Bakgrund: hälsan påverkas av exempelvis arbetsvillkor och individuella levnadsvanor. Fysisk aktivitet främjar fysisk- och psykisk hälsa och fysisk inaktivitet orsakar både fysisk- och psykisk ohälsa. Deltagandet i arbetsplatsbaserade insatser för fysisk aktivitet varierar och delaktighet ses främja deltagande. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur arbetsplatsbaserade insatser för fysisk aktivitets utformning påverkar sannolikheten för medarbetares deltagande samt om det fanns ett samband mellan deltagande och delaktighet i planering av arbetsplatsbaserade insatser för fysisk aktivitet. Metod: en kvantitativ studie med deduktivt angreppssätt genom tvärsnittsdesign har genomförts bland medarbetare i Strängnäs kommun. Urvalet bestod av 71 medarbetare. Sambandet analyserades genom Spearman’s rangkorrelation. Resultat: mindre än hälften av respondenterna har deltagit i insatser. Majoriteten av respondenterna kommer sannolikt delta om aktiviteterna genomförs på arbetstid och delaktighet erbjuds. Resultatet visade ett statistiskt signifikant starkt positivt samband mellan deltagande och delaktighet i planeringen av arbetsplatsbaserade insatser för fysisk aktivitet. Slutsats: majoriteten av respondenterna kommer sannolikt delta om insatsen genomförs på arbetstid, motionsformen är valfri och sker valfri tid. Respondenter som deltar i insatser för fysisk aktivitet ges möjlighet till delaktighet i utformningen. / Background: health is affected by determinants, for example working conditions and individual living habits. Physical activity promotes both physical- and mental health at the same time as physical inactivity causes both physical- and mental illness. Participation in workplace-based interventions for physical activity varies and participation is seen to promote participation in interventions. Aim: the aim of the study was to investigate how workplace-based interventions for physical activity design affect the probability of employees’ participation and whether there was a connection between participation in interventions and participation in the planning of workplace-based interventions for physical activity. Method: a quantitative study with a deductive approach through cross-sectional design has been conducted among employees is Strängnäs municipality. The sample consisted of 71 employees. The relationship was analyzed through Spearman’s rho. Result: less than half of the respondents had participated in any interventions, mostly due to not knowing they existed. Most respondents would probably have participated if the interventions were carried out during working hours and if participation in planning was offered. Furthermore, the result showed a statistic significant strong positive connection between participation in interventions and participation in planning. Conclusion: most of the respondents would probably participate if the intervention were carried out during working hours, type of exercise is optional and takes place at any time. There is a statistic significant strong positive connection between participation in interventions and participation in the planning of workplace-based interventions for physical activity.

Den psykiska hälsan har haft en negativ utveckling och sedan coronapandemin har den försämrats ytterligare, även bland ungdomar. Trots att den psykiska hälsan i allmänhet är god så uppger många ungdomar att de mår dåligt. Den psykiska hälsan påverkar såväl individen som samhällsutvecklingen. Bland ungdomar påverkar den psykiska hälsan skolprestationen och skoltrivsel, något som påverkar ungdomarnas framtidsmöjligheter. Det sociala stödet anses vara en skyddande faktor för ungdomars psykiska hälsa. Syftet med studien var att undersöka socialt stöd, psykiskt välbefinnande och stress bland gymnasieungdomar i mellersta Sverige och studera om det föreligger samband mellan dessa. Totalt 120 gymnasieungdomar deltog i en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie. Datainsamling bestod av en enkätundersökning. Resultatet analyserades med Spearman’s rangkorrelationsanalys. Resultatet visar att det finns ett positivt samband mellan socialt stöd och psykiskt välbefinnande. Vidare visar resultatet på ett svagt negativt samband mellan socialt stöd och stress. Sammanfattningsvis, det föreligger ett samband mellan socialt stöd, psykiskt välbefinnande och stress. Sambandet är starkare mellan socialt stöd och psykiskt välbefinnande än mellan socialt stöd och stress. Detta indikerar på att det finns andra faktorer som har starkare samband med ungdomarnas stressnivå, men att det sociala stödet är betydelsefullt för den psykiska hälsan. / Mental health has had a negative development and since the corona pandemic it has deteriorated further, also among young people. Although mental health is generally good, many adolescents state that they don’t feel good. Mental health affects both the individual and the development of society. Among adolescents, mental health affects school performance and enjoyment of school, something that affects young people's future opportunities. Social support is considered a protective factor for adolescents’ mental health. The purpose of the study was to investigate social support, psychological well-being, and stress among upper secondary school students in middle Sweden and to study whether there is a correlation between these. A total of 120 upper secondary school students participated in a quantitative cross-sectional study. Data collection consisted of a questionnaire survey. The result was analyzed with Spearman's rank correlation analysis. The results show that there is a positive relationship between social support and psychological well-being. Furthermore, the results show a weak negative relationship between social support and perceived stress. In conclusion, there is a relationship between social support, psychological well-being, and stress. The relationship is stronger between social support and psychological well-being than between social support and stress. This indicates that there are other factors that have a stronger connection with adolescents’ stress experience, but that social support is important for mental health.

