Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Η ενδοθηλίνη-1 (ΕΤ-1) είναι ένα ισχυρό αγγειοσυσπαστικό και βρογχοσυσπαστικό μόριο το οποίο παρουσιάζει και προφλεγμονώδεις ιδιότητες. Η ικανότητά του να ελκύει φλεγμονώδη κύτταρα στην εστία παραγωγής της, να προκαλεί την παραγωγή μορίων προσκόλλησης στην επιφάνειά τους αλλά και κυτταροκινών αποτελεί απόδειξη της δράσης αυτής. Από την άλλη οι κυτταροκίνες είναι σε θέση να επάγουν την σύνθεση και την έκκριση αυτού του μορίου, δημιουργώντας έτσι ένα μοριακό φαύλο κύκλο ενίσχυσης της φλεγμονής των αεραγωγών που λαμβάνει χώρα στη Χρόνια Αποφρακτική Πνευμονοπάθεια (ΧΑΠ). Με το τρόπο αυτό η φλεγμονή συνεχίζει να υφίσταται ακόμα και μετά την διακοπή του ερεθιστικού παράγοντα που προκάλεσε την έκλυσή της όπως είναι π.χ. το κάπνισμα. Έτσι, οι λειτουργικοί πολυμορφισμοί που αυξάνουν την παραγωγή της ΕΤ-1 δυνατό να αυξάνουν και το κίνδυνο ανάπτυξης ΧΑΠ. Υλικά-μέθοδοι: Σε αυτή την προοπτική μελέτη ερευνήθηκε η επίδραση στην αναπνευστική λειτουργία δυο λειτουργικών πολυμορφισμών του γονιδίου της ΕΤ-1 σε ένα πληθυσμό 190 καπνιστών (95 υγιείς καπνιστές και 95 καπνιστές που νοσούσαν από ΧΑΠ). Οι δυο πολυμορφισμοί αφορούσαν μια ένθεση αδενίνης στο 5’-άκρο στη θέση +138 (εξώνιο 1, 138/ex1ins/delA) και την αντικατάσταση μιας γουανίνης με θυμίνη στη θέση +5665 (εξώνιο 5) που αλλάζει το αμινοξύ λυσίνη της θέσης 198 σε ασπαραγίνη (Lys198Asn). Στα άτομα αυτά διενεργήθηκε λειτουργικός έλεγχος της αναπνοής σε ετήσια βάση για συνολικό χρονικό διάστημα τριών ετών. Αποτελέσματα: Η μέση ετήσια μείωση στον δυναμικά εκπνεόμενο όγκο στο πρώτο δευτερόλεπτο (ΔFEV1) ήταν η παράμετρος που μελετήθηκε. Αυτή ήταν μεγαλύτερη για όσους έφεραν το μεταλλαγμένο γόνο 138/ex1ins/delA σε σχέση με τα άτομα που έφεραν το φυσιολογικό αλληλόμορφο. Οι ετεροζυγώτες για το μεταλλαγμένο αλληλόμορφο που ανήκαν στην ομάδα των καπνιστών δίχως ΧΑΠ παρουσίαζαν μια ΔFEV1 μεγαλύτερη κατά 19,4 ml σε σχέση με τα άτομα που ήταν ομόζυγα για το φυσιολογικό αλληλόμορφο (p=0.004). Η αντίστοιχη διαφορά για τους ετεροζυγώτες του μεταλλαγμένου αλληλόμορφου που ανήκαν στην ομάδα των καπνιστών που νοσούσαν από ΧΑΠ ήταν 11,15 ml (p=0.003). Αντιθέτως, όσοι έφεραν τον πολυμορφισμό Lys198Asn παρουσίαζαν μια μικρότερη ΔFEV1 σε σχέση με τα άτομα που έφεραν το φυσιολογικό αλληλόμορφο. Έτσι, οι ετεροζυγώτες για το μεταλλαγμένο αλληλόμορφο που ανήκαν στην ομάδα των καπνιστών δίχως ΧΑΠ παρουσίαζαν μια ΔFEV1 μεγαλύτερη κατά 11,24 ml (p<0.001) ενώ η αντίστοιχη διαφορά για τους ετεροζυγώτες του μεταλλαγμένου αλληλόμορφου της ομάδα των καπνιστών που νοσούσαν από ΧΑΠ ήταν 11,42 ml (p=0.002). Τα παραπάνω συνηγορούν υπέρ μιας προστατευτικής δράσης του πολυμορφισμού Lys198Asn στην αναπνευστική λειτουργία. Συμπεράσματα: Τα δεδομένα αυτής της μελέτης δείχνουν πως τόσο η ΕΤ-1 όσο και οι λειτουργικοί πολυμορφισμοί του γονιδίου της δύνανται να ενέχονται στο τελικό φαινότυπο της ΧΑΠ και στη σοβαρότητα αυτής. / Background: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor but it has been shown to have also proinflammatory properties. Its ability to attract inflammatory cells in its site of production, upregulates the synthesis of adhesion molecules and stimulates the release of cytokines. The fact that cytokines have the ability to induce its synthesis and release, creates a dynamic loop for self-preservation and augmentation of the airway inflammation in COPD, even after the ceasing of the noxious stimulus i.e. cigarette smoke. Therefore, functional polymorphisms that may lead to increased levels of ET-1 may also cause an increased susceptibility to COPD development. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the longitudinal effect on lung function of two ET-1 gene polymorphisms in a population of 190 smokers (95 non-COPD and 95 COPD smokers). The two polymorphisms involved an insertion polymorphism (+138 adenine insertion 3A/4A, 138bp downstream from the transcription start site, exon 1) and a single nucleotide transversion polymorphism on exon 5 (G/T, Lys198Asn). A total of 190 subjects were enrolled in the study for each polymorphism and were followed for 3 years by annual spirometry sessions. Results: The adjusted annual decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (dFEV1) was greater for those having at least one copy of the mutated gene ins/delA compared to those with the wild type allele both in the non-COPD smokers group (mean difference in dFEV1 of 19.4 