The iam with this study was to obtain an understanding of how middle managers in private elderly care experience their leadership and its inclusive requirements. The study has also investigate how middle managers in the private elderly care take into account the company’s profit interest in relation to nursing ethics and quality requirements. Our study was conducted by qualitative research through semi-structured interviews in four middle-sized municipality in the southern part of Sweden. A total of seven middle managers were interviewed. The results showed that the middle managers in private elderly care has a complex leadership with many important responsibilities. The conclusion highlights that middle managers in the private sector have many possibilities like shorter decision paths and freedom of action. The struggle for the middle managers is to implement the management's decisions that they don't agree with. The conclusion also include that the middle managers perceives the financial goals of their organization as something positive regardless of whether they perceive the profit interest as noticeable or not. The middle managers have plenty of ways to quality assure care for their care recipient. Lastly the middle managers show that their leadership is furtherance to prevent the emergence of ethical dilemmas.

Advances in building computer systems allowed the development of increasingly sophisticated software. In this context, software developers are faced with complex problems that can be difficult to resolve. One of the fundamental steps to build a software is to define its main features, that is, define the requirements that can be satisfied, which is not an easy task. Typically, requirements are classified as functional and non-functional. The non-functional requirements define system’s properties or how it should operate. They are also called quality requirements, since they are important to ensure that the system is feasible to use and meets the needs of users. Despite their importance, they are difficult to assess and be measured in order to generate evidence of its full service. One reason for this difficulty is the need to evaluate the software at run-time, which is a complex task that involves large volumes of data to be analyzed. This work aims to systematize and facilitate the monitoring of quality requirements from characteristics of architectural styles used in the software architecture design. In this sense, the research question that guided this study was “how to monitor and analyse quality requirements for a software system”. On that basis, it was proposed a process, called ArMoni, for monitoring quality requirements using architectural information, such as architectural styles. To assess the practical use of the proposed process, an evaluation experiment with students from the Computer Science course was performed. Students performed the monitoring of a real application called Falibras. This target system performs online text translation from Portuguese to the Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). Through the experiment, it was observed that the students considered the proposed process feasible to direct monitoring decisions. On the other hand, students who did not have access to the proposed process and do not know the architecture of Falibras have related more difficult to analyze the system. Thus, we have realized that it is important for the software developer to have guidelines that assist him/her in understanding the relevant quality requirements for the software that is being monitored, such as a processes that address the monitoring of these requirements. Preliminary results indicate that the ArMoni process contributes to guide the monitoring and analysis of the system based on architectural information, such as the architectural styles and we have noticed that it benefits mainly less experienced developers. Thus, this work presents academic relevance in software engineering and can assist developers and software engineers to monitor quality requirements, such as reliability and efficiency, as well as to identify possible structural bottlenecks that could compromise the satisfaction of these requirements. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os avanços na construção de sistemas computacionais possibilitaram que sistemas cada vez mais sofisticados surgissem. Nesse contexto, os desenvolvedores de software deparam-se com problemas complexos que podem ser difíceis de solucionar. Um dos passos fundamentais ao construir um software é definir as principais características dele, isto é, definir os requisitos. Contudo, nem sempre é trivial definir quais são esses requisitos. Normalmente, os requisitos são classificados como funcionais e não-funcionais. Os requisitos não-funcionais definem propriedades do sistema ou como esse deve operar. Eles também são chamados de requisitos de qualidade, pois são importantes para garantir que o sistema seja viável para uso e atenda às necessidades dos usuários. Apesar da sua importância, eles são difíceis de serem avaliados e mensurados de forma a gerar evidências do seu pleno atendimento. Uma das razões para essa dificuldade é a necessidade de se avaliar o software em tempo de execução, o que é uma tarefa complexa que envolve grandes volumes de dados a serem analisados. O objetivo dessa dissertação é sistematizar e viabilizar a monitoração de requisitos de qualidade a partir de características dos estilos arquiteturais utilizados no projeto da arquitetura de software. Nesse sentido, a questão de pesquisa que direcionou esse estudo foi “como monitorar e analisar requisitos de qualidade em um sistema de software”. Com base nisso, foi proposto um processo de monitoração de requisitos de qualidade utilizando informações arquiteturais, tais como estilos arquiteturais, denominado ArMoni. Para avaliar a utilização prática do referido processo foi realizado um experimento avaliativo com alunos do curso de Ciência da Computação. Os alunos realizaram a monitoração de uma aplicação real denominada Falibras. Esse sistema realiza tradução online de textos em língua portuguesa para a Língua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS). Através do experimento, foi possível perceber que os alunos consideraram o processo proposto viável para direcionar as decisões de monitoração. Por outro lado, os alunos que não tiveram acesso ao processo proposto e não conheciam a arquitetura do Projeto Falibras sentiram mais dificuldades para analisar o sistema. Desse modo, é importante para o(a) desenvolvedor(a) de software ter recursos que o(a) auxiliem na compreensão dos requisitos de qualidade relevantes para o software que está sendo monitorado, bem como processos que direcionem a monitoração desses requisitos. Os resultados preliminares apontam que o processo ArMoni contribui para guiar a monitoração e analisar os requisitos de qualidade a partir de informações arquiteturais, tais como os estilos arquiteturais que compõem o sistema e nota-se que ele beneficia principalmente desenvolvedores menos experientes. Assim, essa dissertação apresenta relevância acadêmica na área de engenharia de software e poderá auxiliar desenvolvedores(as) e engenheiros(as) de software a monitorar requisitos de qualidade, tais como confiabilidade e eficiência, além de identificar possíveis gargalos estruturais que podem comprometer a satisfação desses requisitos.

