O cDNA da glicoproteína do vírus da raiva (GPV) foi clonado em vetores plasmidiais (indutíveis) contendo ou não o cDNA do sinal de secreção BiP e da resistência ao antibiótico higromicina B. Esses vetores foram transfectados em células S2 e foram obtidas populações e subpopulações. A população S2MTGPV-H apresentou níveis 5x maiores na expressão da GPV em análise por FACS (~ 50% das células) e por ELISA (~ 0,65 µg/107 células). A seleção de subpopulações permitiu um aumento de aproximadamente 10x na expressão da GPV, especialmente na população S2MTGPV*-H. O tratamento com NaBu resultou em uma redução de aproximadamente 20% no crescimento celular e um aumento de 50% na GPV expressa pela população S2MTGPV*-H (~ 8,3 µg/107 células). O meio de cultura SF900 II permitiu um maior crescimento das células S2MTGPV*-H e uma maior síntese de GPV comparado com outros meios de cultura. Nossos dados mostram que a expressão da GPV pôde ser otimizada através da construção de vetores de expressão/seleção, subpopulações, da exposição da cromatina e do meio de cultura utilizado. / The cDNA encoding the entire rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP) gene was cloned in plasmids (inductive) with or without a cDNA coding for the secretion signal and coding for the selection hygromicin antibiotic. These vectors were transfected into S2 cells and we had obtain cells populations and subpopulations S2MTRVGP-H cell population were shown to express 5 times higher of RVGP as evaluated by FACS (~ 50 %) and ELISA (~ 0.65 mg/107 cells at day 7). Sub-population selection allowed a higher RVGP expression, especially for the S2MTRVGP*-H. NaBu treatment leading to lower cell growth and higher RVGP expression allowed an even higher RVGP synthesis by S2MTRVGP*-H (~ 8.3 mg/107 cells at day 7 after induction). SF900II medium leading to a higher S2MTRVGP*-H cell growth allowed a higher final RVGP synthesis in this cell culture. The data show that RVGP synthesis may be optimized by the expression/selection vectors design, cell sub-populations selection, chromatine exposure and culture medium employed.

O interesse em células de inseto para a produção de proteínas complexas se deve a sua maior facilidade de cultivo e ao padrão equivalente de glicosilação quando comparado aos sistemas com células de mamíferos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar fatores que limitam ou inibem a produção da glicoproteína do vírus rábico (GPV) expressa na membrana citoplasmática de células de Drosophila melanogaster transfectadas, quando cultivadas em biorreator de bancada agitado e bubble-free, operado em modo descontínuo. Avaliaram-se as influências de oxigênio dissolvido (5 < pO2 <80%), da glicose (1 < GLC0 < 15g/L) e da glutamina (0.6 < GLN0 < 7g/L). Essas variáveis afetaram de forma diferenciada o crescimento celular (produção de células e velocidades específicas-µX), o metabolismo celular (fatores de conversão - YX/GLC, YX/GLN, YLAC/GLC, YALA/GLC, YNH4/GLN, YALA/GLN), assim como a expressão da proteína recombinante (concentração, teor celular e produtividade). O aumento do pO2 reduziu em 9 vezes o crescimento celular mas aumentou o teor celular de GPV em 1,4 vezes. Baixos valores de GLC0 e GLN0, claramente, limitaram o crescimento, de modo que incrementos na concentração desses substratos, até valores intermediários, aumentaram µX,MAX em 3 vezes e 2,5 vezes, respectivamente, e a produção de células em 11 vezes e 3 vezes, respectivamente. O teor celular de GPV máximo não foi afetado pela GLC, mas aumentou em 100% para valores de GLN0 igual ou superiores a 3,5 g/L. As concentrações de lactato produzidas foram consideradas baixas (inferiores a 0,8 g/L) para exercer qualquer efeito de inibição sobre o crescimento ou a expressão da proteína. Por sua vez, as concentrações de amônio parecem inibir tanto a produção de GPV (NH4+~50mg/L) quanto o crescimento celular (NH4+~80mg/L). A condição de cultivo com de 30% de pO2, 10 g/L de GLC0 e 3,5 g/L de GLN0 resultou nos maiores valores de produtividade (9,1 µg/L.h) e de concentração de GPV (1,2 mg/L). O metabolismo de GLC e GLN apresentou grande interdependência, com alterações em GLC0 