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Bakgrund: Närstående kan betraktas vara till god hjälp i vård i livets slutskede. Närstående anses besitta goda kunskaper om patienten och kan vara till god hjälp för symtomlindring, som är en av de fyra hörnstenarna i den palliativa vården. Sjuksköterskan utgår ifrån sex kärnkompetenser för att bedriva en säker vård för patient och närstående.  Syfte: Denna litteraturöversikt beskriver sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att göra närstående delaktiga i vården till patienter som befinner sig i livets slutskede.  Metod: En studie med kvalitativ metod som baserades på elva vetenskapliga artiklar och granskades utifrån Fribergs fem analyssteg.  Resultat: Studiens resultat påvisade att närstående är en viktig del i vård i livets slutskede samt besitter goda kunskaper om patienten. Resultatet består av två huvudfynd och sex subkategorier. I resultatet framkom det att god kommunikation, tidig planering samt en god vårdmiljö krävdes av sjuksköterskan för att göra närstående delaktiga. Etiska dilemman upplevde sjuksköterskor vara en svår del av delaktighetsprocessen. Resultatet uppger att sjuksköterskans kompetens och professionella roll sattes på spel när konflikter med närstående uppstod.  Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor upplevde att närstående var en viktig pusselbit för att främja patientens livskvalitet i livets slutskede, samt för att bidra till en personcentrerad omvårdnad. / Background: Relatives can be considered as good help in end-of-life-care, and they also have good knowledge of patients wishes in the end of life. Relatives can be of significant help for nurses when it comes to symptom reliefs which is one of the four cornerstones in palliative care. Nursing care is based on six core competencies for conducting a patient-relative centered care.  Aim: To describe nurses' experiences of involving relatives in the care of patients who needs end of life care.  Method: A literature review with a qualitative method that included eleven scientific articles that were reviewed and analyzed, based on Friberg's five steps.  Results: Relatives are important in the final stages of life and possess good knowledge of the patient. Two main categories and six subcategories were found. The results proves that good communication, early planning and good environment are important for nurses to include relatives in the end-of-life-care. Ethical issues were experienced as difficult to make relatives participating in the end-of-life-care. When conflicts occurred, the nurses’ competences and professional role were questioned. Conclusion: Nurses felt that relatives were important to promote the patient's quality of life in the final stages of life, and to contribute to person-centered care.

Vikten av barns och ungdomars delaktighet är centralt i samhällsinsatser och forskning, samtidigt som avsaknad av mätmetoder av upplevelsen lyfts fram.Syftet med denna c-uppsats har varit att genomföra en undersökning av intellektuellt funktionsnedsatta barns och ungdomars upplevelser av social delaktighet utifrån deras perspektiv, dvs. barnets perspektiv samt att undersöka om mätverktyget Pict-O-Stat är en adekvat metod att använda för att mäta upplevelsen av delaktighet. Delaktighetsbegreppets komplexitet belyses och det är med perspektivet ”Den sociala delaktigheten i vardagslivet” som frågeställningen undersöks. Metoderna har varit en kvantitativ enkätundersökning där Pict-O-Stat används som mätverktyg och Pict-O-Stathandledarnas upplevelse av hur funktionellt mätverktyget är, genomförs med ett hermeneutiskt förhållningssätt genom en studie med öppna frågor. Verksamheterna som undersökningen genomfördes i är korttidsvistelse, korttidstillsyn och bostad med särskild service för barn eller ungdomar enligt LSS. Barnen och ungdomarna tillhör LSS-personkrets 1, vilken omfattar personer med utvecklingsstörning, autism eller autismliknade tillstånd (inklusive Aspergers syndrom) och de var mellan 5-21 år. Materialet var begränsat, då få medgivande från föräldrar inkom. Sammanfattningsvis visade undersökningen att graden av upplevd delaktighet varierar samt att komplexiteten i begreppet gör det oklart vad delaktighet är. Resultatet belyser mätverktyget Pict-O-Stats möjligheter och begränsningar samt understryker behovet av framtida forskning inom området. / Despite the importance of participation for children and young with intellectual disability in central social interventions and research, methods of quantifying and monitoring are underdeveloped. The purpose of this essay has been to conduct a study of intellectually disabled children´s and young people's experiences of social participation from their perspective, i.e. the child's perspective and to investigate whether the measuring tool Pict-O-Stat is a functional method to use to measure the experience of participation. The complexity of the concept of participation is analyzed in the perspective of “social participation in everyday life". The method utilized has been a quantitative survey where Pict-O-Stat is used as a measuring tool and Pict-O-Stat supervisors' perception of the functionality of the measurement tool is studied through a hermeneutic approach and a questionnaire with open questions. The activities that the survey was implemented in are short-term stay, short-term supervision and accommodation with special services for children or young people entitled to support by LSS, the Act on Support and Service to certain Impaired Persons. The children and young people participating belong to the LSS category 1, which includes persons with mental retardation, autism or pervasive developmental disorders (incl. Asperger’s syndrome) and they were between 5-21 years. The material was limited, because the consents from parents were less than expected. In summary, the survey showed that the degree of perceived participation varies and that the complexity of the concept made the meaning of participation unclear. The result emphasizes the possibilities and limitations of the method of Pict-O-Stat and underlines the need of future research within this field.