ml/year, p=0.004) and COPD smokers (mean difference in dFEV1 of 11.15 ml/year, p=0.003). On the contrary, those heterozygous for the Lys198Asn polymorphism were found to have a slower decline in FEV1 compared to those homozygous for the wild type allele. The non-COPD smokers group had a gain-in-loss of 11,24 ml/year (p<0.001) while the COPD-smokers group had a slower decline of 11,42 ml/year (p=0.002). Those homozygous for the polymorphisms examined show an even greater deviation from those with the wild type allele but due to the small number comprising their group, the results don’t have enough statistical power. Though, they still show the trend of the effect the polymorphisms have on annual FEV1 decline. Conclusions: The present data shows that ET-1 and its functional polymorphisms may be implicated in COPD phenotype and severity.

Orientador: Ercy Mara Cipulo Ramos / Banca: Dionei Ramos / Banca: José Roberto Jardim / Resumo: A inflamação sistêmica é um fator relevante na disfunção dos músculos esqueléticos de indivíduos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Esta disfunção pode ser revertida parcialmente por meio de treinamento físico que, contudo, provoca respostas imunes dependentes de vários fatores, entre eles, o tipo, a intensidade e a duração do exercício. Objetivo: avaliar respostas inflamatórias, bem como níveis de força muscular e valores de massa magra em pacientes com DPOC sem tratamento prévio, comparando dois protocolos de treinamento resistido. Casuística e métodos: 24 indivíduos com diagnóstico de DPOC confirmado por espirometria foram alocados em dois grupos: 12 indivíduos realizaram um treino resistido tradicional (RT) e 12 indivíduos, treino resistido com cordas elásticas (RE). A frequencia do treinamento foi de três vezes por semana, com duração de oito semanas consecutivas. Para a quantificação dos níveis plasmáticos do Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa (TNF-α), Interleucina 1β (IL-1β) e Interleucina 10 (IL-10) ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Systemic inflammation is an important factor in skeletal muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This dysfunction can be reversed partially by means of physical training, however, that causes immune responses depend on various factors including the type, intensity and duration of exercise. Objective: Objective: To evaluate the inflammatory responses, as well as levels of muscle strength and fat-free mass values in COPD patients without prior treatment, comparing two protocols of resistance training. Casuistic and methods: 24 subjects with a diagnosis of COPD confirmed by spirometry were divided into two groups: 12 patients underwent conventional resistance training (RT) and 12 subjects, resistance training with elastic bands (RE); the training was executed three times a week during eight consecutive weeks. For the quantification of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

La broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) est une maladie inflammatoire chronique des voies aériennes dont le facteur de risque principal est l’exposition chronique à la fumée de cigarette. L’histoire de la maladie est fréquemment associée à une colonisation bactérienne des voies aériennes et ponctuée d’épisodes aigus d’exacerbation de la maladie associés à une morbi-mortalité importante. Ces exacerbations sont principalement d’origine infectieuses et plus particulièrement, associées à une bactérie dans 50 % des cas, majoritairement Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae et Moraxella catarrhalis. Le contrôle de ces infections bactériennes implique en particulier une réponse immunitaire de type Th17 efficace. Cette immunité Th17 médiée principalement par les cytokines IL-17A et IL-22 est impliquée dans la physiopathologie de la BPCO mais n’a été que peu étudiée dans le contexte des exacerbations. Notre hypothèse est que la réponse Th17 aux pathogènes est altérée dans la BPCO, mécanisme qui serait impliqué dans la susceptibilité aux infections respiratoires observée chez les patients.Différentes approches ont été utilisées pour tester cette hypothèse. Tout d’abord, une approche ex vivo, à partir de cellules mononucléées circulantes (PBMC) de patients atteints de BPCO comparées à celles issues de sujets sains non fumeurs et de sujets fumeurs sans obstruction bronchique, montrant un défaut de production par les