Observed trends in R&D expenditures reveal that the quantity and geographical distribution of such investments has changed over the years. Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) are increasingly spending money on R&D investments, as they must continuously upgrade their processes, products and services for establishing long-term success in today’s increasingly competitive landscape. In the mist of this, MNEs from developed countries are increasingly making R&D investments in emerging markets. India and China has in this regard be termed “hotspots” and do today house several R&D clusters. Given the important role of R&D and the changing patterns of such investments,  the following thesis aims to address four related research gaps: (1) the limited understanding of how MNEs make location choices, (2) the limited recognition of the inherent differences between research and development oriented activities and how such differences impact location choices, (3) the relatively limited attention scholars have given India, although this country is attracting significant amounts of R&D investments, and (4) the limited understanding of how emerging markets differ on a sub-national level. Based on these issues, the following research question has been formulated: What are the differences and similarities between R&D city clusters in India, that are significant from a western R&D investment perspective?   The purpose of this research question is three-fold. It firstly serves to encourage the integration of International Business (IB) and Economic Geography (EG) literature for better understanding location choices for economic activities. Secondly, it serves to encourage researchers to acknowledge and take into account the inherent difference between research and development activities. And thirdly, it serves to highlight that regional variation exist in emerging markets on a sub-national level. A sub purpose of this is to encourage more research on India.   For addressing the research question in matter, this thesis has studied Bangalore and Gurgaon which are two growing clusters in India. They have been studied through a qualitative research methodology where interviews have been combined with secondary sources for understanding their differences and similarities, and subsequently their strengths and weaknesses from a research and development perspective respectively. By looking at factor-, demand-, industry-, firm rivalry- , network- and policy conditions, it has been found that several areas of similarities and differences exist between the two clusters. In regards to similarities, both have similar levels of costs in terms of human capital; both cities receive support from the national government and both cities largely serve customers across the world, including India, and do thus both provide environments where there is to some degree a pressure from sophisticated demand conditions to be more innovative. In regards to differences, Bangalore has relatively more talented human capital available; Bangalore is dominated by the IT industry whereas Gurgaon is not clearly dominated by a single industry; Bangalore has more proactive support from its local policy makers; Bangalore has more local network linkages whilst Gurgaon has more global network linkages; and lastly, Gurgaon has more local rivalry. Based on these similarities and differences, it has been argued that Gurgaon is a relatively better location for both research and development oriented R&D investments from a telecom industry perspective.   Essentially strong enough evidence for the identified similarities and differences has not always been found due to limited data. They are nevertheless indications of regional variations that could serve as a basis for future research to have a closer look at. As indications of similarities and differences that affect the location choice of research and development activities differently has been found - using an approach integrating insights from IB and EG - this paper has served its purpose in terms of encouraging further research related to identified research gaps.

In the new economy, intangible assets have become the main creators of value to many firms. However, the valuation of these assets in the accounting framework raises several issues with respect to identification, measurement and control. In this paper the valuation, measurement and recognition of intangible assets and their impact on the financial statements are presented, analyzing the asymmetry in the allocation of resources in the equity market, the growth of investments in intangible assets and the market value of the digital economy. In a group of uruguayan companies arriving at a set of initial findings for the cases. We understand the need to review and amend the rules for the treatment of intangibles, seeking to integrate more sophisticated in IT. We also understand that the rules should provide more detailed guidance on disclosure for intangible and costs-benefits for companies (from the perspective of the capital market and investors). / En la nueva economía, los activos intangibles se han convertido en los principales creadores de valor para un gran número de empresas. Sin embargo, la valoración de estos activos en el marco contable plantea varios problemas con respecto a su identificación, medición y control. En el presente trabajo, se exponen los criterios de valuación de activos intangibles y sus consecuencias en los estados financieros, para lo cual se ha analizado la asimetría en la asignación de recursos en el mercado de capitales, el crecimiento de las inversiones en intangibles y el valor de mercado de las empresas en la economía digital. Se explora en un grupo de empresas uruguayas las cuestiones discutidas, a partir de lo cual se arriba a un conjunto de conclusiones iniciales para los casos de estudio. Entendemos que es necesario revisar y modificar las normas para el tratamiento de intangibles, de modo que se integre aspectos más sofisticados en cuanto a TI. Asimismo, entendemos que las normas deben proporcionar una orientación más detallada sobre revelación de información para intangibles y de su relación costo-beneficio para las empresas (desde la perspectiva del mercado de capitales y de los inversores).