Тема магистерской диссертации – «История русской философии в информационной среде», в рамках которой было проведено исследование с использованием количественного метода сбора данных в информационной среде интернет-ресурсов. Цель исследования – выяснить популярность истории русской философии среди пользователей Интернета. Исследование состоит из двух частей, первая часть включает в себя теоретическое описание информационной среды. Вторая часть состоит из данных, собранных с интернет-ресурсов, и их интерпретации. Используя аналитические интернет-сервисы: «https://be1.ru/» и «https://www.liveinternet.ru/», мы проанализировали 5 популярных интернет-ресурсов: «https://ilibrary.ru/», «http://Lib.ru», «https://filosof.historic.ru», «https://arzamas.academy/» и «https://platona.net/», используя количественный метод, мы получили результаты, которые показывают, что история русской философии является популярным и востребованным предметом среди пользователей Интернета. Данное исследование уникально тем, что впервые мы получим ответ на вопрос, насколько история русской философии востребована современными пользователями Интернета. / The subject of the master's thesis is «history of Russian philosophy in the information environment», in within the was conducted research using a quantitative method of data collection in the information environment of Internet resources. The purpose of the research is to find out the popularity of the history of Russian philosophy among Internet users. The study consists of two parts, the first part includes a theoretical description of the information environment. The second part consists of data collected from Internet resources and their interpretation. By using analytical Internet services: «https://be1.ru/» and «https://www.liveinternet.ru/», we analyzed 5 popular Internet resources: «https://ilibrary.ru/», «http://Lib.ru», «https://filosof.historic.ru», https://arzamas.academy/» and «https://platona.net/», using the quantitative method, we obtained results that show that the history of Russian philosophy is a popular and popular subject among Internet users. The research is unique because for the first time we will get an answer to the question of how much the history of Russian philosophy is in demand by modern Internet users.

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly popular. An area where AI technology is used and has received much attention during the past year is chatbots. They can simulate an understanding of human language and form text responses to questions asked. Apart from generating text responses, they can also generate programming code, making them useful for tasks such as testing. Although testing is considered a crucial part of software development, many find it tedious and time-consuming. There are currently limited AI-powered tools for generating unit tests in general and even fewer for the programming language Java. The thesis tackles the problem of the lack of tools for generating unit tests in Java that explore the capabilities of AI, and a research question is introduced thereafter. The purpose of this thesis is to address the issue by creating a prototype for generating unit tests in Java based on the AI model, GPT-3.5-Turbo. The goal is to provide a basis for other professionals to create tools for generating unit tests, which was done by experimenting with different prompts and values of a randomness parameter and then suggesting the prototype JUTAI. A quantitative research method with an experimental and comparative approach was used to evaluate the results. A comparison model with three criteria was brought forward to evaluate the results. The findings reveal that JUTAI outperformed the general-purpose AI tool, ChatGPT, across all three criteria