afetando o metabolismo de GLN e vice-versa. Assim, em condições de excesso de GLC0, as células apresentaram um metabolismo mais ineficiente com reduções nos fatores YX/GLC (2,3 vezes) e YX/GLN (4,6 vezes) e maior geração de subprodutos, caracterizada por incrementos nos valores de YALA/GLC (51%), YLAC/GLC (11%) e YNH4/GLN (15%). O metabolismo da GLN apresentou resposta característica de substrato em excesso para toda a faixa de valores ensaiada, com redução de 25 vezes no valor de YX/GLN e inesperadamente também uma redução na geração de subprodutos de 7 vezes para YNH4/GLN e 12 vezes para YALA/GLN. O efeito sobre o metabolismo da GLC foi mais acentuado para valores mais elevados de GLN0, com redução de 3,6 vezes para YX/GLC e incrementos de 70% para YALA/GLC e para YLAC/GLC. Os resultados sugerem ainda que a célula utiliza duas vias para metabolizar a glutamina: glutaminólise, em condição de limitação em GLC; ou glutamato sintase - NADH-GOGAT, em condição de excesso em GLC. A célula demonstrou também capacidade de sintetizar GLN, a partir de amônio ou outros aminoácidos, quando atingiu concentrações abaixo de 50 mg/L. / The interest in using insect cells to produce complex proteins is due to its ease of cultivation and its glycosylation pattern equivalent to that of mammalian cells systems. The objective of this work was to identify the limiting or inhibiting factors for the production of a rabies virus glycoprotein (RVGP), expressed in the cytoplasmatic membrane of a transfected Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, when cultivated in a bench stirred bubble-free bioreactor, in batch mode. The influence of dissolved oxygen (5 < pO2 < 80%), of initial glucose concentration (1 < GLC0 < 15 g/L) and of initial glutamine concentration (0.6 < GLN0 < 7 g/L) was evaluated. These variables affected in a different way cell growth (cell production and specific growth rate - µX), cell metabolism (yield factors - YX/GLC, YX/GLN, YLAC/GLC, YALA/GLC, YNH4/GLN and YALA/GLN), as well as the recombinant protein expression (RVGP concentration, RVGP cell content and RVGP productivity). pO2 increase reduced 9 times cell growth, but increased 1.4 times RVGP cell content. Low initial glucose and glutamine concentrations clearly limited the cell growth, in such a way that raising these substrates concentrations up to intermediate values, increased µX,MAX 3 times and 2.5 times, respectively, and increased cell production 11 times and 3 times, respectively. The maximum RVGP cell content was not affected by GLC0, but improved 100% when GLN0 was 3.5 g/L or higher. The concentrations of produced lactate were considered low (below 0.8 g/L) to cause any inhibition effect on growth or protein expression. On the other hand, ammonium concentrations seem to inhibit RVGP production (NH4+~50 mg/L), as well as cell growth (NH4+~80 mg/L). Maximum productivity values (9.1 µg/L.h) and RVGP concentration (1.2 mg/L) were attained for 30% pO2, 10 g/L of GLC0 and 3.5 g/L of GLN0 run. The metabolism of GLC and GLN showed a great interdependence, with GLC0 changes affecting the GLN metabolism, and viceversa. Thus, in glucose excess condition, cell metabolism was less efficient. This implied in reduction of yield factors - YX/GLC (2.3 times) e YX/GLN (4.6 times) - and in higher by-products generation, characterized by augmentation in YALA/GLC (51%), YLAC/GLC (11%) and YNH4/GLN (15%). The glutamine metabolism showed a substrate excess response pattern to the whole range of concentration studied, with reduction of YX/GLN (25 times) and, unexpectedly, a reduction of by-products liberation - YNH4/GLN (7 times) and YALA/GLN (12 times). The effect on glucose metabolism was more intense when the glutamine concentration was higher, showing a 3.6 times diminution YX/GLC and a 70% augmentation for YALA/GLC and YLAC/GLC. The results suggest that cells metabolize glutamine through two different pathways glutaminolysis, under glucose limitation, or glutamate synthase - NADH-GOGAT, under glucose excess. The cell, proved also to be able to synthesize glutamine from ammonium or other amino acids, when it reached concentrations below 50 mg/L.