A inovação, tanto tecnológica como organizacional, deixou de ser um modismo para ocupar um lugar de destaque dentro das organizações. Com a abertura dos mercados e a sofisticação do padrão de exigências de consumidores, tanto no mercado interno, como no exterior, a diferenciação passou a ser palavra de ordem e a inovação uma necessidade. Dentro da inovação tecnológica, as atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento são consideradas essenciais e tem merecido, cada vez mais, a atenção de pesquisadores. Considerada tradicionalmente uma área eminentemente técnica, com foco em concepção de soluções tecnológica e comercialmente viáveis, tem assumido novas atribuições, o que implicou na alteração do seu perfil, passando a interagir com as demais áreas organizacionais. Desta forma, o universo simbólico do grupo de técnicos da área foi ampliado e incluiu no seu repertório novos valores e imagens da organização, influenciando o processo decisório. O presente trabalho de pesquisa, para a tese de doutorado em administração, foi construído com o objetivo de analisar o processo por meio do qual esta dimensão subjetiva se manifesta na área de P&D, no tocante à forma de realizar as atividades desta unidade organizacional, ou seja, internamente ou através de contratos com agentes externos. Considerando as especificidades do referido estudo, optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, estudo de caso múltiplo, coleta de evidências através de entrevistas não estruturadas e o método de análise de narrativas, em quatro empresas de base tecnológica, localizadas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. Apesar das possíveis fragilidades inerentes ao referido método, de natureza interpretativista simbólica, a análise dos quatro casos pesquisados permitiu evidenciar a inclusão de variáveis de cunho subjetivo no processo de decisão na área de P&D, com vista à definição da forma de realização de suas atividades. A referida dimensão subjetiva representou, na maioria das narrativas, a confluência de valores individuais, coletivos (dos grupos e subgrupos organizacionais) e da cultura organizacional, em seus aspectos objetivos e subjetivos, contidos em regras, procedimentos, normas, processos, práticas, imagens, símbolos, sinais, narrativas, mitos, etc. Foi possível verificar, também, que as diversas construções de realidade social, dentro das organizações, propiciam diferentes condições de manifestação de interesses individuais em processos de decisão na área de P&D, condicionando o posicionamento dos indivíduos no tocante à externalização das atividades desta unidade organizacional. Já a maneira como é exercida a influência da cultura organizacional, como também a intensidade e grau de sua efetividade, depende da forma pela qual a cultura foi constituída, da história subjacente à sua construção e da natureza comportamental dos integrantes da organização. No entanto, é importante destacar que o método de análise empregado faculta diferentes percepções, na dependência situacional e contextual, ou seja, permite ao analista "descobrir" novas nuances a cada releitura do mesmo texto, suscitando novas interpretações. / Innovations, technological and organizational, are not considered a fad anymore, occupying now a prominent place within organizations. With the opening of markets and the sophistication of the requirements of the consumers, both domestically and worldwide, differentiation has become something vital for the organizations and innovation a path to reach it. Within the technological innovation, research and development is considered essential and has become, increasingly, object of the attention of researchers. Traditionally considered a highly technical area, focused only on the development of the solutions technological and commercially viable, this unit has assumed new responsibilities, resulting in the change in its profile, through the interaction with other organizational areas. Thus, the symbolic universe of the group of the technicians of this unit was expanded and included in its repertoire new values and images of the organization, influencing decision-making. The research for the present management doctoral theses was built in order to analyze the process by which the subjective dimension is manifested in R & D, specifically in the decisions about how will be performed the activities of this organizational unit, that would be executed internally or through contracts with external agents. Because the specificities of the study, was opted for a qualitative, multiple case study, evidence collection through non structured interviews and the narrative analysis method in four organizations, technology-based, located in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. This methodology, considered adherent to the objectives of the research, despite its nature, interpretative and symbolic, the four cases investigated has highlighted the inclusion of the subjective variables in the decision-making process in R & D in order to define the form in which their activities should be performed. This subjective dimension was represented in the narratives through the confluence of the individual and collectives values, (groups and subgroups organization) oriented by organizational culture in their objective and subjective aspects, reflected in rules, procedures, standards, procedures, practices, images signs, symbols, narratives, myths, etc.. Was evidenced that the various constructions of the social reality within these four organizations provide different conditions for the expression of the interests in the individual decisionmaking in R & D. This different conditions influence individual and collective positions in the relation to the outsourcing of activities of this organizational unit. The way, effectiveness and the intensity of this influence depends on the organizational culture, the story behind its construction and behavioral characteristics of the members of the organization. However, it is important to emphasize that the employed method of analysis provides different perceptions, depending on the situation and context, that is, allows the analyst to "discover" new nuances with each new reading of the text that can inspire new interpretations.