Kvalitet är en konkurrensstärkande faktor inom processindustrin, men samtidigt ett av de mest kritiska problemen när den är bristande. Processindustrin omvandlar råvaror till produkter, ofta genom kontinuerliga och irreversibla processer. Detta kan leda till kostsamma kvalitetsproblem i form av felaktiga slutprodukter, trasiga maskiner, miljöfarliga utsläpp och i värsta fall allvarliga skador på medarbetare. Syftet med denna studie är att ta fram förslag för att effektivisera arbetssättet vid ankomst och lagring av material i processindustrin för att uppfylla de kvalitetskrav som finns. Studien har använt sig av det vetenskapliga angreppssättet abduktion för att besvara de forskningsfrågor som funnits. Syftet som studien haft är uppfyllt genom att en fallstudie har genomförts på Stora Enso Skutskärs Bruk där hanteringen av material vid ankomst och lagring har undersökts. Detta har gjorts genom intervjuer, observationer, workshops samt en litteraturstudie inom de områden som ansetts relevanta för arbetet. För att uppfylla de kvalitetskrav som finns har tre insatsvaror analyserats och legat till grund för de förbättringsförslag som framkommit. Vidare har studien bidragit med teoretiska bidrag i form av tre kritiska kvalitetsfaktorer. Dessa är analyscertifikat (bevis på utfört kvalitetstest),kontroll vid lossning samt kontroll av lagrad insatsvara. De praktiska bidrag som studien lett fram till är att ett affärssystem bör användas för informationshantering, tydliga rutiner bör skapas för de aktiviteter som görs samt att allting bör dokumenteras för att klara interna och externa revisioner. De kritiska kvalitetsfaktorerna samt förslagen för ett effektiviserat arbetssätt som ges till Stora Enso Skutskärs Bruk kan även användas av andra organisationer med liknande förutsättningar och kvalitetskrav. Dessa förslag bör implementeras stegvis och i samråd med ansvariga avdelningar i organisationen. Förbättringsåtgärderna bör även testas och utvärderas vid fortsatt forskning. Ytterligare forskning på hur förslagen har en inverkan på exempelvis miljö, arbetsmiljö och kostnadseffektivitet rekommenderas. / Quality is a competitive factor in the process industry but at the same time one of the most critical problems when it is lacking. The process industry transforms raw materials into products, often through continuous and irreversible processes. This can lead to costly quality problems in the form of faulty end products, broken machines, environmentally hazardous emissions and, in the worst case, serious injuries to employees. The purpose of this study is to develop proposals to streamline the working method of arrival and storage for materials in the process industry to meet the quality requirements that exist. The study has used the scientific approach of abduction to answer the research questions that have been defined. The purpose of the study has been fulfilled by conducting a case study at Stora Enso Skutskärs Bruk, where the handling of material on arrival and storage has been investigated. This has been done through interviews, observations, workshops and a literature study in the areas that are considered relevant to the work. In order to meet the existing quality requirements, three inputs have been analyzed and formed the basis for the improvement proposals that have emerged. Furthermore, the study has contributed to theoretical contributions in the form of three critical quality factors. These are certificate of analysis (proof of quality test performed), control during unloading and control of stored input goods. The practical contributions that the study led to are that an ERP software should be used for information management, clear routines should be created for the activities that are done and that everything should be documented to cope with internal and external audits. The critical quality factors as well as the proposals for a more efficient way of working that are given to Stora Enso Skutskärs Bruk can also be used by other organizations with similar conditions and quality requirements. These proposals should be implemented gradually and in consultation with the responsible departments in the organization. The improvement measures should also be tested and evaluated in further research. Further research on how the proposals have an impact on the environment, work environment and cost efficiency for example is recommended.