PBMC des cytokines IL-17A et IL-22 mais également des cytokines IL-6 et IL-23 produites par les cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPA) et impliquées dans l’activation de cette immunité Th17, en réponse à une activation par S. pneumoniae. Ensuite, une approche in vitro, avec un modèle de cellules dendritiques dérivées de monocytes (MDDC) exposées à la fumée de cigarette. Ces MDDC présentaient un défaut de maturation, de production de cytokines pro-Th17 et de leur capacité à activer une réponse Th17 lymphocytaire en réponse à S. pneumoniae. Enfin, une approche in vivo, utilisant un modèle murin de souris exposées de façon chronique à la fumée de cigarette confirmant ces résultats avec un défaut de réponse IL-17A et IL-22 mais également de production des cytokines pro-Th17 IL-1β et IL-23 par les CPA en réponse à S. pneumoniae. Dans ce modèle, l’apport d’IL-22 permettait d’améliorer la clairance bactérienne et de réduire les lésions pulmonaires, suggérant des possibilités thérapeutiques pour améliorer la prise en charge de ces exacerbations infectieuses.Ces trois approches permettent d’apporter des arguments forts en faveur d’un défaut de réponse Th17 au cours des exacerbations bactériennes de la BPCO, hypothèse confortée par d’autres travaux de notre équipe montrant dans le modèle murin d’exposition chronique à la fumée de cigarette la présence d’un défaut de production d’IL-22 dans la réponse à Haemophilus influenzae. Ces travaux qui doivent maintenant être d’une part, confirmés par une étude clinique incluant des patients atteints de BPCO en exacerbation, et d’autre part, complétés pour préciser l’impact sur les cellules lymphoïdes innées productrices de ces cytokines et sur la réponse de l’épithélium bronchique à l’infection, ouvrent la voies à des perspectives thérapeutiques dans la prise en charge de ces exacerbations bactériennes. / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways mainly due to chronic exposure to cigarette smoke. Evolution of the disease is often associated with bacterial colonization of the airways and punctuated by acute exacerbation of the disease with a frequent related morbi-mortality. These exacerbations are mainly due to infection and almost 50 % are associated with bacteria, often Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Th17 immune response is particularly involved in control of bacterial infection and is principally mediated by IL-17A and IL-22 cytokines. This Th17 inflammation is involved in COPD physiopathology but there is paucity of data focusing on this immune response during COPD exacerbations. Our hypothesis is that Th17 immune response to pathogens is defective in COPD leading to airways infection susceptibility.We have tested our hypothesis by different approaches. First, the ex vivo responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from COPD patients, healthy non smokers and healthy smokers were compared showing decreased production of IL-17A and IL-22 but also of pro-Th17 cytokines IL-6 and IL-23 which are produced by antigen presenting cells (APC). Second, we used an in vitro model of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC) exposed to cigarette smoke showing a defective MDDC maturation, pro-Th17 cytokines production and ability to promote T-cells Th17 response, in response to S. pneumoniae. Finally, an in vivo murine model of mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke showing defective production of IL-17A and IL-22 but also of pro-Th17 cytokines IL-1β and IL-23 produced by APC, in response to S. pneumoniae. In this model, supplementation with IL-22 restored bacterial clearance and limited lung alterations suggesting therapeutic opportunities to improve infectious COPD exacerbation management.Altogether, these results strengthen our hypothesis of a defective Th17 immune response during bacterial COPD exacerbations. They are comforted by other studies in our team showing a defective IL-22 production in response to Haemophilus influenzae in our in vivo model of mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Now we have to confirm these results in a clinical trial including COPD patients in exacerbation and to further explore the impact on innate lymphoid cells, which produced these cytokines, and on the innate immune response of epithelial cells to infection, in order to develop new infectious COPD exacerbation therapeutics.