O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para literatura empírica que avalia o impacto dos incentivos públicos à pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) com dados de firmas brasileiras. Em particular foi avaliado o impacto da Lei do Bem, instrumento de incentivo fiscal à atividade de pesquisa e desenvolvimento privado. Essa avaliação foi conduzida a partir de estimações de modelos econométricos com microdados de empresas industriais brasileiras. Foi aplicado a técnica de matching e realizadas estimações de modelos empíricos de investimento com dados em painel. O impacto foi avaliado considerando toda amostra de empresas industriais e por intensidade tecnológica, adicionalmente foi analisado o efeito de dosagem. Os resultados trazem evidências que existe impacto positivo no dispêndio em P&D nas firmas, rejeitando a hipótese de crowding-out. / The objective of this work is to contribute to the empirical literature that evaluates the effectiveness of public support on private R&D with Brazilian firms data. In particular was evaluated an instrument of fiscal incentive called ,,Lei do Bem\". The evaluation was conducted applying econometric approach using microdata of industrial firms. A matching was conducted and estimated empirical investment equation with panel data. The effect was evaluated in full sample and dividing by technological intensity, the dosage effect was also considered. The results indicate a positive impact on the expenditure in R&D, rejecting the crowding-out hypothesis.

Este trabalho estuda o processo de composição da carteira de projetos de P&D em casos da industria brasileira de produtos tangíveis. Com esse propósito, fez-se uma revisão bibliográfica e, em seguida, um estudo exploratório de múltiplos casos do tipo holístico, para identificar os procedimentos, critérios e participantes envolvidos no processo, assim como as dificuldades enfrentadas. O estudo apresenta um modelo de referência de pesquisa elaborado a partir das contribuições da teoria, envolvendo as diferentes abordagens sobre o processo de composição da carteira. O modelo serve também de marco de referência para a coleta, classificação, análise e comparação dos dados, e proporciona a flexibilidade necessária para o desenvolvimento de estudos deste tipo. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que as carteiras são resultantes de um processo no qual a avaliação de projetos no contexto de carteira é, na sua maior parte, não formalizada ou inexistente. Adicionalmente, os resultados mostram que o processo envolve participantes dos vários níveis hierárquicos das empresas, os quais contribuem direta ou indiretamente com as decisões do processo de composição da carteira. Finalmente, os resultados evidenciam que a obtenção de informação confiável e completa, a distribuição de recursos e a burocracia são as principais dificuldades enfrentadas ao longo do processo. / This work studies the R&D project portfolio composition process in cases of the Brazilian tangible products industry. For this purpose, a bibliographic review was done, and then, an holistic multi-case exploratory study, to identify the procedures, criteria and participants involved in the process, as well as the difficulties faced. A study presents a research reference model, constructed from the theory contributions, and involves several approaches of the portfolio composition process. The model is also useful as a framework for data collection, classification, analysis and comparison, and provides the flexibility needed for developing this kind of research. The study shows that the project portfolios result from a process where the project portfolio assessment is mostly informal or doesn?t exist. Additionally, the study shows that the process involves participants of several hierarchical levels in companies, where each participant contributes in a direct or indirect way, in decisions of the portfolio composition process decisions. Finally, the results identify that reliable and complete data collection, resources distribution and bureaucracy are the main difficulties faced along the process.