Protein Nkr-p1b is a surface receptor of cytotoxic NK cells, that mediates inhibitory signal toward the body's own cells. In this study, the ligand binding domain of the mouse protein receptor Nkr-p1b (mNkr-p1b LBD) was prepared by recombinant expression in E. coli cells. Isolated protein was subsequently used for NMR structural analysis. Prediction of protein secondary structures ratio was carried out using three different methods (CD, PSIPRED and TALOS). Results correlate well with the structure of CTLD domain, that plays a key role in ligand binding and thus to function of Nkr-p1b receptor. We managed to prepare this protein in a form suitable for NMR experiments. Based on the data obtained by NMR spectra analysis, a preliminary model of the mNkr-p1b LBD protein structure was created. However, for more precise learning of the 3D structure accurate positions of individual atoms need to be determined by other NMR spectra evaluation in the next phase. Explaining the structure of the ligand binding domain of mNkr-p1b protein could help to better understand the complex mechanism of activation of NK cell cytotoxic activity, thereby contributing to its controlled use as a therapeutic against some viral and tumor diseases.

Orientador: Marcos Roberto de Mattos Fontes / Resumo: A toxicidade do veneno das serpentes do gênero Bothrops é resultante da ação integrada de várias toxinas, entre elas as fosfolipases A2 (PLA2s). Entre o grupo das PLA2s, há as PLA2s ativas enzimaticamente e as PLA2s desprovidas de atividade enzimática, denominadas proteínas PLA2-like. Apesar de sua inatividade enzimática, as proteínas PLA2-like desses venenos possuem potente ação miotóxica local; efeito o qual o soro antiofídico não é capaz de neutralizar efetivamente. Tendo em vista as limitações da soroterapia, é necessário compreender como essas miotoxinas agem localmente. Uma abordagem eficaz é o estudo estrutural-funcional destas toxinas com potenciais inibidores ou ativadores. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a relação estrutura-função da BnSP-7 e sua isoforma BnSP-6, duas miotoxinas PLA2-like do veneno de Bothrops pauloensis, através de sua interação com ácidos graxos. Deste modo, essas proteínas foram obtidas a partir do veneno bruto de B. pauloensis por cromatografia líquida de troca iônica seguida por cromatografia em fase reversa. As frações obtidas foram analisadas por espectrometria de massa para a confirmação de ambas as identidades, no entando não foi possível identifica-las. Foi observado por técnica de espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular a preservação das estruturas secundárias dessas toxinas (enovelamento referente à PLA2). Foram obtidos cristais da amostra purificada após 21 dias de incubação a 283 K e por esses dados cristalográfico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The toxicity of Bothrops venom is the result of the integrated action of several toxins, including phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Among the group of PLA2s, there are the enzymatically active PLA2s and the PLA2s devoid of enzymatic activity, called PLA2-like proteins. Despite their enzymatic inactivity, the PLA2-like proteins of these poisons have a potent local myotoxic action; an effect that the anti-oxyde serum is not able to neutralize effectively. Given the limitations of serotherapy, it is necessary to understand how these myotoxins act locally. An effective approach is the structural-functional study of these toxins with potential inhibitors or activators. Therefore, the present study aims to study the structure-function relationship of BnSP-7 and its BnSP-6 isoform, two PLA2-like myotoxins from Bothrops pauloensis venom, through their interaction with fatty acids. Thus, these proteins were obtained from the raw venom of B. pauloensis by ion exchange liquid chromatography followed by reverse phase chromatography. The fractions obtained were analyzed by mass spectrometry to confirm both identities, but it was not possible to identify them. The preservation of secondary structures of these toxins (entanglement related to PLA2) was observed by circular dichroism spectroscopy technique. Crystals were obtained from the purified sample after 21 days of incubation at 283 K and by these crystallographic data it was found that the sample had the BnSP-7 protein sequence. In addition,... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This study focuses on the recombinant cysteine peptidases - cathepsin B originating in the bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti that is unique across the whole family for its ability to migrate through the nerve tissue to the final localization. For invasion, migration, degradation of nutritional proteins and/or evasion of host immune responses, schistosome employs peptidases. This study follows the research done by researchers of Department of parasitology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Charles University. The main goal of this study was to deepen the characteristics of recombinant cathepsins B originating in T. regenti. In T. regenti, two cysteine peptidases - cathepsins B1 (TrCB1) and B2 (TrCB2) - have been previously characterized. TrCB1 is located in the gut of schistosomula and involved in digestion. TrCB2 occurs in post-acetabular penetration glands of cercariae and probably facilitates penetration. The recombinant pro-cathepsin B (isoforms TrCB1.1, TrCB1.4 and also TrCB2) were expressed in Pichia pastoris yeast system. An attempt was made to produce in P. pastoris the recombinant isoform TrCB1.6, in which the active site cysteine is substituted by glycine. While TrCB2 underwent self-processing in the expression medium, TrCB1.1 and TrC1.4 zymogens were effectively activated only after the...