Abstract In January 2020 the TV-program, Uppdrag granskning, was aired on channel SVT in Sweden and it was about the company Arla and their animal husbandry. Today's consumers place higher demands on food and which products they choose to buy, which shows that more and more people are making more conscious choices. The purpose of this study is to see how Arla handles their communication during a crisis on social media in the aftermath of the TV-program airing. Within the theoretical framework, situational crisis communication, image repair theory and crisis communication will be presented for this study. There are different types of qualitative content analysis and this study intends to start from a targeted qualitative content analysis. The critical rhetorical analysis will be based on ethos, logos and pathos in this study, which will be a complement to the other selected method.  The result from Arlas's crisis communication is supported by the predefined questions that were based on critical rhetorical analysis and Image repair theory. Furthermore, it is possible to interpret the results using a thematic division based on the appendices with an approach from the study's question. The conclusion is that Arla has used several different strategies in its crisis communication. It can be discerned both in their response comments on Facebook, but also in their press release and Facebook posts. However, the recurrence of certain responses implies a reliance on specific phrases to deflect responsibility.

Background; In today's social debate, much is written and spoken of how poor psychiatric care works, care places are closed and there are difficulties in recruiting nurses / psychiatric nurses. Psychiatric care has problems with its image, and this is based on the media's angle that the people who work there themselves have some kind of psychiatric diagnosis and are ineffective, neurotic and controlling and have no limits to their patients. Media and large parts of society in general have a driving role that contributes to the psychiatric care and psychiatric care patients being stigmatized and the nurse working in psychiatric care is stigmatized through association. This has a negative effect and causes nursing students and registered nurses not to choose psychiatric care. Aim; of the study was to describe how nurses/psychiatric nurses' experiences of working at a psychiatric ward. Method; was a qualitative, descriptive study, based on eight interviews with nurses/psychiatric nurses working in a psychiatric ward. The interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results Made up in three categories as "Stigma by association", "Experienced deficiencies" and "Work joy. The nine subcategories were "Stamped", "Stagnation", "Competence and recruitment problems", "Leadership", "Poor working environmen", "Mentor's role", "A rewarding and fun work", "Developing", "Good patient relationship". Conclusion; The informant think they have a educational and fun job but they are sad and frustrated that they are experiencing shortcomings and do not have the correct conditions for doing the best work. Stigma by association is obtained through the work.

