The versatile Escherichia coli facilitates protein expression with relative simplicity, high cell density on inexpensive substrates, well known genetics, variety of expression vectors, mutant strains, co-overexpression technology, extracytoplasmic secretion systems, and recombinant protein fusion partners. Although, the protocol is rather simple for soluble proteins, heterologous protein expression is frequently encountered by major technical limitations including inefficient translation, formation of insoluble inclusion bodies, lack of posttranslational modification mechanisms, degradation by host proteases, and impaired cell physiology due to host/protein toxicity, in achieving functional expression of stable, soluble, and bioactive protein.. In this thesis, model protein expression systems are used to address the technical issues for enhancing recombinant protein expression in E. coli. When yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) was displayed on E. coli cell surface, the integrity of the cell envelope was compromised and cell physiology was severely impaired, resulting in poor display performance, which was restored by the coexpression of Skp, a periplasmic chaperone. On the basis of monitoring the promoter activities of degP, rpoH, and cpxP under various culture conditions, it was demonstrated that the cell-surface display induced the σE extracytoplasmic stress response, and PdegP::lacZ was proposed to be a suitable “sensor” for monitoring extracytoplasmic stress. Intracellular proteolysis has been recognized as one of the key factors limiting recombinant protein production, particularly for eukaryotic proteins heterologously expressed in the prokaryotic expression systems of E. coli. Two amino acids, Leu149 and Val223, were identified as proteolytically sensitive when Pseudozyma antarctica lipase (PalB) was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The functional expression was enhanced using the double mutant for cultivation. However, the recombinant protein production was still limited by PalB misfolding, which was resolved by DsbA coexpression. The study offers an alternative genetic strategy in molecular manipulation to enhance recombinant protein production in E. coli. To overcome the technical limitations of protein misfolding, ineffective disulfide bond formation, and protein instability associated with intracellular proteolysis in the functional expression of recombinant Pseudozyma antarctica lipase B (PalB) in Escherichia coli, an alternative approach was explored by extracellular secretion of PalB via two Sec-independent secretion systems, i.e. the α-hemolysin (Type I) and the modified flagellar (Type III) secretion systems, which can export proteins of interest from the cytoplasm directly to the exterior of the cell. Bioactive PalB was expressed and secreted extracellularly either as HlyA fusion (i.e. PalB-HlyA via Type I system) or an intact protein (via Type III system) with minimum impact on cell physiology. However, the secretion intermediates in the intracellular fraction of culture samples were non-bioactive even though they were soluble, suggesting that the extracellular secretion did mediate the development of PalB activity. PalB secretion via Type I system was fast with higher specific PalB activities but poor cell growth. On the other hand, the secretion via Type III system was slow with lower specific PalB activities but effective cell growth. Functional expression of lipase from Burkholderia sp. C20 (Lip) in various cellular compartments of Escherichia coli was explored. The poor expression in the cytoplasm was improved by several strategies, including coexpression of the cytoplasmic chaperone GroEL/ES, using a mutant E. coli host strain with an oxidative cytoplasm, and protein fusion technology. Fusing Lip with the N-terminal peptide tags of T7PK, DsbA, and DsbC was effective in boosting the solubility and biological activity. Non-fused Lip or Lip fusions heterologously expressed in the periplasm formed insoluble aggregates with a minimum activity. Biologically active and intact Lip was obtained upon the secretion into the extracellular medium using the native signal peptide and the expression performance was further improved by coexpression of the periplasmic chaperon Skp. The extracellular expression was even more effective when Lip was secreted as a Lip-HlyA fusion via the α-hemolysin transporter. Finally, Lip could be functionally displayed on the E. coli cell surface when fused with the carrier EstA.