A internacionalização das atividades de P&D permite às empresas multinacionais, dentre outras, acesso à tecnologia, que não seria obtida apenas com atuação no país de origem da companhia. Essa possibilidade pode promover uma maior capacidade de exploração do conhecimento tecnológico, podendo vir a se tornar uma plataforma de desenvolvimento de capacidades dinâmicas. O presente trabalho busca analisar como a internacionalização de P&D contribui para o desenvolvimento dos aspectos da capacidade dinâmica, tendo em vista que os elementos que a compõem podem ser mais facilmente alcançados com a dispersão de subsidiárias de P&D pelo mundo, garantindo, assim, maiores possibilidades de detecção de novas oportunidades mercadológicas e tecnológicas, melhores condições de aproveitamento e gestão adequada de mudanças do ambiente. Quanto à amplitude teórica, compreendem estudos relacionados a estruturas de internacionalização da atividade de P&D, como motivadores e coordenação de P&D e sua relação como os pressupostos inerentes ao desenvolvimento de capacidade dinâmica. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos foram adotadas a abordagem qualitativa exploratória, com análise de estudos de caso em empresas multinacionais brasileiras que possuem subsidiárias de P&D internacionalizadas. Com a pesquisa concluiu-se que a internacionalização de P&D motivada para aumento do conhecimento e com estrutura de coordenação de P&D descentralizadas e integradas influencia fortemente no desenvolvimento da capacidade dinâmica. / The internationalization of R & D allows multinational companies, among others, access technology, which would not be obtained only with operations in the home country of the company. This possibility can promote a greater ability to explore technological knowledge and could become a platform for the development of dynamic capabilities. This study aims to analyze how the internationalization of R & D contributes to the development of aspects of dynamic capability, given that the elements that make up the dynamic capability can be more easily achieved with R & D subsidiaries overseas, thus ensuring greater detection of possibilities of new technological and market opportunities, better utilization and proper management of environmental changes. Regarding the theoretical breadth, this work includes studies related to structures for internationalization activity of R&D, as well as the assumptions inherent in the development of dynamic capability. Regarding to the methodological procedures, exploratory qualitative approach will be adopted, through analyzing of case studies in Brazilian multinational companies that have R&D internationalized. Through research it was concluded that the internationalization of R&D motivated to increase knowledge and with decentralized and integrated coordination structure of R&D, influences strongly the development of dynamic capability.

Atualmente, o conhecimento, a técnica e a inovação tornaram-se fatores críticos para o desenvolvimento de vantagens competitivas. O fator tecnológico, com suas rápidas taxas de propagação e obsolescência, apresenta um desafio ímpar para a gestão de uma empresa. Nesse contexto, as empresas utilizam sua função de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) como forma de tomar conhecimento do ambiente tecnológico global, de suas mudanças e tendências, das inovações em desenvolvimento de produtos e dos impactos destas em relação ao seu negócio. Ao mesmo tempo, com a internacionalização, as empresas ficaram aptas a desenvolver, produzir e comercializar seus produtos em diferentes localidades, o que resultou em um aumento da complexidade gerencial. Assim, o desenvolvimento global de produtos passou a ser um fator-chave para o sucesso da estratégia organizacional, tornando-se imperativo coordenar os avanços tecnológicos globais com as necessidades dos mercados. Todas essas mudanças obrigaram as empresas multinacionais, inclusive as brasileiras, a ampliarem suas fronteiras tecnológicas de ação, pesquisando e desenvolvendo globalmente produtos e processos, tanto para um mercado mundial quanto para cada mercado local. Focando no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, este trabalho estuda casos desse tipo de internacionalização em seis empresas multinacionais brasileiras. Os resultados mostraram que, em apenas dois caso, essa internacionalização do desenvolvimento de produto ocorreu por decisão da empresa. Em três outros, houve a internacionalização derivada de competências pré-existentes nas empresas, e, no último não houve internacionalização do desenvolvimento. / Nowadays, the knowledge, the technique and the innovation have become critical factors for the development of competitive advantages. The technological factor, with its rapid rate of propagation and obsolescence, represents a challenge for the management of firms. In this context, firms must be aware of the global technological environment, its changes and tendencies, innovations regarding the development of products and also the impacts of those in the firms\' business. At the same time, with the internationalization firms become capable to develop, manufacture and commercialize in different locations increasing the complexity of management. So, the global development of products becomes a key-factor for the success of the organizational strategy, because it has become crucial to coordinate the global technological advancements to the markets\' needs. All these changes lead multinationals, including the Brazilian ones, to extend its technological borders to global research, and to develop products and processes for local and global markets. Researching the process of product development, this dissertation presents a multiple case study of internationalization of the product development on Brazilian multinationals, aiming to answer the following question: how did the process of internationalization of firms motivate the internationalization of the product development? The results shown that for one multinational occurred the internationalization, for four others, this internationalization was \"incidental\" and for the last one there were no internationalization whatsoever.