Home physiotherapy is a valid service option for the patient who was recently discharged from hospital after sustaining a stroke, as it enhances functional independence in friendly and familiar surroundings, as opposed to an outpatient clinic (Bader 2008). The aim of this study was to investigate the system responses to the planning and implementation of a home physiotherapy service as an innovation within the Maltese Public Health Service, uncovering barriers or constraints that influenced the introduction and development of state-run home physiotherapy in Malta. Method A qualitative approach was used for this research. A case study design was selected because it possessed contextual, descriptive and heuristic characteristics. Study participants planned and implemented the service using the available resources. Policy makers, physiotherapists, stroke patients and caregivers contributed to the study through their responses to, and experiences of, this service innovation. It was both an exploration and an opportunity to learn about service innovation from a Maltese perspective. A group of stakeholders were interviewed during the planning stage (Phase 1) of the home physiotherapy service. The main purpose of these interviews was to inform the design of the service. Another group of participants was interviewed in the active service stage (Phase 2) - at the beginning and at the end. The purpose here was to gather data from their direct experiences with home physiotherapy. Documents relevant to home rehabilitation were accessed and analysed hermeneutically. These included newspaper media, as it was considered a sensitive instrument to understand social context (Catalán Matamoros 2007; Davis 1990). Findings and discussion Data analysis identified categories of findings such as ¿barriers to the implementation of a new service¿, ¿attitudes to home physiotherapy¿ and ¿fragmented rehabilitation service¿. The category components were discussed and linked to the hermeneutical analysis of documents, offering a deeper understanding of the categories within the local context, and revealing a reinforcement of establishment-based health care. Conclusion The findings of this study provided an insight into the constraints that would appear if home physiotherapy, indeed home rehabilitation, were introduced by the Maltese Public Health Service. This research had an impact on the state physiotherapy services. Recommendations to help mitigate the constraints in an overarching manner were offered at the end of the thesis. To the international reader with experience in organised home physiotherapy, this study gives a glimpse into how issues that would seem trivial and obvious at first glance become significant challenges¿.challenges that the uninitiated would need to overcome.

Sedentary behavior has been among the major challenges facing employees working in offices subsequently failing to attain WHO recommendations on physical activity. Office employees are mostly at high risk of developing non-communicable diseases because most of their work is executed while sitting. This study aims to explore how employees have experienced the influence of physical activity on their job performance at work by using a qualitative research approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine employees working in the banking industry in Tanzania. A content analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The main findings of this study highlighted the need to create a workplace culture that encourages physical activity. Having regular movement in the office has promoted employees’ health and overall job performance. Furthermore, employees experienced challenges such as time constraints, and high job demands hindering them from participating in physical activity which needs to be addressed. Finally, workplace health promotion influenced their overall health and enhanced well-being. Through physical activity, they experienced improved cognitive functions and better health. Therefore, this study concludes that there should be increased support of physical activity in the workplace for the benefit of employees’ health leading to their job performance.

Background: Palliative care is a holistic care where knowledge is required to help people with incuratble, life-threatening diseases. The goal is to provide an improved quality of life and support people and their relatives, as well as help them live with dignity and with the greatest possible well-being until the end of life. In Iceland, the majority of the residents at nursing homes spend their end of life at the nursing homes and at the same time palliative care in individuals’ homes is becoming more common. This makes palliative care one of the most important elements of caring. During care, relationships are created between nurses, patients and relatives and there are many different wills and perspectives to relate to as a nurse. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses' experiences of palliative care in Iceland. Method: The method for the study is a qualitative interview study and ten nurses who worked in nursing homes or palliative home care were interviewed. For the analysis of the collected data, a qualitative content analysis was used. Results: The study shows what experiences the nurses had of palliative care in Iceland, which was; Different forms of communication with the patient and strive to provide holistic care, The parts needed to establish a good relationship, The importance of good communication with relatives and including them in nursing, Support by communication, experience and teamwork. The result is presented in categories and subcategories, where the categories constitute above-mentioned concepts. Conclusion / Discussion: Meeting the needs of palliative care patients and their relatives was a challenge for the nurses and those with more experience and knowledge of palliative care felt that it was easier for them meeting these needs. Palliative care is a complex care where it is required that you as a nurse during one of the most stressful situations in life for people, should still be able to maintain good communication and create good relationships with those who are in this situation. Communication and collaboration with colleagues, as well as emotional commitment and the opportunity for existential conversations were considered important in palliative care.