The androgen receptor (AR) fulfils important roles for both sexes. By mediating the biological function of androgens, the AR has remained the target for endocrine therapies treating prostate cancer. The AR also determines the effectiveness of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in treating AR positive breast cancer. Every man will be affected by prostate cancer if he lives long enough. Prostate cancer continues to be a leading cause of death for males despite research into this cancer covering more than 60 years since Huggins' seminal 1941 study showing that androgens play a key role in this cancer. Unfortunately, significant advances have not been forthcoming and the effect of treatment has remained largely the same over past decades, whereby initial treatment provides temporary remission but eventually advanced cases become refractory to further intervention and the disease recurs in a more aggressive form. A plethora of factors are exquisitely sensitive to minute changes in the AR's structural profile, which can be altered by a single mutation, resulting in aberrant activity. A principal feature of these variant ARs associated with prostate cancer, is enhanced capacity to bind a number of molecules other than its cognate ligand, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The promiscuous activity of this receptor leads to continued AR signalling and stimulus for the cancer despite low androgen levels induced by treatment regimes. A key question is whether mutations occurring within the AR occur as a result of cancer or contribute to the propagation of the cancer. Recent research has demonstrated that treatments incorporating anti-androgens such as flutamide, which are designed to impede prostate cancer progression by inhibiting AR activity, may actually provide selective pressure favouring somatic mutation of the receptor to take place. The specific changes to the AR which are responsible for gains of function have not been resolved as their crystal structures, which are used to provide conformational analysis of proteins, are tremendously problematic to produce with little success found in literature. Generating representative crystals of the AR protein involves producing soluble recombinant protein. Unfortunately the AR is prone to aggregation and is highly unstable, especially in the presence of antagonistic molecules or absence of a stabilising ligand, preventing the protein from being maintained in the soluble state required for crystallization. In order to produce sufficient quantities of soluble material for crystallization, the androgen receptor's ligand binding domain (LBD) was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli bacteria strain BL21 (DE3) in the presence of DHT, flutamide, as well as in the absence of ligand. Since soluble unbound AR-LBD has not been produced until now, the bacterial culture containing no ligand was further processed to the stage of cleaving the purification tag from the recombinant protein and represents considerable progress into producing soluble material for crystallizing the troublesome yet considerably important AR in the absence of ligand. Although distinct from prostate cancer in males, AR activity in breast tissue is also a factor determining the action of drugs, such as MPA, included in therapies aimed at breast cancer. The use of MPA has declined primarily due to its adverse effects including unsuccessful generation of a biological response, as well as the advent of other drugs administered for hormonal therapies treating breast cancer. Alternative drugs are needed when breast cancer therapies fail as tumours develop resistance to primary drugs. Although there are a number of drugs on the market, success would be maximised if the determined therapy is matched with the patient, based for example, on their genetic makeup. There is a conundrum whereby some patients with an AR do not respond to MPA, a drug normally recognised by the receptor. In clinical trials it was discovered that an AR with threonine instead of methionine at residue 780 (M780T) fails to activate in response to MPA, but the exact mechanism has remained elusive and needs to be answered at the molecular level. The X-ray crystallographic studies that generate 3D images of macromolecules and wet chemistry, which have traditionally been used to provide insight into science in these dimensions, are incorporated with computer based molecular simulation. This is both complementary and distinct to traditional scientific methodologies, enabling further elucidation of protein-protein interactions, and the influence applied to such inter-relations by natural and drug ligands. This approach has been used, and is continually developed, to understand the binding mechanisms of current drugs as well as designing new drugs. In order to produce a receptor representing the M780T variant, the crystal structure representing the AR-LBD was mutated in silico, into which MPA was then docked. It was found that MPA binds into the M780T AR-LBD with considerably more spatial displacement compared to the position of DHT in the crystal structure, and is predicted to be the primary reason for the inability of MPA to activate this variant AR. The clarification of MPA binding and failure to elicit a response from the variant AR is significant for a cohort of breast cancer patients, as not only does the presence of an AR in the tumour determine the effectiveness of MPA, but correct composition of the AR, specifically, the absence of a M780T mutation. In the absence of this AR mutation, MPA could effectively be used either as an alternative to primary drugs, or in secondary therapies when primary therapies fail. Aberrant activity of variant ARs in response to MPA should also be taken into consideration when analysing drug studies about the effectiveness of MPA. The findings on the loss of response to MPA by the M780T variant AR have been included in the journal article &quotDecreased Androgen Receptor Levels and Receptor Function in Breast Cancer Contribute to the Failure of Response to Medroxyprogesterone Acetate" appearing in the September 2005 issue of Cancer Research journal.