and indicate that the goal of this thesis is achieved and the research question answered. / Intresset för artificiell intelligens (AI) har ökat de senaste åren. Ett område där AI- teknologi används och som har fått mycket uppmärksamhet under det senaste året är chattbottar. De kan simulera en förståelse för mänskligt språk och svara på frågor i textformat. Utöver det kan de även generera programkod. Tack vare förmågan att generera kod kan de användas för testning. Även om testning anses vara en viktig del av mjukvaruutveckling, tycker många att det är tråkigt och tidskrävande. För närvarande finns det ett begränsat antal verktyg som kan generera enhetstester, och det finns ännu färre verktyg som kan göra detta i Java. Detta examensarbete tog sig an problemet med bristen på AI-verktyg för enhetstestning i Java genom att besvara på forskningsfrågan som ställdes. Syftet med examensarbetet är att föreslå en lösning på problemet genom att utveckla en prototyp som använder sig av AI- modellen GPT-3.5-Turbo för att generera enhetstester i Java. Målet är att ge en grund för andra yrkesverksamma att skapa verktyg för att generera enhetstester, vilket gjordes genom att experimentera med olika instruktionstrukturer och värden för en slumpmässighetsparameter, och sedan föreslå protypen JUTAI. En kvantitativ forskningsmetod tillsammans med en experimentell och jämförande ansats användes för att utvärdera resultaten. En jämförelsemodell med tre kriterier togs fram för att utvärdera resultaten. Resultaten visar att JUTAI presterade bättre än AI-verktyget ChatGPT i de tre kriterierna och indikerar att målet med detta examensarbete uppnåddes och forskningsfrågan besvarades.

Bakgrund: Trauma är en av de mest bidragande orsakerna till skada och död globalt. För att minska lidande och död hos patienter samt kostnader för samhället krävs en välfungerande traumavård. Tiden på dygnet, kön och ålder kan påverka utfallet för patienter som inkommer till sjukhus efter ett trauma. Eftersom forskningen inte är enig är detta ett område som ytterligare måste undersökas. Syftet med studien var att undersöka skillnader mellan traumapatienter vid en traumaenhet beroende på om patienten inkommer dagtid respektive jourtid, kön och ålder. Metod: Studien är en retrospektiv icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie där redan insamlade från en traumakoordinator vid ett sjukhus i norra sjukvårdsregionen analyserats. Studiepopulationen bestod av 115 patienter som blivit inskrivna som trauma nivå 1 eller 2 på akutmottagningen under år 2022. Data har analyserats med T-test och Chi-2 test för att undersöka eventuella skillnader och för att undersöka samband har Pearson’s korrelationstest använts. Signifikansgränsen sattes till P<0,05. Resultat: I denna studie kunde inga signifikanta skillnader identifieras mellan de trauman som inkom på dagtid och på jourtid gällande tid till vård eller allvarlighetsgrad av skadan. Kvinnor hade signifikant kortare tid mellan larm och ankomsttid till sjukhus. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i allvarlighetsgrad beroende på tid på dygnet. Det fanns inte heller någon skillnad i allvarlighetsgrad mellan könen men det fanns ett positivt samband mellan hög ålder och allvarlighetsgrad. Slutsats: Vården vid det valda sjukhuset skiljer sig inte signifikant i traumaomhändertagande på dagtid och jourtid eller mellan könen vilket utifrån studerade variabler kan indikera en jämlik vård. Vidare studier skulle vara av intresse för att med andra variabler och infallsvinklar studera eventuella skillnader. Det finns också ett behov av jämförande analyser mellan sjukhus för att undersöka närmare hur jämlik vård som bedrivs i landet. Kunskapen är av vikt för anestesisjuksköterskan för att bedriva jämlik vård.

