This doctoral dissertation examines the social representation of masculinities in the contemporary Colombian cultural industry. The corpus of the study is composed by the novels of four Colombian writers (Santiago Gamboa, Alonso Sánchez Baute, John Better, and Efraím Medina) and their contributions to SoHo, a magazine for heterosexual men that is considered the Colombian version of Playboy. The research proves that gay and trans male bodies and subjectivities are commodified, spectacularized, and appropriated in order to include them in the late-capitalist logic that Colombia adopted at the beginning of the 90s. This dissertation relies on an interdisciplinary approach that combines Literary, Cultural and Gender Studies, and Queer Linguistics. In the first chapter, I argue that SoHo is a site of hybridization where local, regional, global, as well as hegemonic and counterhegemonic discourses about male Colombian sexuality concur. The second chapter focuses on the representation of gay and trans masculinities in Locas de felicidad (2009) by John Better and Al diablo la maldita primavera (2007) by Alonso Sánchez Baute, and shows how these Colombian authors question the neoliberal policies implemented in their country by constructing the male gay body as a commodity. Such construction reveals that LGBTQ subjects can only be fully considered citizens if they are useful to the imperatives of a liberal market economy. In chapter three, I explore the connection between Colombia's armed conflict, neoliberal policies, and masculinities in the novel Plegarias nocturnas (2012) by Santiago Gamboa. In this analysis I demonstrate that a violent, protectionist, and liberal masculine figure was erected in Colombia's national discourse as one of the means to cope with the longstanding military conflict in the country. Plegarias nocturnas contests this figure by emphasizing queer ways of living. The final chapter deals with Sexualidad de la Pantera Rosa (2004) by Efraím Medina and shows that although the subaltern protagonist of the novel presents himself as a critic of patriarchy, the power of his criticism is concealed through the use of an ironic and ambiguous discourse that, in the end, leads to the conservation of his heterosexual dominance. This research project is the first to analyze contemporary Colombian masculinities. The study of the rhetorical strategies employed by several writers to portray late capitalist masculinities enriches our knowledge of 20th and 21st-century Latin American literature demonstrating how it reflects the sociopolitical and economic changes of this period. In addition, by looking at how Colombian masculinities intertwine with regional and global gender politics, this research contributes to the current debates about sexual minorities and their role in maintaining neoliberal normative ways of living. Therefore, this study proposes innovative discussions regarding how the South reproduces and/or contests hegemonic discourses.

The World Health Organization recommends feeding children human milk for the first six months after birth due to its known efficacy in ensuring their health and survival. The WHO’s research is intended to educate a broad audience of caregivers, whose identity must be understood in order for them to be reached. By analysing the WHO’s three factsheets published in English on the topic of ‘breastfeeding’, this research aims to answer two questions: In the WHO’s description of feeding infants and young children, to what extent does the language assign gender to the caregiver? And, if gender is assigned to the caregiver, which features of the written language and images make this visible? The study was carried out using a mixed methods approach, where the text was first searched for markers of gender and then analysed, modelling van Dijk’s discourse-cognition-society triangle. Lexicological and collocational findings suggest the presence of both an assumption of cis-femininity in caregivers who breastfeed and a paradigm of binary cis-heteronormativity that is representative of broader societal structures and their influences on cognition.