Snake venoms are a complex mixture of polypeptide and other molecules that adversely affect multiple homeostatic systems within their prey in a highly specific and targeted manner. Amongst the most potently toxic venoms in the world are those of the Australian venomous snakes, which belong almost exclusively to the elapid family. Their venoms posses a number of unique properties by which they target the mammalian cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems and are the focus for the identification of novel pharmacologically interesting compounds which may be of diagnostic or therapeutic benefit. Although much is known about the biochemical properties of Australia snake venoms as a whole, little research attention has focused upon individual components at the molecular level. This thesis describes the cloning, characterisation and comparative analysis of a number of unique toxins from the venom gland of the coastal taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and a total of seven other related Australian snakes. These include the factor X- and factor V-like components of a prothrombin activator that causes a highly coagulable state in mammals. Comparative analysis of the sequences identified in this study, along with recombinant expression of an active form of the factor X-like component, provides important information on the structural, functional and evolutionary relationships of these molecules. Numerous other toxins were similarly identified and characterised including a pseudechetoxin-like protein, multiple phospholipase A2 enzymes and neurotoxin isoforms as well as vasoactive venom natriuretic peptides. Identified transcripts included not only toxin sequences but also other cellular peptides implicated in toxin processing, including a calglandulin-like protein. This thesis is the first description of the majority of these molecules at either the cDNA or protein level, and provides a means to study the activity of individual components from snake venoms and probe their function within the systems they specifically target. This study represents the most detailed and comprehensive description to date of the cloning and characterisation of different genes associated with envenomation from Australian snakes.

The venom of cone snails (predatory marine molluscs of the genus Conus) has yielded a rich source of novel neuroactive peptides or “conotoxins”. Conotoxins are bioactive peptides found in the venom duct of Conus spp. Like other neuropeptides, conotoxins are expressed as propeptides that undergo posttranslational proteolytic processing. Peptides derived from propeptides are typically cleaved at a pair of dibasic residues (Lys-Arg, Arg-Arg, Lys-Lys or Arg-Lys) by proteases found in secretory vesicles. However, many precursor peptides contain multiple sets of basic residues, suggesting that highly substrate specific or differentially expressed proteases can determine processing outcomes. As many of the substrate-specific proteases remain unidentified, predicting new bioactive peptides from cDNA sequences is presently difficult, if not impossible. In order to understand more about the substrate specificity of conotoxin substrate-specific proteases a characterisation study of one such endoprotease isolated from the venom duct of Conus textile was undertaken. The C. textile mollusc was chosen as a good source from which to isolate the endoprotease for two reasons; firstly, these cone shells are found in great abundance on the Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia) and are readily obtainable and secondly, a number of conotoxin precursors and their cleavage products have been previously identified in the venom duct. In order to purify the endoprotease an activity-guided fractionation protocol that included a para-nitroanilide (p-NA) substrate assay was developed. The p-NA substrate mimicked the cleavage site of the conotoxin TxVIA, a member of the C. textile O-superfamily of toxins. The protocol included a number of chromatographic techniques including ion exchange, size-exclusion and reverse-phased HPLC and resulted in isolation of an active protease, termed Tex31, to >95% purity. The purification of microgram quantities of Tex31 made it possible to characterise the proteolytic nature of Tex31 and to further characterise the O-superfamily conopeptide propeptide cleavage site specificity. Specificity experiments showed Tex31 requires a minimum of four residues including a leucine in the P4 position (LNKR↓) for efficient substrate processing. The complete sequence of Tex31 was determined from cDNA. A BLAST search revealed Tex31 to have high amino acid sequence similarity to the CAP (abbreviated from CRISP (Cysteine-rich secretory protein), Antigen 5 and PR-1 (pathogenesis-related protein)) superfamily and most closely related to the CRISP family of mammalian and venom proteins that, like Tex31, have a cysteine-rich C-terminal domain. The CAP superfamily is widely distributed in the animal, plant and fungal kingdoms, and is implicated in processes as diverse as human brain tumour growth and plant pathogenesis. This is the first report of a biological role for the N-terminal domain of CAP proteins. A homology model of Tex31 constructed from two PR-1 proteins, Antigen 5 and P14a, revealed the highly conserved and likely catalytic residues, His78, Ser99 and Glu115. These three amino acids fall within a structurally conserved N-terminal domain found in all CAP proteins. It is possible that other CAP proteins are also substrate-specific proteases. With no homology to any known proteases, Tex31 may belong to a new class of protease. The sequence alignment of five Tex31-like proteins cloned from C. marmoreus, C. litteratus, C. arentus, C. planboris, and C. omaria show very high sequence similarity to Tex31 (~80%), but only one weakly conserved serine residue was identified when the conserved residues of the new Tex31-like protein sequences were aligned with members of the CAP superfamily. Future work to identify members of catalytic diad or triad, e.g. by site-directed mutagenesis, will rely on the expression of active recombinant Tex31. In this study neither Escherichia coli nor Pichia pastoris expression systems yielded active recombinant Tex31 protein, possibly due to the number of cysteine residues hindering the expression of correctly folded active Tex31. This study has shown Tex31 to be highly sequence specific in its cleavage site and it is likely that this high substrate specificity has confounded previous attempts to identify the proteolytic nature of other CAP proteins. With the proteolytic nature of one member of the CAP protein family confirmed, it is hoped this important discovery may lead the way to discovering the role of other CAP family members.