Bibliographical refernces appear at the end of each chapter / This study reviews solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. The study area covered some of the residential areas in Polokwane City; namely; Ivy Park, Fauna Park, Welgelegen, Westernburg and the City Centre. This article describes two main methods that were used to collect data; that is Qualitative and Quantitative method. Field survey was also made to validate data obtained from the participants that were interviewed during qualitative data process. After framing the problem, the objectives of Solid Waste Management Practices in Polokwane City were briefly outlined as follows: • Assess solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. • Make comparison on how households and the municipality take responsibility in storing, collecting, transporting, treating and disposing solid waste. • Investigate what problems the City encounters in managing solid waste. • Make relevant recommendations aimed at improving solid waste management practices within the City. The service management was administered by the municipality and private sector. From the five study residential areas, the Municipality manages waste in the City Centre while the private sector manages waste in the other residential areas. However, the City continues to play an administrative role over the contracted service provider. Statistical results were presented in figures and tables. The results showed the storage habits, frequency of collection, mode of transport and methods of disposal for solid waste in Polokwane City. The only method of disposal in the city was found to be landfilling. Activities that took place at the landfill site, such as reclaiming were outlined together with the economic values that these activities add to the City. The study also revealed that as population increases, the amount of solid waste generated also increased. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Au cours des trois dernières décennies, le travail quotidien des cadres gestionnaires infirmiers de premier niveau (CGIPN) a subi de profondes transformations quant aux rôles qu’ils occupent et aux responsabilités qui leur incombent dans les divers établissements de santé. Ces CGIPN vivent et subissent de la pression au regard de leur charge de travail, faisant en sorte qu’ils perçoivent avoir peu de temps pour réaliser adéquatement leur travail en gestion, et que plusieurs infirmières de la relève qui souhaitent faire carrière en gestion se questionnent sur la possibilité d’œuvrer dans ce domaine de la pratique. Peu d’études portent sur l’état de la qualité de vie au travail (QVT) chez ces professionnels. Divisé en trois volets, le projet de recherche mixte séquentielle exploratoire a pour objectif général d’explorer la QVT chez les CGIPN et les facteurs qui l’influencent dans les divers établissements de santé québécois. Les objectifs spécifiques visent à : 1) décrire et comprendre ce que signifie la QVT auprès des 14 CGIPN œuvrant en Centre hospitalier affilié (CHA) à l’Université, 2) décrire et comprendre ce que signifie l’absence d’une QVT auprès des CGIPN en CHA, 3) développer et valider un nouvel instrument de mesure des facteurs favorables et défavorables pouvant influer sur la QVT à partir des données qualitatives auprès de CGIPN (n= 11) œuvrant en Centre de santé et des services sociaux et de CGIPN (n= 11) en Centre hospitalier universitaire, 4) identifier et mesurer les facteurs qui influencent la QVT des CGIPN (n= 291) travaillant dans divers établissements publics de santé et 5) déterminer si les caractéristiques sociodémographiques influencent le choix des facteurs de la QVT. Inspiré de la philosophie du Human caring de Watson comme perspective disciplinaire, le premier volet qualitatif fait appel à une méthode phénoménologique descriptive husserlienne. Pour ce faire, deux séries d’entretiens semi-dirigés à l’aide d’un guide d’entrevue visent à répondre aux deux premiers objectifs. Le second volet cible l’élaboration et la validation d’un instrument de mesure permettant de répondre au troisième objectif de la recherche et le dernier volet, de type quantitatif corrélationnel, s’applique à répondre aux deux derniers objectifs. Dans la première phase, l’analyse visuelle des données qualitatives (verbatim) permet l’émergence des résultats qualitatifs, soit de cinq eidos-thèmes favorables exprimés par les participants et décrits par ordre d’importance : 1) l’actualisation du leadership et des habiletés politiques pour l’amélioration de la qualité des soins infirmiers, 2) les éléments contextuels propices à l’humanisation organisationnelle, 3) le soutien organisationnel favorisant l’épanouissement socioprofessionnel et personnel, 4) l’organisation apprenante favorisant le développement des compétences en gestion des soins infirmiers et 5) l’accompagnement personnalisé répondant aux besoins spécifiques des novices en gestion des soins infirmiers. L’essence de la QVT pour les CGIPN se définit par l’émancipation socioprofessionnelle du cadre gestionnaire infirmier de premier niveau dans sa pratique clinico-administrative au sein d’une organisation humaniste. De plus, trois eidos-thèmes défavorables se dégagent des analyses qualitatives. Les résultats, décrits par ordre d’importance, sont : 1) la déshumanisation organisationnelle, 2) les conditions défavorables à la pratique en gestion des soins infirmiers et 3) l’accompagnement insuffisant des gestionnaires infirmiers novices. L’essence de l’absence d’une QVT pour les CGIPN se présente comme la dysharmonie au travail