Submitted by secretaria pós-letras repositorio (secretaria.repositorio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-25T20:28:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação Gabriel Perez.pdf: 2520774 bytes, checksum: 8d237221f377fc5cb39c0d149e892a38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2017-11-06T12:46:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação Gabriel Perez.pdf: 2520774 bytes, checksum: 8d237221f377fc5cb39c0d149e892a38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T12:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação Gabriel Perez.pdf: 2520774 bytes, checksum: 8d237221f377fc5cb39c0d149e892a38 (MD5) / Faperj / Colégio Cruzeiro, CRUZEIRO, Brasil / A imigração de brasileiros no Suriname é um fenômeno relativamente recente que começou a ser percebido em meados dos anos 80, quando as primeiras modestas ondas de migração, formadas sobretudo por garimpeiros e prostitutas, se instalaram principalmente no interior do país. Estima-se que atualmente vivam na antiga Guiana Holandesa cerca de 16.000 brasileiros, concentrados particularmente na zona norte da capital Paramaribo, onde exercem atividades diversas nos setores de mineração, prestação de serviços, comércio e prostituição. Esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar as práticas e representações linguísticas de imigrantes brasileiros residentes na capital do Suriname, país onde coexistem cerca de 20 línguas faladas por distintas etnias, sendo o holandês a única com status de idioma oficial. Por entender, assim como Calvet ([1999] 2004), que as práticas linguísticas e as representações, ou seja, as imagens que os sujeitos constroem em torno das línguas, são não só interdependentes, mas se relacionam com os contextos sociais, ideologias e relações de poder nas quais estão inseridas, discuto neste trabalho os conceitos de mercado linguístico e violência simbólica conforme Bourdieu ([1982] 1996) e, naturalmente, contextualizo a imigração brasileira e apresento o panorama sociolinguístico observado no país, com ênfase na capital Paramaribo. A pesquisa in loco que constitui o corpus desta investigação demonstrou ainda que o gênero dos falantes exerce forte influência sobre as práticas e, sobretudo, sobre as representações linguísticas dos sujeitos, o que apontou para a necessidade de se discutir as interações entre linguagem e essas duas categorias. Assim, o presente trabalho apresenta ainda uma revisão bibliográfica das pesquisas sociolinguísticas mais relevantes que se dispuseram a analisar tais relações, como as pioneiras contribuições variacionistas de Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) e Eckert (1989), os estudos centrados em contato linguístico de Piller & Pavlenko (2001, 2006) e, ainda, as desconstruções de um emergente campo dos estudos da linguagem, a linguística queer (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). A reflexão teórica aqui proposta visará a discutir não só como esses dois fatores afetam as escolhas dos falantes, mas como os indivíduos constroem e afirmam seu gênero e outras identidades através da linguagem. / The Brazilian immigration in Suriname is a relatively recent phenomenon that came into prominence in the mid-80's, when the first modest waves of immigrants, most of them miners and prostitutes, settled mainly in the countryside. Around 16,000 Brazilians are currently living in the former Dutch Guiana, particularly in the northern part of the capital Paramaribo, where they work mostly in retail, the service industry, mining and prostitution. This research aims to analyze the language practices and representations of Brazilian immigrants living in the capital of Suriname, where about 20 languages are spoken by different ethnic groups and Dutch remains the only one with an official status. In our understanding, language representations, that means, the images that speakers have about languages, and language practices are, as defined by Calvet ([1999] 2004) not only interdependent, but are also related to social contexts, ideologies and power relationships. Thus, we discuss in this work the concepts of linguistic market and symbolic violence according to Bourdieu ([1982] 1996) and contextualize the Brazilian immigration and the current sociolinguistic panorama observed in the country, with an emphasis on the capital Paramaribo. The data collected in the field research also demonstrated that the gender of the speakers exerts a strong influence on their language practices and, above all, on their language representations. These observations led to the discussion on the relationships between language and gender. Thus, this work presents a bibliographical review of the most relevant sociolinguistic researches that discussed these relations, such as the first contributions of Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) and Eckert (1989), the studies based on language contact by Piller & Pavlenko (2001, 2006) and the deconstructions of an emerging field of language studies: the Queer Linguistics (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). The reflection on the theories presented in this work aims to discuss not only how gender affects the speakers' choices, but also how individuals construct and affirm their gender and other identities through language. / De immigratie van Brazilianen in Suriname is een vrij recent fenomeen en verscheen halfweg de jaren 80. De eerste golf van migranten bestonden voornamelijk uit mijnwerkers en prostituees die zich vestigden op het platteland in Suriname. Ongeveer 16.000 Brazilianen leven momenteel in het voormalige nederlanstalige Guyana, hoofdzakelijk in het noordelijke deel van de hoofdstad Paramaribo, waar ze voornamelijk werken in de kleinhandel, dienstensector, de mijnindustrie en prostitutie. Dit onderzoek richt zich op het analyseren van de taalgebruiken en representaties van Braziliaanse immigranten die leven in de hoofdstad van Suriname, waar ongeveer 20 talen gesproken worden door verschillende etnische groepen waarvan het Nederlands de enige taal is met een officiële status. Taalrepresentaties, d.i. het beeld dat sprekers hebben over een taal, en taalgebruiken worden door Calvet (1999, 2004) gedefinieerd als niet alleen onderling afhankelijk, maar gerelateerd tot de sociale context, ideologieën en krachtige relaties. Om deze reden onderzoeken we in dit werk de concepten van de taalkundige markt en het symbolisch geweld dat daarmee gepaard gaat volgens Bourdieu ([1982] 1996). Verder onderzoeken we ook de Braziliaanse immigratie en het huidig sociolinguistisch panorama dat geobserveerd wordt in het land, met de nadruk op de hoofdstad Paramaribo. De data dat werd verworven door het veldwerk toont ons dat de gender van de spreker een sterke invloed uitoefent op de taalgebruiken en bovenal op de taalrepresentatie. Deze observaties brengen ons naar de discussie van de relatie tussen taal en gender. Omwille van die reden focust dit werk zich op een bibliografische kijk op de meest relevante, sociolinguïstieke onderzoeken die deze relaties reeds aangehaald hebben. We kijken naar de eerste bijdragen van Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) en Eckert (1989) en alsook de studies die gebaseerd zijn op taal contact door Piller en Pavlenko (2001,2006) en ook de bijdragen van een opkomend gebied van taalstudies: Queer linguistics (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). De theorieën die we aanhalen in dit werk brengen ons naar de discussie hoe het geslacht van de spreker zijn keuzes beïnvloedt, maar ook hoe individuen hun geslacht en andere identiteiten vormen en bevestigen door middel van taal.