La famille des NADPH oxydases est constituée de complexes multi protéiques, dont un des composants est la sous unité catalytique NOX. Il s'agit de protéine transmembranaire qui assure le transport des électrons à travers la membrane, à partir d'un donneur d'électrons, le NADPH, à un accepteur final, l'oxygène moléculaire. Il en résulte la production de superoxydes, précurseur d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène. Les NOX sont impliquées dans divers processus physiologiques et pathologiques qui les ont placés au rang des cibles thérapeutiques à forte valeur ajoutée.Les NOX sont reportées comme des protéines membranaires propres aux eucaryotes supérieures. Ainsi toutes les données fonctionnelles disponibles pour cette famille d'enzyme, ont été le fruit des études structure-fonction et de données putatives indirectes. D'où l'idée et l'intérêt d'identifier chez les procaryotes des candidats homologues aux Nox eucaryotes et susceptibles d'être de bons modèles pour des études structurales. En se servant d'outils bio-informatiques, nous avons définis des signatures de séquences propres aux NOX et avons identifié chez les procaryotes des centaines de séquences homologues. SpNox de chez Streptococcus Pneumoniae, a été sélectionnée et surexprimée chez E. Coli. SpNox a été purifiée et a fait l'objet d'une caractérisation fonctionnelle et biochimique approfondie. Au vue des résultats obtenus, SpNox se rapproche de part ses propriétés structurales et mechanistiques des NOX eucaryotes. Ainsi elle se présente comme le premier modèle procaryote de protéine NOX. Les premiers cristaux de cette famille de protéines ont été obtenus et son rôle in vivo reste à exploiter.En parallèle à l'approche procaryote, nous avons mené une étude structure-fonction sur la protéine NOX2 des neutrophiles PLB-985. Deux arginines conservées chez toutes les NOX eucaryotes ont été sélectionnées et leur rôle a été étudié par mutagenèse dirigée. Apres évaluation des propriétés enzymatiques des mutants NOX2, nous avons pu identifier l'arginine 513 comme étant impliquée dans la spécificité de NOX2 vis a vis du NADPH. Ces résultats nous ont permis de proposer une nouvelle orientation du NADPH dans son site d'ancrage à la protéine NOX2. / The NADPH oxidase complex was the first identified example of a system that generates reactive oxygen species in a dedicated manner. NOX are proteins involved in the transmembrane transfer of electrons to the molecular oxygen, resulting in the production of superoxides. In addition to ROS related damages, deregulation of Nox-dependant ROS production induces pathological consequences. Accordingly, the Nox family became a potential drug target, making the understanding of their function at molecular basis crucial.In the literature, it has always been reported that Nox proteins exist only in eukaryotes. Since eukaryotic membrane proteins have proven to be difficult to study, all the data available on Nox enzymes are obtained from putative assignments or structure-function studies.In our project, to overcome the difficulty of working on eukaryotic membrane proteins, we used an original approach based on bioinformatics tools. Through using specific filters and a novel program, we were able to identify hundreds of prokaryotic candidates. Among them, we selected SpNox, as a prokaryotic model from Streptococcus Pneumoniae. We have developed its expression in E. Coli as well as a multistep purification scheme. We also conducted an extensive enzymatic and mechanistic characterization of the purified enzyme. Our data support a strong structural and functional homology with known NOX enzymes. Finally, crystallization trials are performed leading to first crystals ever obtained for this family of protein. The understanding of Nox's physiological function in bacteria remains to investigate.In parallel to the prokaryotic approach, a structure-function study was conducted on the human model NOX2 in the PLB-985 neutrophils. Conserved arginines among eukaryotic Nox sequences were selected. Site directed mutagenesis followed by activity tests, lead us to identify a crucial role for arginine 513. It is implicated in the specificity towards NADPH as an electron donor for NOX2. With these data, we were able to suggest a new orientation of the NADPH, notably the phosphate moiety, in the binding site.

Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-03T12:28:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGS.pdf: 4226904 bytes, checksum: 7820ca73512d90a4017fd20d94821cd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T18:49:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGS.pdf: 4226904 bytes, checksum: 7820ca73512d90a4017fd20d94821cd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T18:50:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGS.pdf: 4226904 bytes, checksum: 7820ca73512d90a4017fd20d94821cd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T18:50:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGS.pdf: 4226904 bytes, checksum: 7820ca73512d90a4017fd20d94821cd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The use of Escherichia coli cultures to obtain heterologous proteins poses as a successful application of biotechnology for the production of drugs and enzymes. However, the stress caused by the synthesis of the recombinant protein as well as by the culture conditions may trigger physiological responses on the cell and also cause changes in the cell morphology, impacting on the rheology of the culture broth. This study aimed to evaluate changes in cell morphology, on the rheology of the broth and the effect of different temperatures and inducers in the cellular responses during recombinant protein production by E. coli in batch cultures. Five medium cell density cultures were conducted with two clones of rE. coli, using defined medium containing glycerol as main carbon source and different inducers (IPTG and lactose), at two different temperatures (37°C and 27°C). All experiments were performed in 5 L bench bioreactor, equipped with a monitoring and control system. Samples were collected throughout the experiments and rheological parameters were measured using a concentric cylinder rheometer. The morphological characteristics of the microorganism were also examined by optical microscopy associated with image analysis. The concentrations of cellular suspension (optical density and dry cell weight) as well as of sugars and metabolites (HPLC), the plasmid retention (subculture on plates with and without antibiotic), the concentration of viable cells (colony forming units), the production of recombinant protein (densitometry), the concentration of soluble proteins (Bradford protein assay) and the presence of polysaccharide in the broth (phenol–sulfuric method) were also monitored. It was found that broths, initially behaving as Newtonian fluids, undergo a change in rheological behavior during the growth phase, exhibiting a Bingham fluid behavior. During the induction phase, the consistency index and the initial shear stress seemed to follow the changes in cell concentration or the stress caused by the protein synthesis, respectively. In addition, the intensity of the variation of both rheological parameters seemed to be dependent upon the used inducer. The morphology analysis showed that rheological properties could not be explained by changes in cell length. The correlation between the cell concentration (measured by dry-weight method) and the optical density when lactose was employed as inducer, due to galactose accumulation within the cells as a result of the inability of the bacteria to metabolize this carbon source. The presence of a small amount of PspA and genetic material in the culture broth was probably due to permeabilization and lysis of a small part of the population. Carbon recovery analysis was performed for all cultures, leading to values close do 100 % before induction, in all studied cases. After induction, a sharp decrease on the recovery was observed. However, by including the carbon present in the polysaccharide quantified in the cultivation broth, it was possible to recover all supplied carbon as biomass, CO2 and polysaccharide. Finally, the highest production of protein was obtained at 37°C when induced by IPTG, reaching 125 mgPspA/gMS. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the heterologous proteins production by rE. coli and allow the definition of intensification strategies for protein production. / O uso de cultivos de Escherichia coli para obtenção de proteínas heterólogas tem se mostrado uma área de aplicação bem sucedida da biotecnologia para a produção de fármacos e enzimas. Contudo, o estresse provocado pela síntese da proteína recombinante e pelas condições de cultivo pode desencadear respostas fisiológicas na célula, assim como provocar mudanças na morfologia celular e na reologia do caldo de cultivo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar as mudanças na morfologia celular, na reologia dos caldos e o efeito de diferentes temperaturas e indutores sobre as respostas celulares durante o processo de produção de proteínas recombinantes por rE. coli em cultivos em batelada. Foram acompanhados cinco cultivos de média densidade celular de dois clones de rE. coli, conduzidos em meio definido contendo glicerol como principal fonte de carbono e como indutores IPTG e lactose em duas temperaturas (37°C e 27°C). Todos os cultivos foram realizados em biorreator de bancada de 5 L dotado de sistema de monitoramento e controle. Durante esses cultivos, amostras foram coletadas e os parâmetros reológicos foram avaliados por meio de um reômetro de cilindros concêntricos. As características morfológicas do microrganismo foram também acompanhadas com auxílio de microscopia ótica associada a programa de análise de imagens digitalizadas. Foram ainda monitoradas a concentração celular da suspensão (por medida de densidade ótica e massa seca), a concentração de açúcares e ácidos orgânicos (por HPLC), a retenção plasmidial (repicagem em placas com e sem antibiótico), a concentração de células cultiváveis (por contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia), a produção de proteína recombinante (por densitometria), a concentração de proteína solúvel (pelo método de Bradford) e a presença de polissacarídeo no caldo (pelo método fenol sulfúrico). Verificou-se que os caldos, inicialmente newtonianos, passam por uma mudança de comportamento reológico durante a fase de crescimento, passando a se comportar como um fluido Binghamiano. Durante a fase de indução, o índice de consistência e a tensão de cisalhamento inicial tiveram respostas ligadas à concentração celular e ao estresse causado pela síntese de proteína, respectivamente, e a intensidade desta resposta dependeu do indutor usado. A análise do comprimento celular não permitiu associar as mudanças reológicas com mudanças significativas na morfologia da população durante o cultivo. Verificou-se alteração na correlação entre a concentração celular (medida pelo método da massa seca) e a densidade ótica quando lactose foi empregada como indutor, em função do acúmulo de galactose no interior das células devido à incapacidade da bactéria em metabolizar essa fonte de carbono resultante da hidrólise da lactose. Foi possível observar a presença uma pequena quantidade de PspA e de material genético no caldo de cultivo, provavelmente devido a permeabilização e lise de pequena parte da população. Contabilizou-se a recuperação do carbono para todos os experimentos, obtendo-se valores próximos de 100 % antes da indução em todos os casos. Após a indução foi verificada uma acentuada queda nessa recuperação. Porém, incluindo o carbono presente no polissacarídeo quantificado no caldo de cultivo, foi possível recuperar todo o carbono fornecido na forma de biomassa, CO2 e polissacarídeo. Por fim, a maior produção de proteína foi obtida a 37°C e induzida por IPTG, alcançando 125 mgPspA/gMS, em cultivo caracterizado pela curta duração da fase de indução (apenas 4 horas). Os resultados contribuem para ampliar a compreensão do processo de produção de proteínas heterólogas por rE. coli e permitem definir estratégias de intensificação da produção de proteína.