Komposite Web-Mashups stellen durch die intelligente Verknüpfung von User-Interface-Services und anderen Web-Ressourcen einen Mehrwert für Anwendungsszenarien in verschiedenen Situationen des privaten und geschäftlichen Lebens bereit. Obwohl die Verwendung solcher Mashups bereits viele Nutzerzielgruppen erreicht und Anwendungsdomänen erschlossen hat, ist die bedarfsgerechte Auswahl von Anwendungsbausteinen und deren intelligente Komposition immer noch eine große Herausforderung. In dieser Arbeit werden deshalb Konzepte für die verbesserte Durchführung des Erstellungsprozesses und die Nutzung kompositer Web-Mashups entwickelt und vorgestellt. Kernidee ist dabei die Modellierung und Auswertung anpassbarer Qualitätsanforderungen. Erstmals wird es mit Hilfe eines speziell auf die Belange kompositer Web-Mashups zugeschnittenen Modells für Qualitätseigenschaften ermöglicht, solche Anforderungen passgenau für die Auswahl von Anwendungsbausteinen und die automatisierte Auswertung zu nutzen. Neben der Spezifikation von Bedingungen und Vergleichswerten für bestimmte Eigenschaften erlaubt es das ebenfalls hier vorgestellte Metamodell für Qualitätsanforderungen, die Rahmenbedingungen der Auswertung sowie zuzuordnende Aktionen festzulegen. Schwerpunkte der Arbeit sind außerdem der Prozess der qualitätsbewussten Komposition, die Nutzung der resultierenden Web-Mashups sowie die dazu gehörende Referenzarchitektur. Die betrachteten Anwendungsszenarien decken insbesondere die Teilprozesse der Auswahl von Kompositionsfragmenten, die Erweiterung in Betrieb befindlicher Anwendungen sowie die intelligente Adaption innerhalb der Laufzeitplattform ab. Neben Werkzeugen zur Modellierung und der automatisierten Auswertung von Qualitätsanforderungen setzt die Referenzarchitektur das kontextsensitive Monitoring von Qualitätseigenschaften um. Ein weiterer Fokus liegt auf der unscharfen Spezifikation anpassbarer Qualitätsanforderungen, da zur Zielgruppe insbesondere auch Menschen ohne Programmiererfahrung, jedoch mit guter Kenntnis in aktuellen Web-Technologien und in der jeweiligen fachlichen Domäne, zählen. Diese Ausrichtung wird sowohl bei der Modellierung mit Fuzzy-Mengen als auch in Form von Interaktionskonzepten berücksichtigt. Anhand typischer Anwendungsfälle und unter Zuhilfenahme einer implementierten Infrastruktur und Anwendungslandschaft werden die vorgestellten Konzepte validiert und optimiert. Dabei fließen sowohl die Meinungen von Nutzern und Experten als auch die Betrachtungen zur Komplexität ressourcenintensiver Vorgänge sowie die Ergebnisse von Performance-Analysen ein. Durch das Verwenden der Modelle, Konzepte, Prozesse und Architekturen dieser Arbeit wird somit eine verbesserte Erstellung, Verfeinerung und Nutzung bedarfsgerechter, situativer Mashup-Anwendungen mit Hilfe anpassbarer Qualitätsanforderungen ermöglicht.:Kapitel 1 Motivation und Zielstellung Abschnitt 1.1 Problemdefinition Abschnitt 1.2 Forschungsthesen Abschnitt 1.3 Forschungsziele Abschnitt 1.4 Abgrenzung Abschnitt 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit Kapitel 2 Grundlagen der Entwicklung und Nutzung kompositer Web-Mashups Abschnitt 2.1 Charakteristika und Einordnung des Anwendungstyps Abschnitt 2.2 Entwicklungsmethoden und Anwendungsszenarien Abschnitt 2.3 Rollen im Entwicklungsprozess von Web-Mashups Abschnitt 2.4 Qualitätseigenschaften und -anforderungen im Kontext von Web-Mashups Kapitel 3 Stand der Forschung und Technik Abschnitt 3.1 Normen und Standards für Qualitätsmodelle bei Softwareprodukten Abschnitt 3.2 Strukturierung und Erstellung von Qualitätsmodellen Abschnitt 3.3 Anforderungsmodellierung mit Aufgaben und Fuzzy-Mengen Abschnitt 3.4 Bewertungskriterien und Übersicht der Cluster für existierende Arbeiten Abschnitt 3.5 Qualität in Web-Mashups Abschnitt 3.6 Qualitätsanforderungen im Web-Engineering Abschnitt 3.7 Qualitätseigenschaften und -anforderungen bei der Auswahl und Komposition von Web-Services Abschnitt 3.8 Qualitätsanforderungen in kompositen Softwaresystemen Abschnitt 3.9 Fazit zum Stand der Forschung und Technik Kapitel 4 Modellierung von Qualitätseigenschaften für Mashups Abschnitt 4.1 Modellüberblick und Abhängigkeiten Abschnitt 4.2 Anforderungen an das