Nowadays chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered to be a global and all society problems. COPD interferes in all aspects of patient´s life. It implicates limitations to physical aspect which is the cause of psychological and social effects. The disease changes the present way of patient´s life, the patients have to change their lifestyle, adapt themselves and learn new habits which can also mean changes of their needs during the COPD. The thesis deals with the problems of COPD patient´s needs. The thesis is divided into two main parts. The theoretical part focuses on characteristic of the disease, classification and hierarchy of human needs, the effects of COPD on biological, psychological, social and spiritual needs and next on the nursing care for patients with COPD. The practical part of the thesis includes the processing and next the evaluation of the dates obtained during the research. The aim of the thesis was to findout how the patient's needs differ in particular stadium of the disease. To get the aim there were determined six research questions:1) What is the knowledge level of COPD patients? 2) How different are their needs in particular stadium of the disease? 3) Which needs predominate in individual stadium of the disease? 4) Which activities can COPD patients do? 5) Which limitations and problems do COPD patients have? 6) Which needs does a COPD patient have in the field of home oxygen therapy? The method of qualitative research was used for the research. The technique of non-standardized interview was used for the data gathering. The research complex was formed by 15 COPD patients from the first to the third stadium of the disease. There were five patients in each chosen stadium. The evidence of the individual patients were divided according to their specific stadium into particular categories: knowledge of the disease, respiration, sleep, lifestyle, profession, check-ups. The research shows that the need changes did not directly depend on the level of the disease stadium, but mainly on the patient´s facing up to the disease, their total state of health and based on their individual needs. The firstand second stadium patients gave as the most common need to have their medicines permanently at their disposal, next the bigger need of sleep and rest and last but not least the need of being more independent. The progress of needs in the third stadium was different according to using of home oxygen the therapy or not. The patients who use home oxygen therapy coincided that the therapy helped them to improve their life. Now the main need is to increase their independence in household activities and to besurrounded by their family. Some COPD patients have demonstrable common symptom of depression which consequently influences physiological needs such as sleep, rest, independence and also their total self-realization. The need changes significantly affected the field of life habits, regime,lifestyle and leisure time activities. First of all there has been the absence of cigarettes and alcohol among their life habits and regime. There have been some limitations such as fishing, riding a bike, mushroomingin leisure time activities. The lifestyle was affected the changes in family and work life. The patients often suffer from dyspnoea, which subsequently limits walking, household activities, self-service,for example: shopping, meal preparing, dressing or doing personal hygiene. Despite various limitations the patients do various activities like walking dogs, strolling, reading books, watching TV, visiting clubs and other interesting culture events. The research results pointed to insufficient level of knowledge of the COPD patients. Due to the low level of the patients´ knowledge of the disease an information material with basic information about the disease was prepared.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) leva à obstrução crônica do fluxo aéreo e retenção de ar, fatores que afetam a ação diafragmática, colocando-o em desvantagem mecânica e exigindo-o recrutamento da musculatura acessória da respiração. Alguns estudos indicam que a aplicação de Pressão Positiva Expiratória nas Vias Aéreas (EPAP) reduziria a hiperinsuflação e a atividade da musculatura inspiratória acessória. OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito da aplicação da EPAP de 10 e 15 cmH2O sobre a atividade dos músculos esternocleidomastóideo (ECM) e paraesternal em pacientes com DPOC estável. MÉTODOS: Em um ensaio clínico randomizado, composto por vinte e um pacientes com DPOC, que foram alocados em Grupo 10 cmH2O (n=10) e Grupo 15 cmH2O (n=11), avaliamos o comportamento da atividade eletromiográfica (EMG) dos músculos ECM e paraesternal em respiração espontânea (Pré-EPAP), durante a aplicação de 20 minutos da EPAP, através de máscara facial, e 10 minutos após sua retirada. RESULTADOS: Observamos que a aplicação da EPAP de 10 cmH2O promoveu uma redução da atividade EMG do músculo ECM (p<0,0001) e aumento no músculo paraesternal (p<0,0001). Já o grupo que utilizou 15 cmH2O de EPAP apresentou uma tendência ao aumento da atividade EMG do músculo ECM e uma redução significativa no músculo paraesternal (p= 0,005). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados apontaram para um benefício da aplicação da EPAP de 10 cmH2O em reduzir a atividade da musculatura inspiratória acessória e potencializar a ação dos músculos paraesternais em pacientes com DPOC estável. No entanto, este benefício não foi alcançado quando a EPAP de 15 cmH2O foi aplicada, onde os pacientes apresentaram um aumento da atividade da musculatura inspiratória acessória, já acentuada na DPOC. / Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) leads to chronic airway obstruction and air trapping, affecting diaphragmatic action and placing it at a mechanical disadvantage, requiring the recruitment of accessory muscles. Some studies indicate that expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) decreased hyperinflation and inspiratory accessory muscle activity. Objective: To investigate the effect of 10 and 15 cmH2O EPAP on the activity of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and parasternal muscles in patients with stable COPD. Methods: A randomized clinical trial with twenty-one COPD patients. Subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: 10 cmH2O Group (n=10) and a 15 cmH2O Group (n=11). We evaluated the electromyographic (EMG) activity of SCM and parasternal muscles in spontaneous breathing (Pre-EPAP), during application of EPAP by face mask for 20 minutes, and for 10 minutes after mask removal (Post-EPAP). Results: The application of 10 cmH2O EPAP promoted reduction EMG activity in the SCM muscle (p<0.0001) and increased parasternal muscle activity (p<0.0001). The group submitted to 15 cmH2O EPAP showed a tendency towards greater EMG activity in the SCM muscle and a significant decrease in activity of the parasternal muscle (p= 0.005). Conclusions: In patients with stable COPD, 10 cmH2O EPAP induced a significant decreased in activity of the inspiratory accessory muscle and increased parasternal muscle activity after the application. This may be of practical benefit to reverse the extensive use of the chest wall muscles and reduce their mechanical disadvantage in patients with COPD.

Objetivo: Avaliar as propriedades neuromecânicas musculares dos extensores do joelho antes e após o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6’) em indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) e indivíduos controle. Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes com DPOC que estavam em acompanhamento médico no Serviço de Pneumologia do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), os quais foram selecionados a partir da análise de prontuários. Os indivíduos do grupo controle foram selecionados através de pareamento de idade e sexo com o grupo DPOC. Foi realizada uma avaliação da composição corporal, além do teste de força de membros inferiores através de contração isométrica voluntária máxima (CIVM) dos extensores de joelho antes e após o TC6’. Além disso, foi avaliado o tempo de reação total (TRT), tempo pré-motor (TPM) e tempo motor (TM) a partir da eletromiografia de superfície dos músculos extensores de joelho: vasto lateral e reto femoral. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 18 indivíduos com DPOC (10 homens, VEF1 36±12% do previsto) e 8 indivíduos no grupo controle (5 homens, VEF1 82±7% do previsto). Os pacientes com DPOC desenvolveram uma menor força muscular, tanto pré (21,77±7,86 kg) quanto pós (11,16±4,70 kg) TC6’ quando comparado com o grupo controle (pré 33,50 ±14,01; pós 29,25±16,66 kg). Houve redução significativa na CIVM após o TC6’ e aumento significativo no TRT e TPM dos músculos avaliados no grupo DPOC, não ocorrendo no grupo controle. Os parâmetros de tempo de reação foram maiores no grupo DPOC após o TC6’ quando comparados ao controle. Houve correlação inversa significativa entre o TRT (r= -0,535, p<0,005) e o TPM (r= -0,549, p<0,005) com a CIVM após o TC6’. Conclusão: Pacientes com DPOC apresentam alterações neuromusculares relacionadas com a ativação do neurônio motor superior que pode contribuir na redução da capacidade de contração muscular máxima após a realização do teste funcional. / Objective: To evaluate the neuromechanicals properties of the knee extensors muscles before and after the six minutes walk test (6MWT') in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and control subjects (COPD). Methods: COPD patients who were under care at the Department of Pulmonology of the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), which were selected from the analysis of medical records were included. The control subjects were selected by matching age and sex with COPD. An assessment of body composition was performed in addition to lower limb strength by maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensors before and after the 6MWT. Furthermore, we evaluated the total reaction time (TRT), premotor time (PMT) and motor time (MT) from surface electromyography of knee extensor muscles: rectus femoris and vastus lateralis. Results: 18 patients with COPD (10 men, FEV1 36 ± 12% predicted) and 8 subjects in the control group (5 men, FEV1 82 ± 7% of predicted) were included in the study. Patients with COPD developed lower muscle strength, both before (21.77 ± 7.86 kg) and after (11.16 ± 4.70 kg) 6MWT compared with the control group (33.50 ± 14.01 before; post 29.25 ± 16.66 kg). There was a significant reduction in MVIC after the 6MWT and significant increase in TRT and PMT muscles evaluated in COPD does not occur in the control group. The parameters of reaction time were higher in the COPD group after the 6MWT compared to control. There was a significant inverse correlation between the TRT (r = -0.535, p <0.005) and PMT (r = -0.549, p <0.005) with the MVIC after the 6MWT. Conclusion: Patients with COPD present neuromuscular changes associated with activation of the upper motor neuron that may contribute to the impairment of maximal muscle contraction after performing the functional test.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:47:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008 / Introdução: O uso de solução salina hipertônica já foi documentado em DPOC como um método de broncoprovocação e indução de escarro, mas estudos que avaliem outros desfechos são necessários. Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos da inalação com solução salina hipertônica (SSH) ou com solução salina isotônica (SSI) associado a treinamento físico em pacientes com DPOC, em relação à capacidade funcional ao exercício (CFE), dispnéia e qualidade de vida. Tipo de estudo e local: O estudo, um ensaio clínico controlado randomizado duplo-cego, foi conduzido em um ambulatório de Reabilitação Pulmonar. Métodos: Sessenta e oito pacientes (67 ± 6.5 anos de idade; VEF1 38.9 ± 16.2 do valor predito) foram randomizados para inalar 3% de SSH (n=34) ou solução salina isotônica (NS) (n=34), associada a um programa de exercícios três vezes/semana, durante 8 semanas. Resultados: Após 8 semanas de tratamento, ambos os grupos mostraram mudanças significativas na CFE, SSH de 204.11±102.54 metros para 251.3±96.8 metros, p<0.001 e SSI de 237±93.4 metros para 441±121 metros p<0,001; dispnéia, SSH de 3.1 ± 0.87 para 2.3 ± 0.76, p< 0.01 e SSI de 3.5 ± 0.23 para 2.3 ± 0.96, p< 0.01 e qualidade de vida, exceto nos domínios capacidade física e aspecto social no grupo SSH, p<0,001. Quando os dois grupos foram comparados, o grupo SSI demonstrou melhora significativa na capacidade funcional ao exercício p<0,001. Houve a ocorrência de efeitos adversos em quatro (12%) pacientes do grupo SSH: três pacientes relataram aumento da tosse e um apresentou broncoespasmo. Conclusão: O presente estudo conclui que a melhora da CFE não foi significante como aquela observada no grupo SSI, e que SSH também está associada ao aparecimento de efeitos adversos, não observados no grupo SSI. / Background: The use of inhaled hypertonic saline has been documented in COPD as a method of bronchial challenge and sputum induction, but studies that evaluate other endpoints are required. Objective: To compare the effects of either inhaling hypertonic saline (HS) or normal saline (NS) in a group of subjects with COPD undergoing exercise training with regards to functional exercise capacity (FEC), dyspnea and quality of life. Design and Setting: This was a double-blind randomized parallel controlled trial, conducted at the ambulatory care clinic. Methods: Sixty-eight patients (aged 67 ± 6.5 years; predicted FEV1 38.9 ± 16.2) were randomized to inhale 3% HS (n=34) or NS (n=34), combined with an exercise program, three times a week, for 8-weeks. Results: After the 8-weeks treatment period, both groups showed significant changes in FEC, HS from 204.11±92.2 meters to 251.3±96.8 meters, p<0.001 and NS from 237±93.4 meters to 441±121 meters p<0,001; dyspnea, HS from 3.1 ± 0.87 to 2.3 ± 0.76, p< 0.01 and NS from 3.5 ± 0.23 to 2.3 ± 0.96, p< 0.01 and quality of life, with the exception of the domains of physicalfunctioning and social aspect in the HS group. When both groups were compared, the NS group was associated with a significant improvement in the FEC p<0,001. There was an occurrence of adverse effects in four (12%) patients in the HS group: three patients related increase in coughing and one showed bronchospasm. Conclusion: the present study concluded that the improvement of FEC was not as significant as the one observed with the NS, and that HS was also associated with side effects not seen in the NS group. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-31 / Introdução: A educação de pacientes portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é parte fundamental nos programas de reabilitação pulmonar e objetiva um melhor manejo com a doença. Objetivo: Avaliar a aprendizagem de pacientes com DPOC submetidos a um programa educativo. Método: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo com portadores de DPOC acompanhados ambulatorialmente submetidos a um programa educativo padronizado. Para avaliar a intervenção foram utilizados questionários de avaliação do conhecimento. De qualidade de vida (AQ20 e SF36), nível de ansiedade e depressão (IDATE e Beck). Um valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado significante. Resultados: Observamos após o programa educativo, aumento no número de acertos do questionário de conhecimento sobre a doença variando de 59,58% para 91,25% (p < 0,001), melhor performance nas técnicas corretas de conservação de energia; maior número de acertos na utilização da medicação inalatória, variando de 6,5 + 1,6 para 10,25 + 1,52 (p = 0,002) com relação à utilização do nebulímetro pressurizado sem espaçador, de 6,7 + 0,9 para 9,3 + 0,6 (p<0,001) para a utilização do nebulímetro pressurizado com espaçador, a utilização do inalador de pó seco, de 8,9 + 0,4 para 9,8 + 0,2 (p<0,001). Não encontramos alteração na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde e nem nos níveis de ansiedade e depressão. Conclusão: Um programa educativo estruturado atua como adjuvante eficaz no plano de tratamento dos pacientes com DPOC, dotando-os de importantes conhecimentos a respeito de sua doença e podendo mudar hábitos inadequados de saúde. / Introduction: The education of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – COPD patients is a fundamental part of pulmonary rehabilitation programs and it aims a better disease management. Objectives: To assess the learning capacity of COPD patients undergoing an educational program. Methods: A prospective study was performed with COPD patients at the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Lar Escola São Francisco, Brazil submitted to a educational program. Results: There was an increase in the number of correct questions to the questionnaire related to knowledge of the disease (59,58% to 91,25%; p < 0,001); a better performance in two activities of daily life (13,6% to 63,6%; p < 0,001 and 9,1% to 36,4%; p < 0,01). We observed a greater number of correct responses after the educational program; the mean went up from 6.5 ± 1.0 to 10.25 ± 0.96 (p = 0.002) when a pressurized nebulizer without a spacer was used, and from 6.7 ± 1.3 to 9.3 ± 0.9 (p < 0.001) when a nebulizer with a spacer was employed; the mean number of correct responses when using a dry powder inhaler increased from 8.9 ± 0.8 to 9.8 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001). We found no alterations in health quality or anxiety and depression levels. Conclusion: We concluded that a structured educational program acts as an important aid in treating COPD patients, providing them with essential knowledge about their disease and possibly leading to a change of improper health habits. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-12636.pdf: 1313292 bytes, checksum: 9dc5695df095889d7733e20c113824b4 (MD5) / Objetivo: Comparar os valores absolutos da CVF e VEF1 de uma amostra randomizada da populacao de Sao Paulo com mais de 40 anos de idade com os valores previstos das equacoes mais utilizadas no Brasil. Comparar os valores em percentuais do previstos da CVF e VEF1 das equacoes selecionadas com os da equacao PLATINO. Avaliar a mudanca de estadio da DPOC ao se utilizar as diferentes equacoes de referencia. Material e Metodos: Estudo retrospectivo, com 178 pessoas normais da amostra de moradores da regiao metropolitana de Sao Paulo, com idade .40 anos, proveniente do estudo PLATINO. Para a comparacao da CVF e do VEF1, foram subtraidos dos valores previstos a partir de cada equacao os valores absolutos obtidos de cada individuo, considerando uma diferenca de ate 0,15L, como definida pela ATS. Tambem foi realizada a diferenca entre os valores do percentual do previsto da CVF e VEF1 das equacoes com os da equacao PLATINO, com diferenca . 