The aim of this study was to better understand the role of conditioned medium (CM) in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cell proliferation and recombinant protein production using the baculovirus expression system. CM was found to stimulate cell proliferation. Addition of CM and 10 kDa CM filtrate to an Sf9 culture decreased the lagphase and the maximum cell density was reached earlier than for cultures in fresh medium. The positive effect of 10 kDa CM filtrate showed that CM contains at least one small growth promoting factor. The effect was not eliminated by trypsin treatment. Addition of CM or 10 kDa CM filtrate to Sf9 cultures was found to have a negative effect on the recombinant protein production. The effect was thought to be indirect and most probably via the impact of CM on cell physiology. CM was also found to contain proteinase activity. The proteinase was identified as Sf9 cathepsin L. A proform with a molecular mass about 49 kDa and two active forms at about 39 and 22 kDa were found. The role of cathepsin L in Sf9 cultures is not yet clear. However, the knowledge of the presence of this proteinase in CM can be of great value for improving product quality and yield. Further, CM was found to have other properties as well: a concentrated fraction of CM exhibited strong antibacterial activity towards Bacillus megaterium and a weaker activity towards Escherichia coli. B. megaterium lysed rapidly after incubation in the CM fraction. Repeated subculturing of Sf9 cells provoked a switch in growth kinetics. After 30-45 passages the cells started to proliferate earlier after inoculation and addition of CM had no longer a growth stimulating effect. However, CM still stimulated growth of a culture with low passage (LP) number (up to 45 passages). High passage cells (HP cells, over 100 passages) displayed a shorter lagphase than LP cells and the culture reached the maximum cell density 24-48 h earlier. Cell cycle analysis showed that the Sf9 cells were transiently synchronised in the G2/M phase 10 h after inoculation, before proliferation was initiated. This synchronisation was more pronounced for HP cells than for LP cells, which correlated to a higher recombinant protein production in baculovirus infected HP cells than in LP cells. Synchronisation of cells in G2/M by yeastolate-limitation before infection with baculoviruses suggested that the degree of synchronisation is connected to the cell density dependent decrease in recombinant protein production of Sf9 cultures. / QC 20101222

No description available.

La possibilité de programmer une cellule dans le but de produire une protéine d’intérêt est apparue au début des années 1970 avec l’essor du génie génétique. Environ dix années plus tard, l’insuline issue de la plateforme de production microbienne Escherichia coli, fut la première protéine recombinante (r-protéine) humaine commercialisée. Les défis associés à la production de r-protéines plus complexes et glycosylées ont amené l’industrie biopharmaceutique à développer des systèmes d’expression en cellules de mammifères. Ces derniers permettent d’obtenir des protéines humaines correctement repliées et de ce fait, biologiquement actives. Afin de transférer le gène d’intérêt dans les cellules de mammifères, le polyéthylènimine (PEI) est certainement un des vecteurs synthétiques le plus utilisé en raison de son efficacité, mais aussi sa simplicité d’élaboration, son faible coût et sa stabilité en solution qui facilite son utilisation. Il est donc largement employé dans le contexte de la production de r-protéines à grande échelle et fait l’objet d’intenses recherches dans le domaine de la thérapie génique non virale. Le PEI est capable de condenser efficacement l’ADN plasmidique (vecteur d’expression contenant le gène d’intérêt) pour former des complexes de petites tailles appelés polyplexes. Ces derniers doivent contourner plusieurs étapes limitantes afin de délivrer le gène d’intérêt au noyau de la cellule hôte. Dans les conditions optimales du transfert de gène par le PEI, les polyplexes arborent une charge positive nette interagissant de manière électrostatique avec les protéoglycanes à héparane sulfate (HSPG) qui décorent la surface cellulaire. On observe deux familles d’HSPG exprimés en abondance à la surface des cellules de mammifères : les syndécanes (4 membres, SDC1-4) et les glypicanes (6 membres, GPC1-6). Si l’implication des HSPG dans l’attachement cellulaire des polyplexes est aujourd’hui largement acceptée, leur rôle individuel vis-à-vis de cet attachement et des étapes subséquentes du transfert de gène reste à confirmer. Après avoir optimisées les conditions de transfection des cellules de mammifères CHO et HEK293 dans le but de produire des r-protéines secrétées, nous avons entrepris des cinétiques de capture, d’internalisation des polyplexes et