Selbstverwaltung und gehört damit in den Kompetenzbereich der Kommunen, die insofern eigenständig tätig werden. Allerdings sind die sächsischen Kommunen zur sparsamen und wirtschaftlichen Haushaltsführung verpflichtet. Rechtsgrundlage dafür ist § 72 Abs. 2 S. 1 SächsGemO: „Die Haushaltswirtschaft ist sparsam und wirtschaftlich zu führen.“ Um bei Planung und Durchführung von kommunalen Investitionsprojekten diesem Gebot nachkommen zu können, werden Wirtschaftlichkeitsuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Sie dienen als Nachweis, dass bei Investitionsvorhaben den existierenden Anforderungen an die Angemessenheit (im Sinnes eines sparsamen Mitteleinsatzes) und der Realisierbarkeit (im Sinnes der Verfügbarkeit der Bau-und Betriebsmittel Rechnung getragen wird.

Die Kompetenzzentren haben sich für einen ersten Dialog mit den Rechnungshöfen offen aber kritisch mit dem Bericht auseinandergesetzt. Sie haben gemeinsam Fragestellungen, Vorschlä-ge und zuweilen auch Gegenpositionen zu den Aussagen im Bericht erarbeitet. Diese Arbeits-ergebnisse sind im Folgenden synoptisch dargestellt. Die Anmerkungen stellen keinesfalls eine abschließende Positionierung der Länder dar, sondern sollen vielmehr helfen, fachlich mit den Rechnungshöfen in eine offene Auseinandersetzung über ÖPP insgesamt, lebenszyklusorien-tierter Beschaffung insbesondere und über die Aussagen des Berichts im Detail einzutreten:

Nachdem seit einigen Jahren in vielen Vorhaben Projekterfahrungen mit der ÖPP-Variante beim Bund und in den einzelnen Bundesländern gesammelt wurden, haben im September 2011 die Präsidentinnen und Präsidenten der Rechnungshöfe des Bundes und der Länder einen gemeinsamen Erfahrungsbericht zur Wirtschaftlichkeit von ÖPP-Projekten veröffentlicht. Dieser Bericht soll nach Aussage der Rechnungshöfe kein Leitfaden sein, sondern eine Hilfestellung. Die Arbeitsgruppe der ÖPP-Kompetenzzentren der Länder dankt für die Einschätzung der Rechnungshöfe und nimmt diese zum Anlass, sie mit eigenen Erfahrungen zu vergleichen. Mit dieser Stellungnahme sollen Gemeinsamkeiten dargestellt, unterschiedliche Auffassungen in ihrer Sichtweise begründet und Lösungsansätze für künftige Projekte vorgeschlagen werden.

Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento para a análise e seleção de estratégias de manutenção de pavimentos em malhas de redes de rodovias, sendo proposto um modelo de sistema de gerência de pavimentos que inclui análises de riscos. O trabalho propõe a análise concomitante de diversas rodovias que sejam gerenciadas por uma mesma instituição, de modo a identificar os efeitos das estratégias individuais de manutenção sobre os custos totais para administração da malha. Para tanto são integrados elementos das análises em nível de projeto, com elementos adicionais, contendo informações especialmente relacionadas a riscos, de diversas naturezas e que possam ter impacto nas análises pelo sistema. Os conceitos fundamentais dos sistemas de gerência de pavimentos, tanto para aplicação em nível de rede, como para o nível de projeto, são utilizados no procedimento proposto de modo que grande parte dos dados requeridos é comum aos distintos níveis. O principal objetivo da integração entre os níveis de projeto e de rede é aumentar a confiabilidade dos resultados. Assim, a estrutura se inicia pelo nível de projeto, o qual contempla informações detalhadas acerca das condições dos pavimentos. Nesta etapa, os segmentos homogêneos são detalhadamente delimitados, e a utilização de variáveis obtidas por correlações é indicada. Tais elementos permitem que as intervenções sejam propostas de modo mais assertivo no curto prazo. Para a conexão entre os níveis de projeto e de rede, são selecionadas variáveis de desempenho advindas de medidas diretas sobre as condições dos pavimentos. É mais conveniente a utilização de variáveis que estejam alinhadas com requerimentos contratuais ou indicadores de desempenho. No nível de rede, a segmentação homogênea está orientada para fornecer resultados não detalhados, mais genéricos e de maior amplitude, que estatisticamente incluem variações