January 1, 1999 Sweden was the first country in the world who instituted the law of sex purchase act. It means that now was the person who was buying sex to be criminalized. But in 2005 the law was substituted by a new punishment provision called purchase of sexual services.  But before the law sex purchase act was instituted, Sweden had different types of laws. One law was “lösdrivierilagen”. It means that the prostituted was accused crime. This law was abolished 1965. The purpose with this study is to view two Swedish state public investigations (SOU) that is focusing on prostitution. These two investigations published the years 1962:22 and 1995:15. The third investigations from 2010:49 will be used the consequences of the laws. To do this study gender needs to analyze the investigations. The professor Caroll Lee Bacchi´s method What is the problem represented to be? will be used in this essay.

Cette thèse se propose de contribuer à l’avancement des travaux en marketing sur le comportement d’achat et de report sur Internet. Dans ce travail, nous avons proposé une nouvelle vision du concept de report d’achat et de celui de la procrastination de l’achat. Après une étude qualitative et une revue de la littérature, nous avons identifié plusieurs causes potentielles du report de l’achat en ligne que nous avons classé en deux catégories, selon le type de report qu’elles induisent : Les causes du report subi et les causes du report choisi de l’achat en ligne. Nous avons ensuite testé l’effet de ces causes sur le report et sur sa durée et ce aussi bien en nombre de visites qu’en nombre de jours. A cet effet, deux modélisations ont été proposées. La première modélisation, qui concerne le report, a été testée au moyen d’une régression logistique binaire mettant en jeu sept déterminants du report. La deuxième modélisation, qui concerne la durée du report, a été testée au moyen de deux systèmes d’équations structurelles, le modèle global et le modèle réduit. Dans ce qui suit, nous présentons les apports théoriques et managériaux de la thèse, ainsi que les limites et les voies de recherches futures. 1. Apports de la recherche Cette recherche présente plusieurs contributions tant au niveau théorique que managérial. Ces apports sont développés ci-dessous. 1.1. Apports au niveau théoriqueCette recherche a permis de clarifier les ambiguïtés de la littérature autour des concepts de report et de procrastination. Nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche de ces deux concepts et mis en valeur l’existence de deux types de report : le report subi et le report choisi de l’achat. Après une revue détaillée de la littérature, nous avons contribué à une meilleure identification des causes du report de l’achat en ligne via une étude qualitative dédiée. Nous avons mis en valeur l’existence des causes du report subi et nous avons souligné l’importance de leur prise en considération dans l’explication du report d’achat et de sa durée.Ensuite, nous avons montré l’importance de quatre causes du report de nature situationnelle : La non-urgence, l’incertitude du besoin, le risque de la réalisation immédiate et la complexité. L’effet positif des trois premières causes a été testé et vérifié aussi bien sur le report que sur sa durée. L’effet positif de la complexité a été vérifié uniquement sur la durée du report en nombre de visites. L’effet positif du trait de procrastination a également été testé. Son effet sur la décision du report n’a pas été vérifié, mais son effet sur la durée du report via le risque de la réalisation immédiate et la complexité a été vérifié. Nous avons, par ailleurs, montré que le trait de procrastination a un effet positif sur la perception du risque général, du risque de la réalisation immédiate, de la complexité de l’achat ainsi que sur l’attitude négative envers l’achat en ligne. Cette recherche a également montré que la modélisation du trait de procrastination en haut de la chaine de causalité conduisant au report d’achat en ligne procurait un ajustement acceptable aux données, spécialement dans le cas d’un modèle réduit. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé la première échelle du trait de procrastination de l’acheteur en ligne. Nous avons également développé l’échelle de mesure du risque de la réalisation immédiate (Coût d’opportunité) et celle relative au degré de certitude du besoin. Enfin, nous avons adapté à partir d’échelles préexistantes les échelles d’attitude négative envers l’achat en ligne, du risque général de l’achat en ligne et de la complexité de l’achat en ligne. 1.2. Apports au niveau managérialLes résultats de cette recherche attirent tout d’abord l’attention des sites web marchands sur le fait qu’une majorité des répondants attribuent le report d’achat à des causes indépendantes de leurs volontés (report subi). / This thesis contributes to marketing works on the consumer delay in online purchases. In this work, we proposed a new vision of the concept of purchase delay and that of the procrastination of the purchase. After a qualitative study and a literature review, we identified several potential causes of the on-line purchase delay which we classified in two categories, according to the type of delay whom they lead: (1) The causes of the undergone online purchase delay and (2) the causes of the chosen online purchase delay. We then tested the effect of these causes on the online purchase delay and on its duration. For that purpose, two models were proposed. The first model, which concerns the “delay” was tested by means of a binary logistic regression involving seven determiners. The second model, which concerns the duration of the delay, was tested by means of two systems of structural equations. In what follows, we present the theoretical and manager contributions of the thesis, as well as the limits and the ways of futures researches. 1) Contributions of the researchThis research presents several theoretical and manager contributions. These contributions are developed below. a) Theoretical contributionsThis research allowed to clarify the ambiguities of the literature around the concepts of “delay” and “procrastination”. We proposed a new approach of these two concepts and emphasized the existence of two types of “delay” : “The undergone delay” and “the chosen delay”.After a literature review, we contributed to a better identification of the causes of the on-line purchase delay via a dedicated qualitative study. We emphasized the existence of the causes of the undergone delay and we underlined the importance of their taking into consideration in the explanation of the purchase delay and of its duration. Then, we showed the importance of four situational causes of the delay : The non-urgency, the uncertainty of the need, the risk of the immediate realization and the complexity. The positive effect of the first three causes was tested and verified as well on the “delay” as on its duration. The positive effect of the complexity was only verified on the duration of delay in number of visits. The positive effect of the online buyer trait procrastination was also tested. Its effect on the delay decision was not verified, but its effect on the delay duration via the risk of the immediate realization and the complexity was verified. We showed, besides, that the trait procrastination has a positive effect on the perception of the general risk, the risk of the immediate realization, the complexity of the purchase as well as on the negative attitude to the on-line purchase. This research also showed that the modelling of the online buyer trait procrastination at the top of the causality chain leading to on-line purchase delay got an acceptable adjustment to the data, specially in the case of the reduced model.Besides, we developed the first scale of the online buyer trait procrastination. We also developed a scale of the immediate purchase realization risk (Opportunity cost) and a third scale relative to the purchase need certainty degree . Finally, we adapted from pre-existent scales the scales of on-line purchase negative attitude, the on-line purchase general risk and the on-line purchase complexity. b) Managerial contributions The results of this search research draw first of all the attention of retail websites on the fact that a majority of online buyers the referees attribute their online purchase delay to causes independent from their wills (undergone delay ). Among these causes, a good part is presented by the online buyers as resulting from a failure of the site (persistent technical breakdowns, unavailability of the product, refusal of the credit card, etc.).

App 內購買(In-App Purchase, IAP)已成為現今App 營收的主要模式，而過 去針對此一現象的研究大多集中於遊戲類的App，較少針對其他類型App(工 具、資訊、社交)進行探討。 本研究先利用文獻歸納的方式，整理出可能影響使用者App 內購買的因 素，再透過深度訪談法，針對曾經進行過App 內購買的使用者進行訪問，歸納 出App 使用動機、販售商品與App 的互補性與口碑情緒三個因素會影響使用者 對商品的知覺價值與購買意圖，並依此建構本研究的研究模型，並進行實驗設 計。在實驗中，本研究挑出四種不同類型的App，並以高低互補性、正面口碑 的有無為操弄變項，搭配App 使用動機來搜集資料並進行分析。 研究結果發現：(1) 部分App 使用動機會對知覺價值與購買意圖有顯著影響。 (2) App 與商品的互補性對於知覺價值與購買意圖皆有顯著影響。(3) 口碑對於 商品的知覺價值有顯著影響，但是對於購買意圖沒有顯著影響。顯示IAP 商品 是否能與App 有效整合，為App 帶來更多的價值，才是影響使用者購買意圖的 最大因素。 / In-App purchase(IAP) has become the main revenue model in App market. Previous studies on this issue are mostly focused on game Apps, and rarely explored other types of Apps such as productivity tools, information or social networking tools. In this study, we use literature analysis and in-depth interviews to find factors that may affect users’ in-app purchase intention. User motivation, product complementarity, and word-of-mouth are found to affect users’ perceived value and in-app purchase intention. We developed a theoretical model and designed an experiment to test the model. In the experiment, we chose four different types of Apps, designed with different levels of complementarity and different sentiment of word-of-mouth (user comments) as the treatment. The results indicated that: (1) Certain motivations significantly affected the perceived value and purchase intention of IAP products. (2) Complementarity between IAP products and the App significantly affected the perceived value and purchase intentions of IAP product. (3) word-of-mouth significantly affected perceived value but not affecting the purchase intention of IAP products.

Submitted by Gabriela Devens (gabrieladevens@gmail.com) on 2018-01-22T11:05:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIGITAL Dissertação Gabriela Devens - Confiança.pdf: 1090712 bytes, checksum: f67185de3c15f332f0c4fc3ed91721e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2018-01-24T11:20:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DIGITAL Dissertação Gabriela Devens - Confiança.pdf: 1090712 bytes, checksum: f67185de3c15f332f0c4fc3ed91721e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T19:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIGITAL Dissertação Gabriela Devens - Confiança.pdf: 1090712 bytes, checksum: f67185de3c15f332f0c4fc3ed91721e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-23 / Purpose – This study aims to understand which attributes influence the creation of trust that leads to an online purchase. These attributes will be categorized between the features of the e-commerce and the costumers’ characteristics and believes that affect the trust on online shopping. In addition, attributes found in previous studies, focused on more mature markets, were considered in order to understand the current Brazilian market. Methodology – The present research is exploratory and qualitative. Focus groups and interviews were conducted among customers with strong online shopping habits and others with certain level of resistance. Results – This study demonstrates that the costumer’s characteristics prevails over the e-commerce features on the creation of trust for the purchase decision. Among them, the most relevant attributes found in both studied groups were brand awareness and recommendations from acquaintances. Limitations – Further research is needed with a higher number of interviews that diversify the costumer’s profiles. Furthermore, shopping awareness and the influence of social media should be taken into account. Practical implications – These results identify features for the creation of trust and contribute for the implementation of new strategies for the increase of online shopping. Originality – This study contributes for the understanding of underlaying consumer’s characteristics and categorized brand awareness, influence in decision making, knowledge of rules and search for information. / Objetivo – Este estudo pretende pesquisar quais atributos influenciam na criação de confiança para a decisão de compra online. Os atributos serão divididos entre propriedades do ecommerce, e características e crenças dos consumidores que influenciam no aumento de confiança de compra online. Metodologia – Possui natureza exploratória, de natureza qualitativa, que tem por objetivo compreender a possível inadequação dos trabalhos originados em mercados mais maduros para compreender os desafios do nosso mercado. Para realização da pesquisa foram feitos grupos focais e entrevistas, com clientes que já possuem o hábito de comprar online e os que possuem alguma resistência. Resultados – Foi demonstrado que os atributos do consumidor prevalecem para a criação de confiança na decisão de compra, se comparado com os atributos do ecommerce. Dentre eles, os quesitos mais importantes para os dois públicos estudados foi o conhecimento de marca e a influencia de um conhecido para a tomada de decisão de compra online. Limitações – Pesquisas futuras podem aumentar o número de entrevistas, de forma que entendam diferentes perfils de consumidores, desde o consumo consciente seja avaliado, e a interação com as mídias sociais. Contribuições práticas – A partir desses resultados, as organizações podem identificar os fatores que ajudam na criação de confiança e assim contribuir para o aumento das vendas online. Originalidade – Pelo nosso conhecimento, este estudo aprofundou o entendimento dos atributos do consumidor e categorizou diferenciando entre conhecimento de marca, influencia na tomada de decisão, conhecimento das regras e busca de informação.

Company law traditionally regulated capital by use of the capital maintenance principle. The Companies Act 71 of 2008 replaces the capital maintenance regime with one based on solvency and liquidity. This dissertation aims at analysing the capital rules relating to financial assistance as they are contained in the Companies Act 71 of 2008. This includes the provision of financial assistance for the purpose of or in connection with the purchase or subscription of securities in the company (section 44) and the provision of financial assistance to directors and prescribed officers of the lending company or of a related or inter-related company, or to a related or inter-related company (sections 45). The solvency and liquidity test, which is required to be applied when a company intends to provide financial assistance is analysed at the outset of the study. The work of renown authors are used for purposes of the study. The solvency and liquidity test comprises of two elements, namely solvency and liquidity. Each element of the test as well as the assets to be considered and valuation thereof is analysed. The greatest problem with regard to the test is which assets to include when the company is part of a group of companies and the lack of provision for the protection of preferential liquidation rights in all instances. Clarity is called for in these regards. Where there is a question as to valuation method of the assets, it is submitted that it is best left to be determined by the directors. The provision of financial assistance in terms of section 44 is analysed in detail. The provision of financial assistance to a person for the purpose of or in connection with the purchase of securities in a company is allowed, subject to certain conditions and requirements. Companies are also allowed to impose further conditions or requirements in the Memorandum of Incorporation. The key terms are defined and analysed, as well as the conditions or requirements for the provision of financial assistance. The scope of application of the section is cast incredibly wide due to the wide definition of “securities” and the extension of the application to financial assistance for securities in a “related or inter-related” company. The provision of financial assistance in terms of section 45 is analysed in the same manner (albeit in less detail) as section 44. The biggest problem here again is its wide scope of application due to the extension of application to provision of financial assistance to a “related or inter-related” company or director or a prescribed officer thereof. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

The thesis disserts on particular takeover techniques, both generally and with respect to the specific regulation by Czech law, considering the relevant rules of acquis communautaire. The paper is focused in particular on takeover bids, public offers for purchase or swap of shares, squeeze-out, sell-out, purchase of business establishment and mergers. The objective is to analyze the subject-matter both from legal and economic point of view, with respect to tax and accounting implications. The thesis contains also the analysis of suitability of particular takeover techniques for specific types of investors, with respect to the aims and intents pursued.

This thesis deals with the purchase behavior and habits of consumers in the retail chain COOP, particularly cooperative COOP Hořovice. The work consists of two main parts -- theoretical and practical. The theoretical part solves the issue of purchase behavior of consumer and the factors that influence on consumer during all phases of their purcasing decisions, from a general perspective. Regarding the solving issue work also provides information about private labels, which are typical for retail. Furthermore it includes basic knowledge of marketing research and its phases. The practical part is beginning with important data about the cooperative COOP Hoovice (history, basic information, offered services and private labels). Recommendations for improvements are based on the course of research and its results interpretation.

The master's thesis deals with the purchase decision-making process of consumers in the market of the portable computers. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the different stages of the purchase decision-making process, specify the consumers in this market and describe their buying behaviour. In the theoretical part of the thesis there are described internal and external factors affecting the buying behaviour of consumers and also the purchase decision-making process. Furthermore, the thesis describes the market of portable computers, the current situation on this market and purchase decision-making process in this market. The thesis contains primary and secondary research. Primary research involves the analysis of data obtained from a questionnaire survey conducted in the form of online surveying. Primary research is devoted to the description of the various stages of the purchase decision-making process of the defined age categories. Secondary research specifies the consumers in the market of portable computers on the basis of data from the database MML-TGI.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate the ways in which sustainable market communication and greenwashing affect consumers' trust, attitude and purchase intention. We will also examine the relationship between consumer trust and attitudes towards companies and the customers' purchase intention. Theory: The theoretical framework of the study is based on theories about the factors that affect consumers in connection with sustainable marketing communication and greenwashing. Method: For the study, a deductive approach was used through a quantitative research method. Data was collected through an online survey that was answered by 109 respondents. Findings: The regression analysis showed that sustainable market communication affects consumer trust, attitude and purchase intention. In connection with sustainable marketing communication, the purchase intention affects consumers' attitudes but not their trust. The results also showed that greenwashing has an effect on consumer trust and attitude. On the other hand, the results show that greenwashing does not affect consumers' purchase intention. Conclusion: The study shows that companies through sustainable marketing communication and greenwashing have several effects on consumers. Sustainable marketing communication has a positive impact on consumers while greenwashing has a negative impact on consumers. The study shows that sustainable marketing communication has a positive effect on consumer trust, attitudes and purchase intention. When consumers have a positive attitude towards the company, their purchase intention is positively affected. Greenwashing instead negatively affects consumers' trust and attitude. When consumers gain a negative trust or attitude towards the company, their purchase intention is negatively affected. Contribution: The study contributes with research on consumers trust, attitudes and purchase intention in connection with sustainable marketing communication and greenwashing. By combining the concepts of trust and attitudes, the study complements existing research insustainable marketing communication and greenwashing. The results can be of importance for managers and marketers in the design of marketing strategies of sustainability. The study gives companies an explanation of how their communication affects consumers. This essay is written in swedish / Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka på vilket sätt hållbar marknadskommunikation och greenwashing påverkar konsumenters förtroende, attityd och köpintention. Vi ska även undersöka sambandet mellan konsumenters förtroende samt attityder gentemot företag och konsumenters köpintention. Teoretisk referensram: Studiens teoretiska referensram grundar sig i befintliga teorier om vilka faktorer som påverkar konsumenter i samband med hållbar marknadskommunikation och greenwashing. Metod: För studien användes en deduktiv ansats i samband med en kvantitativforskningsmetod. Insamling av data genomfördes med en enkätundersökning online som besvarades av 109 respondenter. Resultat: Regressionsanalysen visade att hållbar marknadskommunikation påverkarkonsumenters förtroende, attityd samt köpintention. I samband med hållbarmarknadskommunikation påverkades köpintentionen av konsumenters attityd men inte av deras förtroende. Resultaten visade även att greenwashing har effekter på konsumenters förtroende och attityd. I samband med greenwashing påverkades konsumenters attityd och förtroende deras köpintention. Däremot framgår det av resultatet att greenwashing inte påverkade konsumenters köpintention. Slutsats: Studien visar att företag genom hållbar marknadskommunikation och greenwashing har flera effekter på konsumenter. Hållbar marknadskommunikation har en positiv inverkan på konsumenter medan greenwashing har en negativ inverkan på konsumenter. Studien visar att hållbar marknadskommunikation påverkar konsumenters förtroende, attityder och köpintention positivt. När konsumenter får positiv attityd gentemot företag påverkas deras köpintention positivt. Greenwashing påverkar istället konsumenters förtroende och attityder negativt. När konsumenter får negativt förtroende eller attityder gentemot företag påverkas deras köpintention negativt. Uppsatsen bidrag: Studien bidrar med forskning om konsumenters förtroende, attityder och köpintention i samband med hållbar marknadskommunikation och greenwashing. Genom att kombinera begreppen förtroende och attityder kompletterar studien befintlig forskning inom hållbar marknadskommunikation och greenwashing. Resultaten kan vara betydande för chefer och marknadsförare vid utformandet av marknadsföringsstrategier i samband med hållbarhet. Studien ger företag en förklaring till hur deras kommunikation påverkar konsumenter.

This thesis is focused on analysis of the use of electronic reverse auctions in the construction industry in Slovakia. The theoretical part provides the basic concepts, types and participants of electronic auctions. There are also analysed in detail the electronic reverse auctions as an important tool for procurement processes in the construction industry. The practical part deals with the analysis and subsequent recommendation for the construction sector - through a questionnaire survey.