aussi d’expression du transgène afin de mieux comprendre le processus de transfert de gène. Nous avons pu observer des différences au niveau de ces paramètres de transfection dépendamment du système d’expression et des caractéristiques structurelles du PEI utilisé. Ces résultats présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques constituent une base solide de l’enchaînement dans le temps des évènements essentiels à une transfection efficace des cellules CHO et HEK293 par le PEI. Chaque type cellulaire possède un profil d’expression des HSPG qui lui est propre, ces derniers étant plus ou moins permissifs au transfert de gène. En effet, une étude menée dans notre laboratoire montre que les SDC1 et SDC2 ont des rôles opposés vis-à-vis du transfert de gène. Alors que tous deux sont capables de lier les polyplexes, l’expression de SDC1 permet leur internalisation contrairement à l’expression de SDC2 qui l’inhibe. De plus, lorsque le SDC1 est exprimé à la surface des cellules HEK293, l’efficacité de transfection est augmentée de douze pourcents. En utilisant la capacité de SDC1 à induire l’internalisation des polyplexes, nous avons étudié le trafic intracellulaire des complexes SDC1 / polyplexes dans les cellules HEK293. De plus, nos observations suggèrent une nouvelle voie par laquelle les polyplexes pourraient atteindre efficacement le noyau cellulaire. Dans le contexte du transfert de gène, les HSPG sont essentiellement étudiés dans leur globalité. S’il est vrai que le rôle des syndécanes dans ce contexte est le sujet de quelques études, celui des glypicanes est inexploré. Grâce à une série de traitements chimiques et enzymatiques visant une approche « perte de fonction », l’importance de la sulfatation comme modification post-traductionnelle, l’effet des chaînes d’héparanes sulfates mais aussi des glypicanes sur l’attachement, l’internalisation des polyplexes, et l’expression du transgène ont été étudiés dans les cellules CHO et HEK293. L’ensemble de nos observations indique clairement que le rôle des HSPG dans le transfert de gène devrait être investigué individuellement plutôt que collectivement. En effet, le rôle spécifique de chaque membre des HSPG sur la capture des polyplexes et leur permissivité à l’expression génique demeure encore inconnu. En exprimant de manière transitoire chaque membre des syndécanes et glypicanes à la surface des cellules CHO, nous avons déterminé leur effet inhibiteur ou activateur sur la capture des polyplexes sans pouvoir conclure quant à l’effet de cette surexpression sur l’efficacité de transfection. Par contre, lorsqu’ils sont présents dans le milieu de culture, le domaine extracellulaire des HSPG réduit l’efficacité de transfection des cellules CHO sans induire la dissociation des polyplexes. Curieusement, lorsque chaque HSPG est exprimé de manière stable dans les cellules CHO, seulement une légère modulation de l’expression du transgène a pu être observée. Ces travaux ont contribué à la compréhension des mécanismes d'action du vecteur polycationique polyéthylènimine et à préciser le rôle des protéoglycanes à héparane sulfate dans le transfert de gène des cellules CHO et HEK293. / With the aim to express a protein of interest, the transfer of exogenous genetic material into host cells was established in early 70s with the development of genetic engineering. Approximately ten years later, insulin was the first human recombinant protein (r-protein) produced at large scale in Escherichia coli and commercialized. Challenges associated with the production of more complex and glycosylated r-proteins brought the pharmaceutical industry to develop mammalian expression platforms. Thus, the expressed r-proteins are correctly folded and biologically actives. As a means to transfer genetic materials of interest into mammalian cells, the synthetic vector polyethylenimine (PEI) is probably the most popular due to its efficacy, ease of use, cost-effectiveness and stability in solution. Consequently, PEI is largely employed for the production of r-proteins by large scale and extensively studied in the context of non-viral gene therapy. PEI is capable to efficiently condense plasmid DNA (expression vector containing the gene of interest) to form small nanoparticles termed polyplexes. The latter must circumvent several steps to deliver the gene of interest to the cell nucleus. When formed at the optimum conditions, polyplexes exhibit a net positive charge which can interact electrostatically with negatively charged heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) located at the cell surface. There are two major families of HSPG that are largely expressed at the surface of mammalian cells: the syndecans (4 members, SDC1-4) and the glypicans (6 members, GPC1-6). Although it is generally accepted that HSPG are involved in the binding of polyplexes, their