This study, grounded in qualitative research methods, aims to provide a deeper insight into Sweden's religious landscape by examining the varied responses of different religious groups to the ongoing process of secularization and how these communities work to preserve their faith in a secular society. The study applies Weber's and Casanova's conceptualization of modernization, emphasizing the transformation of established systems through new ideologies, offering an analysis of how religious groups respond to secularization. Grounded in secularization theory, which focuses on the diminishing impact of religion in modernized societies, the study explores the consequences of secularization for religious groups, considering factors such as community-building efforts, engagement of religious adherents, social status, and individual religiosity. Initiating with a literature review, the study identifies key issues and develops a profound understanding of the subject. Additionally, representatives and leaders from various religious communities in Sweden, including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, are interviewed. The research findings shed light on a comprehensive understanding of the intricate terrain illustrating the repercussions of secularization on Swedish society. The results suggest that various congregations are influenced by trends in secularization, modernization, and individualism. Different religious communities exhibit distinct responses and implement various strategies to preserve religion, identity, and a sense of community within their respective congregations. This insight is crucial for both religious communities and individuals navigating the evolving religious environment, striving to comprehend its consequences for religion, community, and society.

Background: Eating disorders as term includes several diagnoses that often result in serious conditions related to eating-habits, weight and body image. Early detection, confirmed diagnosis and initiated treatment significantly increases the chance of recovery. There is a lack of knowledge regarding how physiotherapists identify and treat eating disorders in primary care. Objective: To examine the physiotherapists’ experiences of identifying and treating eating disorders as well as problems related to them, within primary care. Methods: A qualitative method with semi structured interviews with five participants, based on convenience sampling was used. Qualitative content analysis was used for data analysis. Results: This study showed experienced difficulty in both identifying and treating eating disorders among physiotherapists. They pointed out that it was important to have an awareness about the diagnoses, and that plenty of different factors can complicate the process of identifying them. They also experienced an uncertainness regarding the role of the physiotherapist. Treatment was described to be individualized and applied with a biopsychosocial approach. Conclusion: Eating disorders and problems related to them were experienced as complicated and hard to treat. This study shows an uncertainness regarding the role of the physiotherapist when it comes to these patients. Previous research indicates that physiotherapeutic methods could have a positive effect as a part of the treatment. However, further research and knowledge are needed to establish the utility of physiotherapy when it comes to eating disorders in primary care. / Bakgrund: Begreppet ätstörningar inkluderar ett flertal diagnoser och tillstånd som ofta leder till allvarliga tillstånd kopplade till ätbeteende, vikt och kroppsuppfattning. Tidig upptäckt, ställd diagnos och påbörjad behandling ökar chansen för tillfrisknande hos drabbade individer. Det finns en tydlig kunskapslucka i hur fysioterapeuter upptäcker och behandlar ätstörningar inom primärvården. Syfte: Att undersöka fysioterapeuters upplevelser och erfarenheter av att upptäcka och behandla ätstörningar samt problem relaterade till dessa inom primärvården. Metod: I studien användes kvalitativ design i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem deltagare utifrån ett bekvämlighetsurval. Databearbetning utfördes genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studien visade att fysioterapeuter upplevde att det var svårt att upptäcka och behandla ätstörningar. De påpekade att det var viktigt att ha en medvetenhet om sjukdomarnas existens och att många olika faktorer kan försvåra identifieringen. De upplevde också en oklarhet i om fysioterapeuten bör ha en aktiv roll i efterföljande behandling. Gällande behandlingen fanns uppfattningen att den bör individanpassas och tillämpas med ett biopsyko-socialt synsätt. Slutsats: Ätstörningar och problem relaterade till dessa upplevs i många fall komplicerade och svårbehandlade. Studien visar på en osäkerhet i vilken roll fysioterapeuten bör ta vid mötet av dessa patienter. Tidigare forskning tyder på att fysioterapeutiska åtgärder kan ha en positiv inverkan på behandlingen. Ytterligare forskning och kunskap behövs dock för att tydliggöra fysioterapeutens roll och kompetens gällande ätstörningar inom primärvården.