de desempenho, comuns às projeções de médio e longo prazo. Para o procedimento, são elaborados cenários de análises, alinhados com políticas, objetivos, restrições, entre outros aspectos que possam influenciar a seleção de estratégias para intervenções em pavimentos. A ampliação dos elementos considerados nas análises, que resulta no nível proposto nesta tese, inclui estudos específicos sobre riscos. Os diversos riscos envolvidos na administração de rodovias vêm sendo explorados em maior profundidade em virtude da crescente participação da iniciativa privada em contratos de concessão. Os riscos são, portanto, considerados nos distintos níveis das organizações, a partir dos quais são eleitos aqueles que estejam relacionados e exerçam maiores impactos na gestão dos pavimentos. O estudo de caso conduzido para apresentar o procedimento contempla a análise de três rodovias concessionadas, considerando suas características especificas como condições dos pavimentos e requisitos contratuais. A partir do estudo de caso é possível pontuar aspectos relevantes nas análises em nível de rede, contribuindo para a construção de sistemas altamente orientados. / This thesis presents a procedure for the performing analysis and selection of strategies for the maintenance of road pavements in highways networks, by proposing a model of pavement management system that includes risk analysis. The work proposes the concomitant analysis of several highways that are managed by the same institution, in order to identify the effects of the individual maintenance strategies on the total costs for the administration of the network. For this purpose, the elements from project-level and network-level analysis are integrated with additional elements, especially those related to risk information, diverse in nature and with the capacity of impact on the system\'s analysis. The fundamental concepts of pavement management systems for both network-level and project-level are applied in the proposed procedure as the majority of the required data is common in both levels. The main purpose of the integration between the levels is to increase the reliability of the results. Thus, the structure begins at project-level, which includes detailed information about the condition of the pavements. In this step, the homogeneous segments are well delimited and the use of correlation obtained variables is indicated. These elements allow the proposed interventions to be more assertive on a short-term period. The indicators selected for the connection between project-level and network-level come from direct measurements on the conditions of the pavements. It is more convenient to use variables that are in line with contractual requirements or performance indicators. At the network level, homogeneous segmentation is oriented to provide not detailed results but to consider the larger scale. That includes, from statistically point of view, performance variations, common on projections for the medium and long-term. For the procedure, analysis scenarios are elaborated, in line with policies, objectives, constraints, and other aspects that may influence the selection of strategies for pavements interventions. The expansion of the elements considered in the analysis, which results in the proposed level, includes specific studies on risks. The various risks involved in the management of roads have been deeply explored due to the increasing participation of private partners in concession contracts. Therefore, the risks are considered in the different levels of the organizations. From those risks, the ones that are related and imply in a greater impact in the management of pavements are elected. The case study conducted to present the procedure includes the analysis of three highways under concession of a PPP (Private Public Partnership), considering its specific characteristics and pavements conditions, and contractual requirements. From the case study it is possible to draw attention to important aspects of the analysis at a macro network-level, contributing to the construction of highly oriented systems.

