Theoretical part of diploma thesis Comparative quantitative content analysis of photos from Timeline regional Facebook pages of ELLE Magazine explores the theory of visual culture, what kind of role pictures or photos play in contemporary digital age. Also Facebook online marketing and Facebook pages are described. The third chapter of thesis looks into history of global trade brand ELLE Magazine and it describes the owners of brand-license in examined regional countries. The last theoretical section explores a globalization of communication including magazine trade and the Internet. The thesis also contains research review of contemporary studies with similar topic. Methodological part firstly describes a content analysis and its aplication on research of photos. Secondly a diploma research with main reseach question: Are regional differences in thematic composition of published photos on facebook pages of ELLE magazines?

Vikten av barns och ungdomars delaktighet är centralt i samhällsinsatser och forskning, samtidigt som avsaknad av mätmetoder av upplevelsen lyfts fram.Syftet med denna c-uppsats har varit att genomföra en undersökning av intellektuellt funktionsnedsatta barns och ungdomars upplevelser av social delaktighet utifrån deras perspektiv, dvs. barnets perspektiv samt att undersöka om mätverktyget Pict-O-Stat är en adekvat metod att använda för att mäta upplevelsen av delaktighet. Delaktighetsbegreppets komplexitet belyses och det är med perspektivet ”Den sociala delaktigheten i vardagslivet” som frågeställningen undersöks. Metoderna har varit en kvantitativ enkätundersökning där Pict-O-Stat används som mätverktyg och Pict-O-Stathandledarnas upplevelse av hur funktionellt mätverktyget är, genomförs med ett hermeneutiskt förhållningssätt genom en studie med öppna frågor. Verksamheterna som undersökningen genomfördes i är korttidsvistelse, korttidstillsyn och bostad med särskild service för barn eller ungdomar enligt LSS. Barnen och ungdomarna tillhör LSS-personkrets 1, vilken omfattar personer med utvecklingsstörning, autism eller autismliknade tillstånd (inklusive Aspergers syndrom) och de var mellan 5-21 år. Materialet var begränsat, då få medgivande från föräldrar inkom. Sammanfattningsvis visade undersökningen att graden av upplevd delaktighet varierar samt att komplexiteten i begreppet gör det oklart vad delaktighet är. Resultatet belyser mätverktyget Pict-O-Stats möjligheter och begränsningar samt understryker behovet av framtida forskning inom området. / Despite the importance of participation for children and young with intellectual disability in central social interventions and research, methods of quantifying and monitoring are underdeveloped. The purpose of this essay has been to conduct a study of intellectually disabled children´s and young people's experiences of social participation from their perspective, i.e. the child's perspective and to investigate whether the measuring tool Pict-O-Stat is a functional method to use to measure the experience of participation. The complexity of the concept of participation is analyzed in the perspective of “social participation in everyday life". The method utilized has been a quantitative survey where Pict-O-Stat is used as a measuring tool and Pict-O-Stat supervisors' perception of the functionality of the measurement tool is studied through a hermeneutic approach and a questionnaire with open questions. The activities that the survey was implemented in are short-term stay, short-term supervision and accommodation with special services for children or young people entitled to support by LSS, the Act on Support and Service to certain Impaired Persons. The children and young people participating belong to the LSS category 1, which includes persons with mental retardation, autism or pervasive developmental disorders (incl. Asperger’s syndrome) and they were between 5-21 years. The material was limited, because the consents from parents were less than expected. In summary, the survey showed that the degree of perceived participation varies and that the complexity of the concept made the meaning of participation unclear. The result emphasizes the possibilities and limitations of the method of Pict-O-Stat and underlines the need of future research within this field.