individual role toward polyplex binding and the subsequent phases of gene transfer need to be confirmed. Following optimization of the mammalian CHO and HEK293 cells transfection conditions, we undertook an in-depth study of polyplexes uptake, internalization kinetics, as well as transgene expression kinetics with the aim to better understand the mechanisms underlying gene transfer. We observed several contrasting differences between the two cell lines and the type of PEI used. Our results presented as a scientific article, establish strong basis of the gene transfer process over-time. Every cell type possesses its own expression profile of HSPG which can display individual potency toward gene transfer. Indeed, a preliminary study conducted in our laboratory showed that SDC1 and SDC2 have distinct features with regard to gene transfer. While both are capable to bind polyplexes at the cell surface, the expression of SDC1 enhances polyplexes internalization whereas the expression of SDC2 drastically inhibits it. Furthermore, when SDC1 is expressed at the surface of HEK293 cells, the transfection efficiency is increased by twelve percent compared to control cells. By using the ability of SDC1 to mediate efficient internalization of polyplexes, we have studied the intracellular traffic of SDC1 / polyplexes complexes. Our conclusions lead to new insights concerning the path by which polyplexes can mediate efficient transfection. In the context of gene transfer, HSPG have been essentially studied in their entirety. Although the role of syndecans is the subject of some studies, that of glypicans is unexplored. Thanks to a series of chemical and enzymatic treatments leading to « loss of functions », the importance of sulfation as post-translational modification, the effect of HS chains and of glypicans on the attachment, internalization of polyplexes as well as transgene expression were investigated in CHO and HEK293 cells. Taken together, our observations indicate clearly that the role of HSPG should be investigated individually instead of collectively. Consequently, the individual potency of each HSPG member regarding gene transfer remains to be defined. We demonstrated that, in fact, the transient expression of some HSPG in CHO cells have a beneficial effect on polyplexes uptake while others have a negative effect. Unfortunately, this method did not allow concluding about their effect on transfection efficacy. However, when present in the culture medium, the extracellular domain of HSPG decreases transfection efficacy of CHO cells without inducing polyplexes dissociation. Strangely, when each HSPG is stably expressed in CHO cells, only subtle modulations of the gene expression level were observed. This study contributed to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying PEI mediated gene transfer in CHO and HEK293 cells and clarify the role of HSPG in gene transfer.

Le travail présenté porte sur le développement d’une nouvelle technologie innovante, nommée PAT Friday®, visant à produire des protéines recombinantes au sein des sécrétions extracellulaires de plantes carnivores génétiquement modifiées. Deux objectifs ont été fixés : Réaliser la preuve de concept de la technologie sur le modèle expérimental Drosera rotundifolia, en transformant la plante avec des gènes marqueurs et humains afin de mettre en évidence la présence des protéines recombinantes dans la glu ; et développer, après évaluation, la technologie sur un modèle potentiellement industrialisable, Nepenthes alata. Les résultats ont indiqué la présence des deux protéines marqueurs GFP et GUS dans les tissus et dans la glu de Drosera rotundifolia transformées. Les plantes ont également été transformées génétiquement avec les gènes humains de l’interféron gamma et du facteur intrinsèque. Les protéines recombinantes humaines ont été mises en évidence au sein des tissus végétaux. Le potentiel industriel du modèle Nepenthes alata a ensuite été étudié : 10 à 15 kg de protéines totales par hectare et par an peuvent être produits, grâce notamment à des récoltes successives non destructrices, et la possibilité de contrôler l’activité des protéases digestives naturelles. L’élaboration d’un protocole de régénération de la plante a été entreprise par embryogénèse somatique et organogénèse indirecte, en vue de sa transformation génétique. La technologie PAT Friday®, avec des étapes simplifiées d’extraction et de purification des protéines d’intérêt produites dans le liquide digestif, offre de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine des protéines thérapeutiques produites à partir de plantes / The present work focuses on the development of a new innovating technology, called PAT Friday®, aiming at producing recombinant proteins into the extra-foliar fluid of modified carnivorous plants. Two objectives were assigned