Orientador: Rosio Fernández Baca Salcedo / Resumo: Um dos maiores desafios da sociedade brasileira é a resolução do déficit habitacional e a oferta de moradia popular com qualidade. Qualidade esta que entendemos pelo acesso facilitado aos equipamentos e serviços coletivos presentes em seu contexto, que são necessários à qualidade de habitação, como expressa a Carta de Atenas de 1933. Nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, a Prefeitura de São Paulo sob forte pressão popular para atender a demanda por moradia implementa os primeiros programas de habitação social no Centro: território com infraestrutura urbana consolidada, sede das principais instituições e órgãos públicos, do patrimônio histórico e cultural edificados no município. Dentre os programas de habitação social implementados, o mais recente é a Parceria Público-Privada (PPP) Habitacional da Agência Casa Paulista que objetiva a requalificação da ambiência do Centro histórico, mediante a implementação de empreendimentos de Habitação de Interesse Social (HIS) e Habitação de Mercado Popular (HMP). O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a qualidade de habitação social do Programa PPP Habitacional e propor um instrumento de análise dessa qualidade em contextos históricos (Centro histórico e ambiência), através do estudo de caso do Residencial São Caetano: projeto novo de HIS construído pelo Programa PPP em 2016, e localizado no Bairro da Luz, no Distrito de Bom Retiro, na ambiência do Centro histórico de São Paulo. A metodologia proposta tem como base a fundamentação filosófica e teó... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of the big challenges for Brazilian society is the resolution of housing deficit and the offering of popular housing with quality. Quality that we understand by easy access to the collective equipment and services present in its context, which are necessary for the quality of housing according to the Athens Charter of 1933. In the 1980s and 1990s, under strong popular pressure to attend housing demand, the municipality of São Paulo implements the first social housing programs in the downtown area: territory with consolidated urban infrastructure, head office of the main public institutions and departments, of historical and cultural heritage built in the city. Among the social housing programs implemented, the latest one is the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Housing developed by the Casa Paulista Agency, which aims at the requalification of the ambience of São Paulo’s Historical Center with the construction of new buildings for social housing and popular market. The Dissertation aims to analyze the social housing quality of the PPP Housing Program and proposes an evaluation instrument of this quality applied in historical contexts (historical center and ambience), by using a case study of the Residencial São Caetano: a new social housing project built by the PPP Program in 2016, which is located in the Luz Neighborhood of the Bom Retiro District in the ambience of São Paulo’s Historical Center. The proposed methodology is based on the philosophical and theoretical found... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La consanguinité et l’hybridation sont deux processus génétiques pouvant avoir des effets antagonistes dans les élevages d’auxiliaires de lutte biologique. L’hybridation peut minimiser les risques de dépression de consanguinité (diminution de fitness des individus consanguins), et favoriser l’apparition de phénotypes avantageux. Bien que les mécanismes de la dépression de consanguinité et des conséquences de l’hybridation soient bien connus, très peu d’études ont été réalisées dans le cadre de la lutte biologique. Il convient d’évaluer les effets réels de la consanguinité et de l’hybridation sur la fitness des auxiliaires pour orienter les pratiques de l’industrie de la lutte biologique. Dans le cadre d’une collaboration public-privé, des données ont été produites sur les effets de la consanguinité chez les quatre auxiliaires Allotropa burrelli, Chrysoperla near comanche, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri et Macrolophus pygmaeus. La consanguinité a notamment provoqué une baisse de 30% du succès reproducteur chez M. pygmaeus. Une étude approfondie des conséquences de l’hybridation intra-spécifique a alors été réalisée en utilisant quatre populations de M. pygmaeus. Trois groupes génétiques séparés par un fort isolement reproducteur ont été mis en évidence. Néanmoins, un avantage de fitness pour les individus issus de croisements entre parents génétiquement distants a été mis en évidence au sein de chaque groupe génétique. Ce travail de thèse apporte des données utilisables à court-terme par les entreprises partenaires. Il contribue par ailleurs à créer un corpus de données pour mieux évaluer l’importance réelle des effets génétiques dans les élevages d’auxiliaires. / Inbreeding and hybridization are two genetic processes that may have antagonistic effects in biological control agents (BCAs) rearing. Hybridization can minimize the risk of inbreeding depression (decrease in fitness of inbred individuals), and favor the emergence of advantageous phenotypes. Although the mechanisms of inbreeding depression and the consequences of hybridization are well known, very few studies have been carried out in the context of biological control. The actual effects of inbreeding and hybridization on the fitness of BCAs should be assessed to guide the practices of the biocontrol industry. In a public-private collaboration, data were generated on the effects of inbreeding in the four BCAs Allotropa burrelli, Chrysoperla near comanche, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Macrolophus pygmaeus. Inbreeding resulted in a 30% decrease in reproductive success in M. pygmaeus. A thorough study of the consequences of intra-specific hybridization was then carried out using four populations of M. pygmaeus. Three genetic groups separated by strong reproductive isolation were identified. Nevertheless, a fitness advantage for individuals from crosses between genetically distant parents has been highlighted within each genetic group. This work brings data usable in the short term by the partner companies. It also helps to create a corpus of data to better evaluate the real importance of genetic effects in BCAs rearing.