Arbetets struktur kan påverka individens hälsa i både positiv och negativ bemärkelse. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka den psykosociala arbetsmiljön på Ängdala Skolor. En kvantitativ metod har använts där 50 ut av 55 anställda som under våren 2009 arbetade på Ängdala Skolor har besvarat en validerad enkät. Resultatet analyserades utifrån Karaseks och Theorells krav-kontroll- stöd modell som teoretisk referensram tillsammans med teorier kring socialt stöd och stress på arbetsplatsen. Då populationen var liten har resultatet även till viss del jämförts med en tidigare studie inom samma område, utförd av Region Skåne. Faktorer som identifierats på skolan och som anses vara av vikt för god arbetsmiljö och individens hälsa är bland annat meningsfullhet, variation, utvecklingsmöjligheter, delaktighet, inflytande, bra samarbete samt socialt stöd. De faktorer som identifierats på Ängdala Skolor och som anses vara negativa för arbetsmiljön och därmed utgör en risk för ohälsa och sjukdom är bland annat brist på uppskattning från chefen, höga krav, stress samt brist på konstruktiv kritik. / How the workplace is structured can have both a positive and negative effect on the health of the individual. The aim of this study was to investigate the psycho-social work environment at Ängdala School. A quantitative method of study was applied where 50 out of 55 staff members who in spring 2009 were working at Ängdala Schools were interwieved by a validated questionnaire. The results were analysed using Karasek’s and Theorell’s demand-control-support model as a theoretical framework as well as theories about social support and stress within the workplace. Since the population was small the results have also partly been compared with an earlier survey based on a comparative questionnaire executed by Region Skåne in the same field. Determinants that are generally viewed as positive for a good workplace environment including the promotion of the individual health are meaningfulness, variation, opportunities for individual development, participation, influence, good co- operation and social support which have been identified at Ängdala Schools. Determinants which are considered as being negative in the workplace environment and a potential risk for developing ill-health and disease is lack of appreciation from the leader, high demands, stress and lack of constructive criticism have also been identified at the Ängdala Schools.

Bakgrund: Kvinnor i klimakteriet upplever en frustration över att de blir hänvisade till olika instanser som inte upplevs adekvata. De upplever även att de inte får den information och kunskap de vill få av hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal när de söker för klimakteriebesvär. Kvinnor önskar få information om vilka symtom de kan få och vad de kan göra på egen hand för att lindra besvär. Syfte: Att undersöka vilken vård som ges till kvinnor i klimakteriet av läkare, sjuksköterskor och barnmorskor inom primärvården. Metod: En webbaserad enkätundersökning, prospektiv tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ design och induktivt förhållningssätt. Data från 47 deltagare analyserades med deskriptiv och analytisk statistik genom statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat: En variation av rutiner inom primärvården sågs, några vårdcentraler hade en rutin för kvinnor som sökte vård för klimakterierelaterade besvär. Genomgående blev dock kvinnorna hänvisade till olika professioner och instanser vilket visade på bristande rutiner. Det fanns inte något förebyggande arbete för kvinnor i klimakteriet. Hälso- ochsjukvårdspersonal hade viss kunskap men önskade mer. Vid jämförelse mellan professionerna framkom det att läkarna och barnmorskorna hade mer kunskap och utbildning jämfört med sjuksköterskorna.  Slutsats: Resultatet baserades på för tunna data för att göra en definitiv slutsats. Det fannsbristande rutiner hur kvinnorna som sökte vård togs om hand. Det fanns inget förebyggande arbete. Några signifikanta skillnader om kunskapsnivåer och hantering av rutiner mellan professionerna sågs.

Social media platforms have significantly transformed the marketing landscape, providing brands with powerful new opportunities to engage with their target audiences. This study delves into the comparative analysis of social media influencer marketing and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) within the context of outdoor branded products in China, examining their effects on consumer purchase decisions. A structured online questionnaire survey was employed as the primary research method due to the significant advantages of quantitative methods in providing objective, quantifiable data. Through statistical analysis, the study reveals the magnitude and correlation of the effects of social media influencer marketing and eWOM on consumer purchase intention. The findings revealed that both influencer marketing and eWOM significantly influence consumer purchase intentions for outdoor branded products in China. Additionally, the study highlighted the pivotal role of informativeness, which showed higher significance in eWOM channels compared to influencer marketing. These outcomes offer valuable insights for marketers operating in the outdoor branded products sector, providing actionable implications for enhancing consumer engagement and driving sales in the dynamic landscape of digital marketing.