to this work : 1- to realize a proof of concept of the technology on the experimental model Drosera rotundifolia, transformed with marker and human genes, to confirm the occurence of the recombinant proteins into glu ; and 2 - to evaluate and develop, the technology on the model Nepenthes alata, more adapted to industrial scaling-up. The results indicate the presence of two marker proteins GUS and GFP inside the tissues and into the glu of modified Drosera rotundifolia plants. The same plant species has also been transformed with human gamma interferon and intrinsic factor genes. The corresponding human recombinant proteins have been detected into the plant tissues. Potential industrial scaling-up has been studied with the species Nepenthes alata. The results show a potential productivity of 10 to 15 kg of total proteins per hectare per year, thanks to non-destructive repeated harvests, and possibility to efficiently control the natural proteinase activity. The elaboration of a regeneration protocol has been undertaken through indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, with a view to transform genetically this plant. PAT Friday® technology, with simplified extraction and purification methods of the proteins of interest targeted into the liquid secretions, opens new perspectives in the field of therapeutical proteins produced in plants

Le complexe NADPH oxydase est un élément essentiel de l’immunité inné. Présent dans les cellules phagocytaires (neutrophile), sa fonction est de produire massivement, dans le phagosome, des anions superoxyde et générer ainsi des espèces encore plus réactives de l’oxygène qui vont détruire acides nucléiques, lipides et protéines des bactéries phagocytées. Le cœur membranaire catalytique du complexe NADPH oxydase est constitué d’un hétérodimère membranaire, le cytochrome b₅₅₈ (Cyt b₅₅₈). Après activation de celui-ci par les partenaires protéiques cytosoliques p47phox, p67phox, p40phox et Rac, une succession de réactions de transferts d’électron de part et d’autre de la membrane a lieu au sein du Cyt b₅₅₈ pour aboutir à la réduction du dioxygène de manière très contrôlée. Afin de mieux comprendre cette régulation, nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés aux stéreoisomères trans de l’acide arachidonique, activateur naturel de cet enzyme (cis), sur le fonctionnement de la NADPH oxydase et avons abordé cette étude parallèlement sur du Cytb₅₅₈ d’origine bovine présent dans des membranes de neutrophiles et dans des membranes de levures exprimant le Cytb₅₅₈ de manière hétérologue. Nous avons montré que la géométrie joue un rôle important sur l’activation du complexe enzymatique. Dans un deuxième temps, afin d’étudier le rôle de l’environnement membranaire sur le fonctionnement de la NADPH oxydase, nous avons déterminé les propriétés cinétiques et thermodynamiques de l’activité NADPH oxydase du Cytb₅₅₈ recombinant exprimé en levures, purifié, puis reconstitué en liposomes de composition lipidique variée. Après comparaison avec ces mêmes propriétés obtenues pour le Cytb₅₅₈ dans les membranes plasmiques et du réticulum endoplasmique de levures, nous avons montré que l’activité NADPH oxydase très sensible à la température peut être modulée par la composition et l’état physique de la membrane. / NADPH oxidase complex is a major actor of both antimicrobial host defense and inflammation by generating highly regulated superoxide anion, rapidly converted into reactive oxygen species (ROS). The NADPH oxidase complex consists of a heterodimeric integral membrane flavocytochrome b₅₅₈ and three cytosolic components p67phox, p47phox and p40phox, and the small GTP binding protein Rac. In response to a cellular stimulus, cytosolic proteins are recruited to the phagosomal membrane where they are assembled with the Cytb₅₅₈ to form the active NADPH oxidase. The aim of the work was to better understand the modulation of superoxide anion production by this enzyme. For this purpose, we performed experiments with both bovine neutrophil membranes and yeast membranes expressing the bovine recombinant Cytb₅₅₈. We first investigated the effect of the trans-isomerization of the cis-arachidonic acid, the activator of NADPH oxidase in vitro and showed that specific geometry of the activator plays an important role in the activation of the complex. We also studied the role of the membrane environment on the functioning of NADPH oxidase and determined the kinetics and thermodynamics of NADPH oxidase activity depending on the lipid composition of Cytb₅₅₈ proteoliposomes. Comparison with these properties obtained with recombinant Cytb₅₅₈ embedded into endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes, we showed that the NADPH oxidase activity is highly temperature dependent and can be modulated by the lipid environment and the physic state of the membrane.