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-11T18:07:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCDSJ.pdf: 5508281 bytes, checksum: 494e75225dc01ef99c7d2a4685a0f5a7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-17T18:15:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCDSJ.pdf: 5508281 bytes, checksum: 494e75225dc01ef99c7d2a4685a0f5a7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-17T18:15:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCDSJ.pdf: 5508281 bytes, checksum: 494e75225dc01ef99c7d2a4685a0f5a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T18:23:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCDSJ.pdf: 5508281 bytes, checksum: 494e75225dc01ef99c7d2a4685a0f5a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) catalyzes the non-oxidative deamination of L-Phe. It is an important enzyme in the production of enantio-pure mixtures of phenylalanine. Besides being important in plant secondary metabolism, PAL has also been used both for industrial applications as in the treatment of leukemia and phenylketonuria. The PAL have high similarity with histidine ammonia lyase (HAL) and it is believed that the PAL originated from HAL. Use of HAL termini sequences, previously obtained from the metagenome of Poraquê Lake (03°57' S, 63°10' W) to produce an engineered enzyme. The HAL assembled from them had its catalytic core exchanged by one which was designed from the previously described PAL sequences. Thus, We aim to shift the HAL activity making it active in the presence of phenylalanine through an easy protocol. Our phylogenetic analysis shows a clear division between plant and fungal PALs, and showed that recombination played a key role in the separation of these groups. In addition, We also observed that PAL catalytic core is conserved despite positive selection operating in protein termini. The recombinant enzyme, mPAL_c1, was produced in insoluble form and was refolded in vitro. mPAL_c1, when using L-Phe as substrate, has a TOPT. of 30°C (at pH 7.5 with 2mM MnCl2), KM of 55μM and Kcat/KM of 0.01633 mM-1s-1. The activity of mPAL_c1 showed about 30% of activity of commercial PAL from Rhodotorula toruloides at 2 mM L-Phe. Activation of mPAL_c1 was tested through substrate concentration rising from 2 mM to 5 mM of L-Phe, and its activity was almost 5 times higher. The results still suggest a histidine ammonia lyase remnant activity. The low catalytic rates are justified due to protein aggregation and misfolding, detected by size exclusion chromatography and by circular dichroism. In summary, our protocol has proved to be useful in protein design. / A fenilalanina amônia liase (PAL) catalisa a desaminação não oxidativa de L-Phe. Ela é uma enzima importante na produção de misturas enântio-puras de fenilalanina. Além de ser importante no metabolismo secundário vegetal, a PAL também tem sido utilizada tanto para aplicações industriais quanto no tratamento de leucemia e fenilcetonúria. As PAL apresentam alta similaridade com as histidina amônia liases (HAL) e acredita-se que as PAL se originaram das HAL. Utilizamos sequências das extremidades de uma HAL, previamente obtidas do metagenoma do Lago Poraquê (03°57' S e 63°10' W) para produção de uma enzima engenheirada. A HAL montada a partir delas teve seu núcleo catalítico trocado por um que foi desenhado a partir de sequências de PAL previamente descritas. Desta forma visamos deslocar as atividades da HAL tornando-a ativa em presença de fenilalanina por meio de um protocolo simplificado. As nossas análises filogenéticas revelam uma divisão clara entre PALs vegetais e fúngicas, e mostram que a recombinação teve um papel fundamental na separação destes grupos. Além disto, também observamos que o núcleo catalítico da enzima é conservado, com relação às extremidades. A enzima recombinante, mPAL_c1, foi produzida sob forma insolúvel e reenovelada in vitro. A mPAL_c1 tendo como substrato a L-Phe, possui uma Topt. de 30°C num pH de 7,5 com 2mM de MnCl2 e um KM de 55μM, VMáx de 15mU e Kcat/KM de 0,01633 mM-1s-1. A atividade da mPAL_c1 se mostrou cerca de 30% da atividade da PAL comercial de Rhodotorula toruloides a 2 mM de L-Phe. A ativação pelo substrato foi de quase 5 vezes quando a concentração de L-Phe foi elevada de 2mM até 5mM. Os resultados sugerem um resquício de atividade de histidina amônia-liase. As baixas taxas catalíticas se justificam devido à agregação e misfolding proteicos, detectados pela cromatografia de exclusão molecular e pelo dicroísmo circular. Por fim, o protocolo estabelecido neste estudo se mostrou útil para a engenharia de proteínas.