du cadre gestionnaire infirmier de premier niveau à l’intérieur d’une structure organisationnelle déshumanisante mettant en péril sa pratique clinico-administrative. Par la suite, une mise en relation des deux essences du phénomène a permis de faire émerger la signification universelle de l’expérience de la QVT et l’absence de celle-ci pour des CGIPN œuvrant en CHA comme étant : une dialectique en administration des services infirmiers dans laquelle se vit des pratiques humanisantes permettant l’atteinte d’un idéal de QVT, en coexistence avec des pratiques déshumanisantes conduisant à l’absence de QVT. Afin de respecter les postulats des méthodes quantitatives, les huit eidos-thèmes qui émergent de la première phase qualitative se transforment en facteurs favorables (FF) et défavorables (FD) à la QVT pour la réalisation des deuxième et troisième phases de la recherche. Dans la seconde phase, le construit théorique qui provient des huit eidos-thèmes et 23 thèmes permet de développer un nouvel instrument de mesure qui s’avère unique à cette population à l’étude. L’analyse psychométrique de l’instrument de mesure (questionnaire auto-administré en mode électronique) permet l’obtention d’un score global du coefficient alpha de Cronbach (α) de 0,93, ce qui est jugé excellent. Dans la troisième et dernière phase, les analyses statistiques des données (logiciel SPSS, version 22 pour Windows 7, 2013) issues de l’enquête quantitative provinciale en ligne (Web) mettent en évidence des résultats probants. Les résultats du questionnaire en ligne avec une échelle ordinale à cinq niveaux révèlent un score global du coefficient alpha de Cronbach à 0,95. De plus, les résultats quantitatifs suggèrent que les facteurs favorables (FF) à la QVT ont des scores moyens de 3,99 (FF1), 3,97 (FF2), 3,96 (FF3), 3,72 (FF4) et 3,53 (FF5) et les trois facteurs défavorables (FD) à la QVT ont des scores moyens de 3,91(FD1), 3,78 (FD2) et 3,56 (FD3). Ces facteurs correspondent aux eidos-thèmes favorables et défavorables de la QVT du volet qualitatif phénoménologique. Les résultats quantitatifs révèlent quelques relations significatives des caractéristiques sociodémographiques (âge et années d’expérience) sur le choix des facteurs qui influencent le plus fortement la QVT. En conclusion, le fait de pouvoir mieux décrire et comprendre la signification de la QVT ainsi que son absence et de pouvoir identifier les facteurs qui sont les plus susceptibles de l’influencer permet de formuler des recommandations pour les quatre domaines de la pratique infirmière. Des pistes d’avenues sont formulées pour maintenir la relève infirmière à des postes de CGIPN au sein des organisations de santé en lui assurant des moyens pour optimiser humainement sa QVT. / For the past three decades, first-line nurse managers’ daily work has undergone profound changes with respect to the roles they play and their compulsory responsibilities in various health care facilities. First-line nurse managers (FLNMs) are under pressure in regard to their workload; they find that they have little time to suitably accomplish their management work. Few studies address the quality of work life (QWL) of these health care professionals. The sequential and exploratory mixed methods research project is divided into three phases, and explores the QWL of FLNMs, as well as factors that influence FLNMs in various health care facilities in Quebec. Specific goals will : 1) describe and understandthe meaning of QWL according to 14 FLNMs working in the university-affiliated hospital (CHA), 2) describe and understandthe meaning of a lack of QWL among FLNMs in the CHA, 3) develop and validate a new measuring instrument of favourable and unfavourable factors that impact QWL of FLNMs’ within their health and social services network and university health centre (n= 11), 4) identify and measure factors influencing FLNMs’ QWL (n= 291), and 5) determine socio-demographic characteristics that may influence the choice of factors that affect QWL. Inspired from Watson’s Human caring philosophy as a disciplinary perspective, the first qualitative section uses a Husserlian descriptive phenomenological method. Two series of semi-structured interviews, using an interview guide, met the first two goals. The second section targets the development and validation of a measuring instrument that will allow us to meet the research goal. The last section refers to the correlational quantitative method, and it meets the last two goals. In phase one, a visual analysis of the qualitative data (verbatim) yields qualitative results that include five favourable eidos-themes expressed by participants, and are described in order of importance, namely : 1) an update to leadership and policy-making skills to improve health care quality, 2) contextual factors that promote organizational humanization, 3) organizational support to foster personal and socio-professional satisfaction, 4) a learning organization committed to skills development in health care management, and 5) personalized training to meet the specific needs of health care management beginners. The essence of FLNMs’ QWL is defined as the first-line nurse manager’s socio-professional emancipation in his or her clinical-administrative practices within a humanist organization. Three unfavourable eidos-themes emerge from the qualitative analyses. Here are the described results in order of importance : 1) organizational dehumanization, 2) unfavourable conditions in nursing management, and 3) insufficient support for beginner health care managers. The lack of QWL for FLNMs