Stressrelaterade besvär ökar bland ungdomar och majoriteten av studenter upplever stress flera dagar i veckan. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns samband mellan stress och egenförmåga, egenförmåga och socialt stöd och mellan stress och socialt stöd. Viss forskning visar även att plats i syskonskaran har ett samband med egenförmåga. Syftet med studien var att undersöka dessa samband ytterligare. De frågor som formulerades var (a) Finns det samband mellan stress, egenförmåga och socialt stöd? (b) Kan upplevt socialt stöd och upplevd egenförmåga predicera stress hos studenter? (c) Finns det skillnad mellan studenter som är yngstabarn, mellanbarn eller äldstabarn när det gäller stress, egenförmåga och socialt stöd? Deltagarna var 41 programstudenter, 37 kvinnor och 4 män (M = 25.88, SD = 5.6). Etablerade frågeformulär användes för att mäta stress, egenförmåga och socialt stöd med Cronbachs alfa på .80, .89 och .85. Data analyserades med hjälp av korrelationsanalys, regressionsanalys och oberoende envägsANOVA. Resultatet visade att (a) stress hade ett medelstarkt positivt samband med egenförmåga (r = .55, p <.01), att (b) egenförmåga hade ett medelstarkt positivt samband med socialt stöd (r = .37, p <.05) och att (c) det inte fanns något samband mellan stress och socialt stöd. Det var endast egenförmåga som predicerade stress (R = .52, p <.01). Inga skillander fanns mellan syskonplacering kopplat till stress, egenförmåga samt socialt stöd. Resultaten var delvis i linje med tidigare forskning, dock med ett oväntat resultat angående avsaknad på samband mellan stress och socialt stöd. Resultatet diskuteras utifrån möjliga kulturella skillnader. / Stress-related disorders are increasing among adolescents and the majority of students experience stress several days a week. Previous research has shown that there is a link between stress and self-efficacy, between self-efficacy and social support and between stress and social support. Research has also shown that birth order has a link to self-efficacy. The purpose of this study was to investigate these relationships further. The questions for the study was (a) Is there a connection between stress, self-efficacy and social support? (b) Can social support and self-efficacy predict stress among students? (c) Is there a difference between students depending on birth order when it comes to stress, self-efficacy and social support? The participants were 41 students, 37 women and 4 men (M = 25.88, SD = 5.6). Established questionnaires were used to measure stress, self-efficacy and social support, with Cronbachs alpha of .80, .89 and .85. The data was analyzed by using correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and independent one-way ANOVA. The results showed that (a) stress had a positive, medium strong correlation with self-efficacy (r = .55, p <.01), and (b) self-efficacy had a positive, medium strong correlation with social support (r = .37, p <.05) and that (c) there was no correlation between stress and social support. Self-efficacy predicted stress (R = .52, p <.01). No differences were found regarding sibling position was correlated with stress, self-efficacy and social support. The results were partially in line with previous research, however, an unexpected result were regarding the absence of correlation between stress and social support. The results are discussed on the basis of possible cultural differences.

<p><strong><strong><p>This thesis has its focus</p>on media portrayal of a large political institution; the European Union. Articles from two nations daily newspapers have been analyzed in order to examine how the European Union is described and framed for their readers. The newspapers that was chosen for this study and from which the material was collected, were the Swedish newspaper <em><em>Svenska Dagbladet </em></em>the American newspaper <em><em>The New York Times</em></em>. The material was taken from three periods of time, and by this the results did not only serve a presentiment on how the media reports about the subject, but also an idea over the media’s coverage character over time. Also, by analyzing articles from newspapers from different countries, the material could give an answer to whether there is any difference in media reporting and coverage about the European Union over nation borders. </strong></strong></p><p>Theories that have been under observation for this study, and which have functioned as tools for the analyzing process are: the agenda-setting theory, media ideology, framing, media logic and political communication. Further inspirations that have been under consideration and of values through the development of this thesis are thoughts from the modern theorist Jürgen Habermas, and earlier studies that have been made on the subject in matter, for example ones by Lars Palm and Vanni Tjernström.</p><p>Results from this study showed that there were differences between the two nations way of reporting about the subject, and also that changes over time have occurred. Mostly, it was the Swedish news reporting that showed evident change over the three investigated periods. This can be explained by the countries over all changed relationship towards the European Union. Further did results from this study show that the American articles included more actors and subjects, compared to the Swedish articles. This can be a factor of the American articles longer character.</p>

Flera av de pianostuderande jag mött, inklusive mig själv, spelade aldrig kammarmusik innan gymnasiet eller musikhögskolan. Det har fått mig fundera över i vilken omfattning klaverstu-derande elever vid kultur- respektive musikskolor deltar i musikaliska samspel. Studien har som syfte att kartlägga i vilken utsträckning lärare i klaverinstrument på kultur- respektive musikskolor i Stockholms län arbetar med musikaliskt samspel med sina elever och vilka faktorer som påverkar vilka elever som samspelar med andra elever. Datainsamling gjordes med hjälp av e-postade enkäter till klaverlärare på kultur- respektive musikskolor. Sedan analyserades svaren univariat, bivariat, tematiskt och samband prövades på sin statistiska signifikans. Resultatet visar dels på att de flesta hade tillfällen då deras elever spelade med någon under deras lektioner, dels att det skilde sig mellan hur lärare arbetade med samspel beroende på om de undervisade individuellt eller som gruppundervisning. Det framgick också att det fanns fyra olika områden som respondenterna menade påverkade vilka elever som fick spela med andra. Dessa var logistiska faktorer, intressen och kompisar hos såväl elev som lärare, elevernas kunskap och ambitioner samt speciella behov hos eleven. I diskussionen problematiseras konsekvenser av individuell undervisning och gruppundervisning samt vad elever lär sig av musikaliskt samspel. / Many piano students I´ve meet, including myself, never played chamber music until they went to gymnasium or university. This made me wonder how many opportunities piano students studying at culture and music schools had to play with others. The purpose of the study is to find out to what extent pianoteachers in these schools in the Stockholm Province work with interaction in music with their students and which factors affects which students interact with others. Data was collected by e-mailing questionnaires to which pianoteachers at the music and cultur schools had to answer. The answers were analyzed univariate, bivariate, tematic and correlations were tested on their statistical significance. The result showes that most teachers occasionally let their students play with someone, during their lessons. The results also showes that it differed between how teachers worked with interaction depending on whether they taught individually or in groups. It also is found that four different types of factors affected the respondents choices of which students who would get the opportunity to play with others. These were logistical factors, interests and friends of both pupil and teacher, the students' knowledge and ambitions, and special needs of the student. In the discussion the consequences of individuell lessons and group lessons are problematized. What the student learn from musical interaction is also discussed.