3% (ATS). O diagnostico de DPOC foi definido pela relacao VEF1/CVF < 0,70 pos-broncodilatador e a comparacao do estadiamento foi realizada utilizando a variavel VEF1 em porcentagem do previsto de cada equacao, tendo como referencia o percentual previsto da equacao PLATINO. As equacoes foram aplicadas de acordo com os seus limites de idade e altura. Teste t-student, Qui-quadrado e coeficiente de correlacao intraclasse foram utilizados para avaliar o comportamento da CVF e VEF1 nas diferentes equacoes e os dados foram apresentados em media, desvio padrao, erro padrao e intervalo de confianca de 95%. Resultados: Observamos que as equacoes que apresentam menor diferenca entre o valor previsto e o valor absoluto para CVF e VEF1, em ambos os sexos, foram Roca et al. (n=151), Pereira et al. 2007 (n=176), Enright et al (n=43) e PLATINO (n=178). A equacao Knudson et al (n=177). subestimou os valores absolutos para CVF e VEF1. Na comparacao com a equacao PLATINO, em percentual do previsto para CVF e VEF1, a equacao que apresentou menor diferenca foi a NHANES III (n=172), exceto para CVF masculina, que apresentou grande variabilidade. Foram avaliados 152 pacientes com DPOC, estadiados pelo VEF1, segundo a equacao PLATINO, observando-se mudanca no estadiamento em 29,6% dos pacientes em relacao as equacoes, tendo a equacao Knudson et al. apresentado o maior numero de alteracoes. Conclusao: Existe uma grande variabilidade nos valores previstos entre as equacoes de referencia. As equacoes que apresentaram menor variabilidade e melhor coeficiente de correlacao intraclasse foram Roca et al., NHANES III caucasiano et al., Enright et al. e PLATINO, recomendando-se o seu uso para a populacao brasileira. Existe mudanca no estadio da DPOC quando diferentes equacoes sao aplicadas, sugerindo-se o uso de uma unica equacao durante o tratamento do mesmo paciente para evitar eventuais alteracoes no tratamento. / Objective: To compare the absolute values of FVC and FEV1 found in a random sample of a Brazilian population over 40 years of age with values of equations most used in Brazil. To compare the values in percentage of predicted of FVC and FEV1 of the selected equations with the PLATINO equation ones. To evaluate the change in COPD staying when using different reference equations. Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study from a representative sample of residents in the metropolitan region of Sao Paulo, aged .40 years, from the PLATINO study. For comparison of the FVC and FEV1, were subtracted from the predicted values of each equation the absolute values obtained from each individual, considering the equation inadequate wherever there was a difference of up to 0.15 L as defined by ATS. We also evaluated the difference between the values of FVC and VEF1 in percentage of predicted of the equations with the PLATINO equation, considering as a limit a difference .3% (ATS). The diagnosis of COPD was defined as FEV1/FVC <0.70 after bronchodilator, and the comparison of staging was performed using the FEB1 in percentage of predicted in each equation, with reference to the percentage expected from the PLATINO equation. T-student test, chi-squared and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the performance of FVC and FEV1 in different equations and data are presented as mean, standard deviation, standard error and confidence interval of 95%. Results: After evaluating 178 healthy subjects, we observed that the equations that show less difference between the predicted value and the absolute value for both FEV1 and FVC in both sexes were Roca et al., Pereira et al. 2006, Enright et al. and PLATINO. The Knudson et al. equation underestimated the absolute values for both FVC and FEV1. In comparison with PLATINO equation, the percentage of predicted for FVC and FEV1, the equation showing the lowest difference was NHANES III, except for FVC male, who showed a wide variability. We evaluated 152 patients with COPD, observing staging changes in 29.6% in relation to the difference equations, being Knudson et al. the equation that showed the greatest number of changes. Conclusion: There is a great variability among the reference equations. The equations showing less variability and better intraclass correlation coefficient were Roca et al., Caucasian NHANES III et al., Enright et al. and PLATINO, which are the ones that should be recommended to be used for the Brazilian population. There is a change in the COPD staging when different equations are applied, suggesting that the use of a single equation for the treatment of the patient would avoid possible alterations in treatment. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações