Orientador: Antonio Jose Engler / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T18:56:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_MauriciodeAraujo_M.pdf: 1033477 bytes, checksum: 8d697b5cdeb1a633c1270a5e2f919de7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, estudamos as álgebras biquaterniônicas, que são um tipo especial de álgebra central simples de dimensão 16, obtida como produto tensorial de duas álgebras de quatérnios. A teoria de formas quadráticas é aplicada para estudarmos critérios de decisão sobre quando uma álgebra biquaterniônica é de divisão e quando duas destas álgebras são isomorfas. Além disso, utilizamos o u-invariante do corpo para discutirmos a existência de álgebras biquaterniônicas de divisão sobre o corpo. Provamos também um resultado atribuído a A. A. Albert, que estabelece critérios para decidir quando uma álgebra central simples de dimensão 16 é de fato uma álgebra biquaterniônica, através do estudo de involuções. Ao longo do trabalho, construímos vários exemplos concretos de álgebras biquaterniônicas satisfazendo propriedades importantes / Mestrado / Algebra / Mestre em Matemática

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-27T14:50:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Murany de Fátima Botelho Souza - 2014.pdf: 2572668 bytes, checksum: b6e41a3825ec511979b76508b3d5706d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-01-28T12:59:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Murany de Fátima Botelho Souza - 2014.pdf: 2572668 bytes, checksum: b6e41a3825ec511979b76508b3d5706d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-28T12:59:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Murany de Fátima Botelho Souza - 2014.pdf: 2572668 bytes, checksum: b6e41a3825ec511979b76508b3d5706d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The principal objective of this work, is to present the main Free Softwares of Mathemathics, emphasizing their mathemathical functions and corresponding platforms. We present some proposed pedagogical activities for basic and upper education, using GeoGebra and wxMaxima, respectively. It was verified, that activities facilitated by software, should always be based on mathemathical arguments. Furthermore, the teacher should master and know all tools and limitations of the mathemathical software, before employing any classroom activity. Finally, we perceived the limitations of Free Mathemathical Softwares when it comes to the construction of graphics for implicitly given functions. / O trabalho tem por objetivo principal apresentar os principais Softwares Livres Matemáticos, destacando suas funções matemáticas e suas respectivas plataformas. Foram apresentadas propostas atividades pedagógicas para o Ensino Básico e para o Ensio Superior, utilizando o GeoGebra e o wxMaxima respectivamente. Verificou-se que atividades mediadas por software devem ser fundamentada com argumentos matemáticos. Além disso, o professor deve dominar e conhecer todas as ferramentas e limitações do software matemático, antes de desenvolver qualquer atividade em sala de aula. Finalmete pudemos perceber as limitações dos Softwares Livres Matemáticos para a construção de gráficos de funções implícitas.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-12-12T16:55:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jesmmer da Silveira Alves - 2016.pdf: 4498358 bytes, checksum: e1a92f88800ddd8032e2b0c1039f216d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-13T19:31:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jesmmer da Silveira Alves - 2016.pdf: 4498358 bytes, checksum: e1a92f88800ddd8032e2b0c1039f216d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-13T19:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jesmmer da Silveira Alves - 2016.pdf: 4498358 bytes, checksum: e1a92f88800ddd8032e2b0c1039f216d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-18 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Quadratic forms are algebraic expressions that have important role in different areas of computer science, mathematics, physics, statistics and others. We deal with rational quadratic forms and integral quadratic forms, with rational and integer coefficients respectively. Existing methods for recognition of rational quadratic forms have exponential time complexity or use approximation that weaken the result reliability. We develop a polinomial algorithm that improves the best-case of rational quadratic forms recognition in constant time. In addition, new strategies were used to guarantee the results reliability, by representing rational numbers as a fraction of integers, and to identify linear combinations that are linearly independent, using Gauss reduction. About the recognition of integral quadratic forms, we identified that the existing algorithms have exponential time complexity for weakly nonnegative type and are polynomial for weakly positive type, however the degree of the polynomial depends on the algebra dimension and can be very large. We have introduced a polynomial algorithm for the recognition of weakly nonnegative quadratic forms. The related algorithm identify hypercritical restrictions testing every subgraph of 9 vertices of the quadratic form associated graph. By adding Depth First Search approach, a similar strategy was used in the recognition of weakly positive type. We have also shown that the recognition of integral quadratic forms can be done by mutations in the related exchange matrix. / Formas quadráticas são expressões algébricas que têm papel importante em diferentes áreas da ciência da computação, matemática, física, estatística e outras. Abordamos nesta tese formas quadráticas racionais e formas inteiras, com coeficientes racionais e inteiros respectivamente. Os métodos existentes para reconhecimento de formas quadráticas racionais têm complexidade de tempo exponencial ou usam aproximações que deixam o resultado menos confiável. Apresentamos um algoritmo polinomial que aprimora o melhorcaso do reconhecimento de formas quadráticas para tempo constante. Ainda mais, novas estratégias foram usadas para garantir a confiabilidade dos resultados, representando nú- meros racionais como frações de inteiros, e para identificar combinações lineares que são linearmente independentes, usando a redução de Gauss. Sobre o reconhecimento de formas inteiras, identificamos que os algoritmos existentes têm complexidade de tempo exponencial para o tipo fracamente não-negativa e polinomial para o tipo fracamente positiva. No entanto, o grau do polinômio depende da dimensão da álgebra e pode ser muito grande. Apresentamos um algoritmo polinomial para o reconhecimento de formas inteiras fracamente positivas. Este algoritmo identifica restrições hipercríticas avaliando todo subgrafo com 9 vértices do grafo associado à forma inteira. Através da busca em profundidade, uma estratégia similar pôde ser usada no reconhecimento do tipo fracamente positiva. Por fim, mostramos que o reconhecimento de formas inteiras pode ser feito através de mutações na matriz de troca relacionada.

Neste trabalho procuramos realizar uma apresentação autocontida sobre os conceitos da teoria algébrica de formas quadráticas e sobre os anéis graduados que surgiram no desenvolvimento desta teoria. Iniciamos procurando esclarecer o sentido da equivalência entre as várias acepções do conceito de forma quadrática. Após a apresentação de ingredientes e resultados geométricos, fazemos um extrato da teoria dos anéis de Witt, conceito que originou a moderna teoria algébrica de formas quadráticas. Disponibilizamos os elementos fundamentais para a formulação das teorias de cohomologia, nos concentrado no desenvolvimento da teoria de cohomologia profinita e, sobretudo, galoisiana. Descrevemos os funtores K0, K1 e K2 da K-teoria clássica e também a K-teoria de Milnor, que é mais adequada para formular questões sobre formas quadráticas. Finalizamos o trabalho com a apresentação de alguns conceitos da Teoria dos Grupos Especiais, uma codificação em primeira-ordem da teoria algébrica das formas quadráticas e exemplificamos sua importância, fornecendo um extrato da prova realizada por Dickmann-Miraglia da conjectura de Marshall sobre assinaturas, que se baseia fortemente nesta teoria. / In this work I try to provide a self-contained presentation on the concepts of algebraic theory of quadratic forms and on the graded rings that have emerged in the development of this theory. I started trying to clarify the meaning of \"equivalence\"between the various meanings of the concept of quadratic form. After the presentation of geometrical ingredients and results, we make an extract of the theory of Witt rings, a concept that originated the modern algebraic theory of quadratic forms. It is provided the key elements for the formulation of cohomology theories, focusing on the development of profinite cohomology theory and, especially, on galoisian cohomology. Are described the functors K0, K1 and K2 of classical K-theory and also the Milnor K-theory, which is more appropriate to formulate questions about quadratic forms. The dissertation is finished with the presentation of some concepts of the Theory of Special Groups, a first-order encoding of algebraic theory of quadratic forms, and with an example its importance by providing an extract of proof by Dickmann-Miraglia of the Marshalls conjecture on signatures, which relies heavily on this theory.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Brumatti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:35:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Negreiros_DiogoBrunoFernandes_M.pdf: 5674415 bytes, checksum: bdd28225d3cc5505f91fd61e797f2794 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este texto tem como objetivo o estudo de um tipo de código que possui relações com as teorias de curvas algébricas e de formas quadráticas. Começaremos introduzindo as definições e resultados sobre as três teorias que serão necessárias a este estudo. Depois apresentaremos os códigos a serem estudados bem como as relações entre seus sub-códigos e curvas algébricas e entre suas palavras e formas quadráticas. Observando que sub-códigos de peso mais baixo correspondem a curvas com mais pontos, nos dedicaremos a obter um processo para a descoberta de sub-códigos de peso mínimo dentro deste tipo de código. Tal processo será possível através de investigações sobre as formas quadráticas associadas a palavras. Finalizaremos com exemplos de aplicações do processo em alguns códigos, o que permite também calcular seus pesos de Hamming generalizados de ordem mais baixa / Abstract: This text's objective is the study of a kind of code wich has relations with the theories of algebraic curves and quadratic forms. We start by introducing definitions and results about the three theories we will need in such study. Later, we present the codes wich will be studied along with relations between its subcodes and algebraic curves and between its words and quadratic forms. Noting that lower weight subcodes correspond to curves with more points, we research a process to find minimum weight subcodes in this kind of code. This process will be possible through investigations on the quadratic forms related to words. Finally we set examples of applications of the process on some codes, and that gives us their lower order generalized Hamming weights / Mestrado / Matematica / Mestre em Matemática

La géométrie algébrique réelle est dans sa définition la plus simple, l'étude des ensembles de solutions d'un système d'équations polynomiales à coefficients réelles. Dans cette vaste thématique, on se concentre sur les intersections de quadriques où déjà le cas de trois quadriques reste largement ouvert. Notre sujet peut être résumé comme l'étude topologique des variétés algébriques réelles et l'interaction entre leur topologie d'une part et leur déformations et dégénérations d'autre part, un problème issu du 16ième problème de Hilbert et enrichi par des développements récents. Au cours de cette thèse, nous allons nous focaliser sur les intersections maximales de quadriques réelles et en particulier démonter l'existence de telles intersections en utilisant des développements issus des recherches effectuées depuis la fin des années 80. Dans le cas d'intersections de trois quadriques, nous allons mettre en évidence le lien très étroits entre ces intersections d'une part et les courbes planes d'autre part, et démontrer que l'étude des M-courbes (une des problématiques du 16ième problème de Hilbert) peut se faire à travers l'étude des intersections maximales. Nous utiliserons ensuite les résultats sur les courbes planes nodales afin de déterminer dans certains cas les classes de déformations d'intersections de trois quadriques réelles. / Real algebraic geometry is in its simplest definition, the study of sets of solutions of a system of polynomial equations with real coefficients. In this theme, we focus on the intersections of quadrics where already the case of three quadrics remains wide open. Our subject can be summarized as the topological study of real algebraic varieties and interaction between their topology on the one hand and their deformations and degenerations on the other hand, a problem coming from the 16th Hilbert problem and enriched by recent developments. In this thesis, we will focus on maximum intersections of real quadrics and particularly prove the existence of such intersections using research developments made since the late 80. In the case of intersections of three quadrics, we will point the very close link between the intersections on the one hand and on the other plane curves, and show that the study of M-curves (one of the problems of the 16th Hilbert problem) may be done through the study of maximum intersections. Next, we will use the study on nodal plane curves to determine in some cases deformation classes of intersections of three real quadrics.

Les espaces d'ordres abstraits sont introduits par M. Marshall dans les années 70, dans la perspective d'offrir un cadre abstrait à l'étude des formes quadratiques. Vers le début des années 90, les travaux de M. Dickmann, L. de Lima et de F. Miraglia, ont donné naissance à la version duale des groupes spéciaux. Le premier thème que nous traiterons est la caractérisation des points d'un espace d'ordres du corps de fonctions d'une variété réelle, nous reprendrons un résultat de Brumfiel affirmant l'existence d'une correspondance entre ces ordres et des ultrafiltres de semi-algébriques. Nous appliquerons ceci au corps R(x,y). Suivra la caractérisation des ordres de ce corps à travers la notion de demi-branche de Bézout. Le second thème traite des principes locaux-globaux généralisés (ou Conjecture pp). Le premier résultat de la thèse porte sur la séparation des constructibles et sur la principalité des basiques. Nous montrerons que le langage des groupes spéciaux nous offre une vision claire du fait que ces principes découlent trivialement du principe de l'isotropie étendu. Le second résultat traite des contre-exemples à la conjecture dans le cas de la conique rationnelle donnée par l'équation x2+y2=3. Le dernier résultat (le plus important), aborde la conjecture pp dans le cadre du corps R(x,y). Nous nous intéresserons à des familles de polynômes vérifiant certaines conditions géométriques et montrerons que toute formule pp, ayant ses paramètres dans cette famille, vérifie un principe local-global. Nous les baptiserons formules V-universelles. Nous clorons le dernier chapitre par deux méthodes de construction. / Spaces of orderings were introduced in the last of 70s by M. Marshall, in order to provide an abstract framework to the study of a generalized theory of quadratic forms. In the 90s, the work of M. Dickmann , joined by his student L. Lima and his collaborator F. Miraglia , gave rise to the dual version of this theory, the special groups. First, we focus on the characterization of points of a space of orderings in special the case of function fields of real varieties, we review a Brumfiel?s result proving the existence of a one-to-one correspondence between points of such a space and some family of ultrafilters of semi-algebraic sets of the variety. We apply this to the case where the field is R(x,y). Another characterization uses the concept of Bezout?s half-branch. The second topic deals with a generalized local-global principle, known as the pp-conjecture. The first new result of this thesis focuses on the separation of constructibles and the principality of basics. We show that the first order language traduces well these properties and offers a clear vision that they derive trivially from extended isotropy theorem. The second result presents a generalized counter-example to the pp-conjecture in the case of the rational conic defined by the equation x2 + y2 = 3. The last result (most important), addresses the pp-conjecture in the context of the space of orderings of the field R(x,y). We will focus on families of polynomials satisfying certain geometric conditions and show that any pp-formula, with its parameters in this family, verifies a local-global principle. We baptize them V-universal formulas. We close the last chapter by two construction methods.

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No description available.

Cette thèse se concentre sur l'étude de quelques propriétés arithmétiques de certaines variétés algébriques qui sont ``les plus simples'' en un sens géométrique et qui sont définies sur des corps de type géométrique. Elle se compose de trois chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, indépendant des deux autres, on s'intéresse à la propriété d'approximation faible pour une variété projective lisse rationnellement connexe X définie sur le corps de fonctions K=k(C) d'une courbe algébrique C sur un corps k. Supposons que X possède un K-point rationnel. En utilisant des méthodes géométriques, on démontre que X(K) est Zariski dense dans X si k est un corps fertile, et que l'approximation faible en un certain ensemble de places de bonne réduction vaut pour X sous des hypothèses supplémentaires convenables. Lorsque k est un corps fini, on obtient l'approximation faible en une place quelconque de bonne réduction pour une surface cubique lisse sur K ainsi qu'un résultat sur l'approximation faible d'ordre zéro pour des hypersurfaces cubiques de dimension supérieure sur K.Les deux autres chapitres forment la seconde partie de la thèse, où on travaille sur le corps des fractions K d'un anneau intègre local R, hensélien, excellent de dimension 2 dont le corps résiduel k est souvent supposé fini et où on emploie des outils plus algébriques. On étudie d'abord la ramification et la cyclicité des algèbres à division sur un tel corps K. On démontre en particulier que toute classe de Brauer d'ordre n premier à la caractéristique résiduelle sur K est d'indice divisant n^2 et que la cyclicité d'une classe de Brauer d'ordre premier peut être testée localement sur les corps complétés par rapport aux valuations discrètes de K. Ces résultats sont appliqués dans le dernier chapitre pour étudier l'arithmétique des formes quadratiques sur K. On montre que toute forme quadratique de rang \ge 9 sur K possède un zéro non trivial. Si K est le corps des fractions d'un anneau de séries formelles A[[t]] sur un anneau de valuation discrète complet A, on a prouvé le principe local-global pour toute forme quadratique de rang \ge 5 sur K. Pour K général on a établi le principe local-global pour les formes de rang 5. Le cas des formes de rang 6,7 ou 8 est ouvert. / This thesis is concerned with the study of some arithmetic properties of certain algebraic varieties which are ``simplest'' in some geometric sense and which are defined over fields of geometric type. It consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, which is independent of the other two, we consider the weak approximation property for a smooth projective rationally connecte d variety X defined over the function field K=k(C) of an algebraic curve C over a field k. Suppose that X admits a K-rational point. Using geometric methods we prove that X(K) is Zariski dense in X if k is a large field, and that under suitable hypotheses weak approximation with respect to a set of places of good reduction holds for X. When k is a finite field, we obtain weak approximation at any given place of good reduction for a smooth cubic surface over K as well as a zero-th order weak approximation result for higher dimensional cubic hypersurfaces over K.The second part of the thesis consists of the last two chapters, where we work over the fraction field K of a 2-dimensional, excellent, henselian local domain R whose residue field k is often assumed to be finite, and where we use more algebraic tools. We first study the ramification and the cyclicity of division algebras over such a field K. We show in particular that every Brauer class over K of order n, which is prime to the residue characteristic, has index dividing n^2, and that the cyclicity of a Brauer class of prime order can be tested locally over the completions of K with respect to discrete valuations. These results are used in the last chapter to study the arithmetic of quadratic forms over K. We prove that every quadratic form of rank \ge 9 over K has a nontrivial zero. When K is the fraction field of a power series ring A[[t]] over a complete discrete valuation ring A, we prove the local-global principle for quadratic forms of rank \ge 5 over K. For general K we prove the local-global principle for quadratic forms of rank 5. The local-global principle for quadratic forms of rank 6, 7 or 8 is still open in the general case.