is described as disharmony in the first-line nurse manager’s workplace within a dehumanized organizational structure that jeopardizes his or her clinical and administrative practices. Consequently, comparing these two fundamental aspects of the phenomenon revealed the universal meaning of QWL, and its absence among F-LNMs working in university-affiliated hospitals, as being a dialectic in nursing administration in which humanist practices that allow attainment of a QWL ideal coexist with dehumanizing practices that work against QWL. Inorder to respect the quantitative methods’ principles, the eight eidos-themes emerging from the first phase are changed into favourable factors (FF) or unfavourable factors (UF) for QWL, and are used to carry out the second and third research phases. In the second phase, the theoretical construct based on the eight eidos-themes and twenty-three themes identified by the new measuring tool is unique to the population under consideration. The instrument’s psychometric analysis—a self-administered online questionnaire—obtained an overall Cronbach alpha score (α) of 0.93. This is considered excellent. In the third and last phase, a statistical analyses (SPSS software, version 22 for Windows 7) (2013) of Quebec’s online quantitative survey highlight conclusive results. Results from the online questionnaire, with a five-level ordinal scale, show an overall Cronbach alpha score of 0.95. Quantitative results suggest that QWL favourable factors (FF) have average scores of 3.99 (FF1), 3.97 (FF2), 3.96 (FF3), 3.72 (FF4), and 3.53 (FF5). QWL unfavourable factors (UF) have average scores of 3.91 (UF1), 3.78 (UF2), and 3.56 (UF3). These factors are equivalent to QWL’s favourable and unfavourable eidos-themes found in the qualitative phenomenological section. The quantitative results show some significant connections between socio-demographic characteristics, such as age and years of experience, and the choice of factors that affect QWL In conclusion, a better describing and understanding the meaning of QWL or lack thereof, as well as identifying the most likely factors to influence QWL, enables us to provide recommendations in the fourth areas of nursing practice. Approaches are proposed to maintain the next generation of FLNM job positions in health care organizations, while ensuring resources to suitably maximize FLNMs’ QWL.

Bibliographical refernces appear at the end of each chapter / This study reviews solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. The study area covered some of the residential areas in Polokwane City; namely; Ivy Park, Fauna Park, Welgelegen, Westernburg and the City Centre. This article describes two main methods that were used to collect data; that is Qualitative and Quantitative method. Field survey was also made to validate data obtained from the participants that were interviewed during qualitative data process. After framing the problem, the objectives of Solid Waste Management Practices in Polokwane City were briefly outlined as follows: • Assess solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. • Make comparison on how households and the municipality take responsibility in storing, collecting, transporting, treating and disposing solid waste. • Investigate what problems the City encounters in managing solid waste. • Make relevant recommendations aimed at improving solid waste management practices within the City. The service management was administered by the municipality and private sector. From the five study residential areas, the Municipality manages waste in the City Centre while the private sector manages waste in the other residential areas. However, the City continues to play an administrative role over the contracted service provider. Statistical results were presented in figures and tables. The results showed the storage habits, frequency of collection, mode of transport and methods of disposal for solid waste in Polokwane City. The only method of disposal in the city was found to be landfilling. Activities that took place at the landfill site, such as reclaiming were outlined together with the economic values that these activities add to the City. The study also revealed that as population increases, the amount of solid waste generated also increased. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Erweiterung der für dicke Proben schon mit Erfolg eingesetzten Werkstoffanalytischen Methode Elektronenstrahl-Mikroanalyse (ESMA) mittels Peak/Untergrund-Verhältnissen auf die Analyse von dünnen Schichten (unter 1 μm) zur qualitative und quantitativen Elementanalyse sowie zur Ermittlung von Schichtdicken. Weiterhin wird auf der Basis von einer ESMA-Methode für zwei dünne Schichten auf einem Substrat wird ein Modell zur Ermittlung des Phasenwachstumskoeffizienten für eine intermetallische Phase die sich bei der Diffusion zwischen einer dünnen Schicht und einem Substrat bildet, mittels ESMA-Messungen bei gleichzeitiger Erwärmung der Probe dargestellt. / The paper deals with the application of the materials analysis method EPMA by peak-to-background ratios, which is currently being used for the analysis of thick samples successfully, to thin layers (less than 1 μm) for the quantitative element analysis as well as for thickness prediction. In addition a model has been established on the Basis of an EPMA method for two films on a substrate for deriving the phase growth coefficient of an inter-metallic phase which grows during the diffusion between a thin layer and a substrate from EPMA measurements while simultaneously heating the sample.