Eigenschaftsmodell Abschnitt 4.3 Metamodell zur Strukturierung von Qualitätseigenschaften Abschnitt 4.4 Unscharfe Eigenschaftswerte mit Fuzzy-Mengen Abschnitt 4.5 Nutzung von Qualitätseigenschaften in der Mashup-Plattform Abschnitt 4.6 Referenzmodell der für Mashups typischen Qualitätseigenschaften Abschnitt 4.7 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung des Modells für Qualitätseigenschaften Kapitel 5 Festlegen und Auswerten von Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 5.1 Herausforderungen im Umgang mit Anforderungen Abschnitt 5.2 Qualitätsanforderungen in der Mashup-Architektur Abschnitt 5.3 Aufbau von Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 5.4 Erzeugen und Bearbeiten von Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 5.5 Auswertung von Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 5.6 Zusammenfassung Kapitel 6 Qualitätsbewusster Entwicklungs- und Nutzungsprozess Abschnitt 6.1 Entwicklung und Nutzung von Web-Mashups mit Qualitätsanforderungen Abschnitt 6.2 Aktionen im Kontext von Qualitätsanforderungen Kapitel 7 Validierung und Implementierung Abschnitt 7.1 Validierungsmethodik Abschnitt 7.2 Überblick der implementierten Infrastruktur Abschnitt 7.3 Implementierung von Kompositionsfragmenten Abschnitt 7.4 Implementierung der Referenzarchitektur Abschnitt 7.5 Implementierung der Werkzeuge Abschnitt 7.6 Nutzerstudie zum Anforderungsassistenten Abschnitt 7.7 Validierungsergebnisse zu Performance und Awareness-Indikatoren Abschnitt 7.8 Diskussion zur Validierung und Implementierung Kapitel 8 Zusammenfassung, Diskussion, Bewertung und Ausblick Abschnitt 8.1 Zusammenfassung der Kapitel Abschnitt 8.2 Diskussion und Bewertung der Forschungsergebnisse Abschnitt 8.3 Ausblick auf aktuelle und künftige Arbeiten Anhang A Metamodelle und Schemata Anhang B Referenzmodelle Anhang C Komponentenimplementierungen Anhang D Werkzeuge Anhang E Dienste, Verwaltung und Tests

Agile methodologies have become the modern approach to solve the problem of delivering high quality software in a constantly changing business environment. But still many agile software projects have difficulties in meeting the customer needs. This raises questions about how requirements are handled. Therefore, this thesis investigates the requirement engineering process to find challenges companies meet in practice. The study present results from a case study including one company specialized on defense systems, one finance technology company, one robotics company, and one software development company. Based on nine qualitative interviews we discuss the requirement engineering in agile software development and challenges that arise within this process. These challenges relate to a non-agile surrounding, stakeholders insufficient knowledge about their processes, lack of understanding the customer, and incomplete planning of development. We conclude that when using agile methods, development need to focus more on analyzing customers who derive value from the system and how to adapt the requirement engineering to an non-agile surrounding. / Agila metoder har blivit ett modernt verktyg till att lösa vår tids stora utmaning att leverera kvalitativ mjukvara i en ständigt föränderlig affärsmiljö. Trots att agila metoder hanterar snabba förändringar, står de agila mjukvaruprojekten inför utmaningar med att möta kundbehov. Det väcker frågor om hur kravarbetet går till i agil mjukvaruutveckling. Denna uppsats undersöker kravarbetet i agila mjukvaruprojekt och vilka utmaningar som dessa står inför i praktiken. Studien presenterar resultat från en fallstudie bestående av fyra företag verksamma inom: försvarsindustrin, finans, robotik respektive mjukvaruutveckling. Baserat på nio kvalitativa intervjuer diskuteras kravarbetet i agil mjukvaruutveckling och utmaningar som uppstår inom denna process. Dessa utmaningar är kopplade till en icke-agil omgivning, kunders bristande vetskap om deras processer, låg förståelse av kunden och ofullständig planering av utvecklingsarbetet. Vi konstaterar att det agila arbetet behöver fokusera mer på att analysera de värden kunder drar nytta av från ett system och hur kravarbetet ska hanteras när det möter en icke-agil omgivning.