Bad or failing projects drain organisational resources in vain, affect team morale,and are a detriment to corporate strategy. Theimportance of terminating a project that will not deliver as promised canhardly be overemphasized, however it is still a major managerial challenge. Throughout this papera call is made toidentify andterminate failing projectsvia a benefit realisation management process, as successful projectsare only those thatdeliver the expected benefits. Thus, the research question to answer is:How can benefit realisation management aid in deciding when to terminate a project?The purpose of this study is to understand project termination and its relationship with benefits realisation management in the case of IT and R&D projects. This is done by tacking a critical realist view in an abductive process that goes back and forth between the merge of existing theories and data collected, which will result in a conceptual model that integrates project termination decision making into a benefit realisation management process. In this research project termination is defined as: the cancellation and cessation of a project prior the completion of its intended activities; while benefit realisation management is conceived as: a set of processes that ensure projects, programmes, and portfolios delivervalue via verifying they are realising their intended goals and benefits.From the literature, the projects analysed and the model drawn, it was understood that benefit realisation management has to be conceived as a monitoring and evaluation process on the project performance in relation to its intended benefit. The howto do so, is our model: a total of 8 steps that go from the conception of the business strategy to the post mortem evaluation of a project. Each step includes different essential activities that hypothetically lead to the correct decision. This, requires active participation and communication from the primary stakeholders, focus on the organisational strategy and the reason why the project was started in addition to a well-defined goal with a clear way of measurement. The when is approached as the moment in time where the termination decision making process should start. A stimulus, a difference between the expected standard and the project performance trend, is what triggers the recognition that a termination decision might be needed and therefore starts the whole decision-making process. Hence, it is recommended to pay special attention to three moments in the project life that might give a clearer indication: 1) the completion and approval of the business-case, as most errors can already be spotted at this point, 2) the testing phase of the solution, being often the point where success is easier to predict and 3) on the submission of the deliverables, as their quality reflect the quality of the future product.

This paper investigates the impact of returnee entrepreneurs and their knowledge spillovers on innovation in high-tech firms in China. Using panel data for 1,318 high-tech firms in Beijing Zhongguancun Science Park (ZSP) we find that returnee entrepreneurs create a significant spillover effect that promotes innovation in other local high-tech firms. The extent of this spillover effect is positively moderated by the non-returnee firm's absorptive capacity approximated by the skill level of employees. Multinational enterprises' R&D activities positively affect the innovation intensity of non-returnee firms only when these local firms possess the sufficient level of absorptive capacity. Our findings have important policy and managerial implications for policy-makers and practitioners.

Over the past two decades, the literature on Absorptive Capacity (AC) research has been burgeoning with enormous empirical and theoretical contributions to the field. Yet, there is not much advancement in understanding the internal dynamics of AC and the concept remains a black box in a large body of research. This study aims at contributing to this body of knowledge by examining the development of AC throughout the lifecycle of R&D consortia. In particular, it examines the pre-conditions of AC across its three dimensions corresponding with the phases of consortia: exploratory, transformative and exploitative learning, and investigates the role of disciplinary, organisational, and intra-organisational boundaries in the development of AC.Utilising a case study research strategy, the thesis analyses AC in three R&D consortia in the alternative materials, pharmaceuticals, and aerospace industries and embraces qualitative methods with interviews and documents as its main sources of data. The collected data is analysed through template analysis technique assisted by the NVivo 8 software package. The theoretical contributions of the thesis are fourfold. First, findings indicate that AC is not an exclusively organisational or dyadic capability, but a three-level concept unfolding at the consortium, interface (between consortia and organisations), and organisational levels, and in exploratory, transformative and exploitative phases throughout the consortium lifetime. On that basis, a model for AC in R&D consortia is developed and its underlying learning mechanisms and conditions across levels and phases are discussed in detail. Second, the thesis contends that the development of a shared space which provides the opportunities for participation and development of shared meaning across organisational and disciplinary boundaries in R&D consortia serves a critical role in the development of AC. The characteristics of the shared space and the conditions for its development are specified. Third, by integrating adaptation mechanisms to the formulation of AC, the thesis contributes to understanding of AC as a dynamic capability-a higher order capability to change operating routines and processes. This finding feeds into the argument that AC is both path-dependent, by storing knowledge in routines, processes and artefacts through exploitative learning, and path-breaking, by modifying and changing prevailing processes and structures through exploratory and transformative learning. Finally, the thesis argues that understanding learning in R&D consortia necessitates taking into consideration the effects of disciplinary and organisational boundaries simultaneously. It is argued that organisational boundaries can influence the transfer of knowledge even within disciplinary domains, which challenges the excessive focus of practice-based research on disciplinary boundaries in cross-disciplinary collaborations, calling for further exploration of the role of organisational boundaries within a given disciplinary domain. These theoretical contributions are accompanied by a set of managerial implications for the formation and governance of R&D consortia, as well as policy implications for evaluation of policy interventions in collaborative research schemes.