<p>Denna uppsats undersöker den kvantitativa och den kvalitativa forskningsmetoden ur ett kunskapsteoretiskt och ett vetenskapsteoretiskt perspektiv. I fråga om kvalitativ forskning har metoderna hermeneutik och fenomenologi studerats särskilt grundligt. Uppsatsen argumenterar för att kunskapsteoretiska och vetenskapsteoretiska antaganden måste vara gemensamma för de båda typerna av metod, om man anser att båda typerna ska betraktas som vetenskapliga. Vidare hävdas att de kvalitativa metoderna är sammankopplade med en rad problem beträffande objektivitet, generaliserbarhet, rättfärdigande av kunskap och teoriers empiriska stöd. I många fall utger sig dessa metoder för att leva upp till de krav man ställer på vetenskaplig forskning i dessa avseenden i lika hög grad som kvantitativ metod, men en av uppsatsens teser är att de misslyckas med detta. I uppsatsen hävdas att vetenskapens mål är att generera generaliserbar kunskap. På grund av de kunskapsteoretiska problem kvalitativ forskning stöter på, kan sådan forskning inte ensam nå detta mål och således inte ha någon självständig plats i vetenskapen, utan kan endast tjäna ett förvetenskapligt syfte, genom att, i vissa fall, formulera frågor och hypoteser som sedan besvaras respektive testas av kvantitativ forskning.</p> / <p>This paper examines the quantitative and the qualitative research methods with respect to both epistemology and the philosophy of science. With regards to qualitative research, the paper takes a closer look at the hermeneutic and the phenomenological methods in particular. The paper argues that the different types of method must have the same epistemological assumptions, if it is held that both types ought to be considered scientific. It is further claimed that the qualitative methods are connected to several problems concerning objectivity, generalizability, the justification of knowledge and the empirical support of theories. In many cases, these methods purport to live up to the requirements that are made on scientific research in these respects to the same degree as the quantitative method, but one of the theses of this paper is that they fail to do this. In the paper, it is maintained that the goal of science is to generate generalizable knowledge. Due to the epistemological problems qualitative research are faced with, such research cannot reach that goal alone and thus cannot hold an independent position in science, but can only serve a prescientific purpose, by, in some cases, drawing up questions and hypotheses which are then answered and tested respectively, by quantitative research.</p>

This thesis has its focus on media portrayal of a large political institution; the European Union. Articles from two nations daily newspapers have been analyzed in order to examine how the European Union is described and framed for their readers. The newspapers that was chosen for this study and from which the material was collected, were the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet the American newspaper The New York Times. The material was taken from three periods of time, and by this the results did not only serve a presentiment on how the media reports about the subject, but also an idea over the media’s coverage character over time. Also, by analyzing articles from newspapers from different countries, the material could give an answer to whether there is any difference in media reporting and coverage about the European Union over nation borders. Theories that have been under observation for this study, and which have functioned as tools for the analyzing process are: the agenda-setting theory, media ideology, framing, media logic and political communication. Further inspirations that have been under consideration and of values through the development of this thesis are thoughts from the modern theorist Jürgen Habermas, and earlier studies that have been made on the subject in matter, for example ones by Lars Palm and Vanni Tjernström. Results from this study showed that there were differences between the two nations way of reporting about the subject, and also that changes over time have occurred. Mostly, it was the Swedish news reporting that showed evident change over the three investigated periods. This can be explained by the countries over all changed relationship towards the European Union. Further did results from this study show that the American articles included more actors and subjects, compared to the Swedish articles. This can be a factor of the American articles longer character.