This diploma thesis deals with solution of construction of steel hall in Blansko. In this thesis is solved constructional-technological study of construction of steel hall. The thesis focuses in assembly of steel skeleton. More specifically deals with traffic situation around building, time and financial plan of the building for individual objects, draft of equipment of construction site, design of the main lifting machines and mechanisms, schedule of the main building object, safety measures at the construction site and ensuring quality requirements for the installation of a steel skeleton. Extra is processed itemized budget with bill of quantities, risk plan of construction of steel hall and construction details. This building is very interesting about architectural design. The basis for this thesis was a drawing documentation for realization of this construction.

Denna studie problematiserar icke-funktionella krav (IF krav), även benämnt kvalitetskrav, i svenska mjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt. Kravhantering anses vara den mest avgörande delen i mjukvaruutveckling för att lyckas, vilket än idag är en utmaning i majoriteten av projekten. Särskilt svårt är det att lyckas med IF krav, då tvetydigheter leder till brist på dokumentation och slutligen bortprioriteras de. För att adressera dessa problem syftade denna studie att besvara hur väl de IF kraven dokumenteras inom svenska mjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt samt vem som kan ansvara för att kvalitetssäkra de IF kraven. En mixed-method har genomförts med både en kvalitativ litteraturstudie av tidigare forskning samt en kvantitativ studie. Datainsamlingen i den kvantitativa studien har skett med webbaserad enkätundersökning med 24 frågor. Enkäten skickades ut till 72 företag i Sverige vars huvudsyssla var mjukvaruutveckling. Sammanlagt samlades 43 svar in och en univariat analys genomfördes. Enkätundersökningen indikerade att respondenterna är positivt inställda till dokumentation av IF krav. De flesta saknar dessutom gedigen kunskap om IF krav. Vidare saknas tydliga ansvarsroller för dokumentationen av IF krav. En lösnings- eller mjukvaruarkitekt är bäst lämpad för att kvalitetssäkra de IF kraven. Denna studie är skriven på svenska och kan främja studenter, forskare och yrkesverksamma då den nyanserar vikten av IF krav och hur existerande brister kan förbättras. / This study examines non-functional requirements (NFRs), also known as quality requirements, in Swedish software development projects. Requirements engineering is considered the most crucial part of software development, which is still a challenge in the majority of projects today. In particular, the NFRs are the most challenging seeing as there are ambiguities concerning their definition. This in turn leads to lack of documentation and, ultimately, their deprioritization. To address these issues, this study aimed to answer how well NFRs are documented in Swedish software development projects and who can be responsible for ensuring the quality of these NFRs. A mixed-method was conducted with both a qualitative literature review of previous research and a quantitative study. The data collection in the quantitative study was conducted using a web-based survey with 24 questions. The survey was sent to 72 software development companies in Sweden. A total of 43 responses were collected, and a univariate analysis was performed. The survey indicated that respondents have a positive attitude towards documenting. Additionally, most respondents lack comprehensive knowledge about NFRs and clear roles for the NFRs are missing. Standardization, better guidelines, and clear roles are needed to ensure the quality of NFRs, which are currently lacking. A solution or software architect is best suited to ensure the quality of NFRs. This study, written in Swedish, can benefit students, researchers, and professionals as it highlights the importance of NFRs and suggests improvements for existing deficiencies.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the solution of selected components of construction-technology project construction of the II. stage production hall of the company Schlote Automotive Czech Ltd. This work includes financial, temporal, technical and technological aspects of the construction process. For selected component is created technologic direction and inspection plan.