La larga presencia histórica de arabehablantes en la península ibérica tuvo como resultado la inclusión de préstamos léxicos, a menudo llamados arabismos, en el español. El objetivo de esta investigación ha sido comparar el uso de estos arabismos en el español cotidiano moderno con el del siglo XVI. Con este fin, se presenta una enumeración ordenada de los arabismos más frecuentes en el español moderno y se la compara con una lista correspondiente del español del siglo XVI. Las listas están basadas en dos corpus que maneja la Real Academia Española. Se realzan las semejanzas y diferencias entre las  dos listas y se discuten las posibles explicaciones de cambios en popularidad para los arabismos respectivos. Además, se presentan cálculos del porcentaje total de arabismos en el español de hoy y el del siglo XVI. Para este cálculo han sido usadas novelas de las dos épocas. Las novelas escogidas están todas arraigadas el las dos Castillas; por consiguiente, la comparación del porcentaje se limitará al español castellano. El estudio añade información cuantitativa que hasta ahora parece faltar respecto al conocimiento existente de arabismos en el español. El resultado de la investigación indica que la frecuencia de arabismos en la lengua cotidiana ha disminuido solo marginalmente desde el siglo XVI, mientras que el número de arabismos distintos en el uso corriente del español ha sufrido una reducción más pronunciada y el número de raíces hispanoárabes utilizadas ha decrecido aún más. Aproximadamente la mitad de los arabismos más frecuentes en el siglo XVI todavía mantienen esta posición; para la mayoría de los arabismos que han experimentado un aumento o reducción evidente en popularidad de uso existen explicaciones plausibles en forma de cambios en la sociedad. / The long-lasting historical presence of Arabic-speaking groups on the Iberian Peninsula resulted in various lexical loans, often referred to as arabisms, in Spanish. The objective of this investigation has been to compare the use of these arabisms in modern colloquial Spanish with that of the 16th century. For this purpose an ordered list of the most frequent arabisms found in modern Spanish is presented and compared with a similar list of arabisms found in texts from the 16th century. The lists are based on two corpus managed by the Royal Spanish Academy. Similarities and differences between the two lists are highlighted and possible explanations for the change in popularity of the respective arabisms are discussed. In addition, calculations of the total percentage of arabisms in current and 16th century Spanish are presented. Novels from the respective periods are used as a basis for these calculations. All the chosen novels are rooted in Castile; consequently, the percentage comparison is limited to Castilian Spanish. The study adds quantitative information that currently seems to be lacking to the existing knowledge of arabisms in Spanish. The result of the investigation indicates that the frequency of arabisms in colloquial language has diminished marginally since the 16th century, whereas the number of distinct arabisms in everyday usage of Spanish has suffered a more pronounced reduction and the number of hispanoarabic roots used has decreased even more. Approximately half of the most frequent arabisms in the 16th century still maintain this position; for a majority of the arabisms that have experienced an evident increase or decrease in popularity there exist plausible explanations in the form of changes in society.