Ce mémoire porte sur les transformations sociohistoriques du gayle en Afrique du Sud, une variété linguistique de l’afrikaans et de l'anglais, au répertoire lexical souvent improvisé. S’appuyant sur six mois de terrain ethnographique au Cap, ce travail se base sur des données (méta)linguistiques tirées d’observation participante ainsi que d’entretiens individuels et de groupe au sein de la communauté coloured. Je critique une perspective qui envisage le gayle comme une « anti-langue » (Halliday 1976), une méthode de communication secrète et exclusive à une communauté fermée. Plutôt, je suggère que le phénomène est mieux compris lorsqu’abordé en tant que registre d'une communauté de pratique (Eckert et McConnell-Ginet 2003). Mes entretiens révèlent son association historique et « enregistrée » avec la figure caractérologique (Agha 2007) de l’homosexuel efféminé coloured ou « moffie ». Toutefois, les participants expriment un malaise face à cette idéologie puisqu’ils sont conscients que cette construction « efface » (Gal et Irvine 2000) les locuteurs non canoniques du gayle. Au-delà de la description lexicale, mon analyse suggère des chevauchements entre les caractéristiques sémantiques et pragmatiques de la variété, toutes deux stratégiquement déployées pour invoquer des caractéristiques évanescentes et des attributs sociaux dans l’interaction (Butler 1990). Au même titre que les éléments du répertoire ne correspondent pas à des significations sémantiques fixes – mais plutôt à des réalisations discursives contingentes – l’utilisation du gayle ne se limite pas à des identités sociales statiques. L'appartenance à la communauté est plutôt marquée par l’utilisation légitime et la compréhension mutuelle de déviations lexicales créatives et contextuelles. / This thesis focuses on sociohistorical transformations of Gayle, a linguistic variety consisting of an often-improvised lexical repertoire superimposed upon either Afrikaans or English in South Africa. Based on six months of fieldwork in Cape Town, this thesis draws on rich (meta)linguistic data drawn from participant-observation, as well as individual and group interviews within the coloured community. I critique an 'anti-language' (Halliday 1976) perspective, wherein Gayle is seen as uniquely anchored to a closed community for which it serves as an exclusive, ingroup code. Rather, I suggest that Gayle is best understood when approached as the register of a community of practice (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet 2003). My interviews expose the historical and 'enregistered' association of Gayle with the racialized, gendered and sexualized ‘characterological figure’ (Agha 2007) of the effeminate coloured gay man or 'moffie'. This association serves as a backdrop to contemporary anxieties about the ways in which Gayle is mapped onto speakers’ social identities and perhaps shows the respondent’s consciousness that these formulations ‘erase’ (Irvine and Gal 2000) non-canonical users of Gayle. Moving beyond lexical description, I suggest overlaps between the semantic and pragmatic features of the variety, both strategically deployed to invoke evanescent characteristics and social attributes in interaction (cf. Butler 1990). Just as elements of the Gayle repertoire do not code for fixed semantic meanings – but are rather contingent, discursive achievements – Gayle does not 'code for' static social identities. Instead, it achieves group belonging in interaction through legitimate use and mutual comprehension of creative linguistic 'deviations' and 'subversions'