Toxoplasma gondii é um protozoário coccídio intracelular obrigatório conhecido por sua habilidade em parasitar uma ampla gama de espécies hospedeiras. A região apical do parasito é rica em organelas que, em função dos produtos liberados, estão envolvidas no processo de adesão e invasão da célula hospedeira. As proteínas liberadas por micronemas (MICs), solúveis e transmembrana, possuem domínios adesivos essenciais para a virulência do parasita. Algumas dessas proteínas são encontradas associadas entre si na superfície do taquizoíta, formando complexos como TgMIC1/MIC4/MIC6 e TgMIC3/MIC8. Em estudos anteriores demonstramos a que o subcomplexo TgMIC1/MIC4 (Fração LAC+) liga-se à lactose e estimula macrófagos a secretar IL-12. Verificamos, utilizando células HEK293 transfectadas, que um dos principais mecanismos responsáveis pela produção de IL-12 decorria do reconhecimento de N-glicanos do ectodomínio de TLR2 pelo domínio de reconhecimento de carboidrato de TgMIC1. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de investigar a capacidade de TgMIC1 e TgMIC4 de ativar macrófagos murinos e qual o papel desempenhado por TLR2 e/ou TLR4 no desencadeamento dessa ativação. Mostramos que macrófagos derivados de medula óssea de camundongos C57Bl/6, estimulados com TgMIC1 e TgMIC4, utilizadas isoladamente ou em combinação, secretam altos níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, como TNF-?, IL-6, IL-12 e IL-1?, produzem altos níveis de óxido nítrico, e têm aumentadas suas capacidades migratória e fagocítica. Os ensaios que utilizaram macrófagos de camundongos C57Bl/6 nocauteados revelaram que a ausência de expressão de TLR2 ou de TLR4 prejudicou os efeitos ativadores exercidos por TgMIC1 e TgMIC4. Macrófagos TLR2-/- tiveram as manifestações de ativação celular significantemente reduzidas em relação aos macrófagos selvagens. Por outro lado, esses efeitos foram mais afetados pela ausência de TLR4, uma vez que as respostas obtidas frente ao estímulo com TgMIC1 ou TgMIC4 eram similares às verificadas em células não estimuladas (controle negativo). Concluímos que TgMIC1 e TgMIC4 interagem com os receptores do tipo toll 2 e 4 expressos por macrófagos, levando à ativação celular manifesta por alta produção de citocinas e outros mediadores inflamatórios, e aumento das capacidades migratória e fagocítica. A interação com TLR4 é preponderante em relação à estabelecida com TLR2 no desencadeamento de ativação celular / Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular coccidian protozoan known for its ability to parasitize a wide range of host species. The parasite\'s apical region is rich in organelles that, because of the products it releases, are involved in the processes of adhesion and invasion of the host cell. The soluble and transmembrane proteins released by the micronemes (MICs), have adhesive domains that are essential for the parasite virulence. Some of these proteins can be found associated with each other on the taquizoite surface, as it is the case of TgMIC1/MIC4/MIC6 or TgMIC3/TgMIC8 complexes. Our group has demonstrated in previous studies that the TgMIC1/TgMIC4 subcomplex (LAC+ fraction) binds to lactose and stimulates macrophages to release IL-12. Using HEK293 transfected cells, we showed that one of the main mechanisms leading to IL-12 release by macrophages, was the recognition of N-glycans of the TLR2 ectodomain by the carbohydrate recognition domain of TgMIC1. Thus, the objective of this study was to address whether TgMIC1 and TgMIC4 activate murine macrophages and what is the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophage activation. Our results show that the stimulation of C57BL/6 mice bone marrow derived macrophages with TgMIC1 and TgMIC4, alone or in combination, induce the release of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-?, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-1?, and also nitric oxide; and increases phagocytic activity and cell migration activity. The assays using knockout C57Bl/6 macrophages showed that the absence of TLR2 or TLR4 expression impaired the activating effects of TgMIC1 e TgMIC4. TLR2-/- macrophages presented significantly reduced cell activation manifestations compared to WT macrophages. On the other hand, these effects were more affected in the absence of TLR4, once the responses obtained with TgMIC1 or TgMIC4 stimulation were similar to those observed in non stimulated cells (negative control). We conclude that TgMIC1 and TgMIC4 interact with the receptors Toll like 2 and 4 expressed in macrophages, leading to cell activation, resulting in high cytokine and inflammatory mediators production, and increased migratory and phagocytic capacity. The interaction with TLR4 is predominant over that established with TLR2 in the triggering of cell activation

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-15T16:53:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiz Augusto Pereira - 2004.pdf: 6566857 bytes, checksum: 144c5557e8a138c6a21c528ad0262aa8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-15T17:01:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiz Augusto Pereira - 2004.pdf: 6566857 bytes, checksum: 144c5557e8a138c6a21c528ad0262aa8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-15T17:01:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luiz Augusto Pereira - 2004.pdf: 6566857 bytes, checksum: 144c5557e8a138c6a21c528ad0262aa8 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-05-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / An antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) was gel isolated and characterized. Endoproteinase Lys-C digested peptides of the purified protein which presented, molecular mass of 29-kDa and pI of 5.8, were subjected to sequence analysis of its amino acids. Search at databases comparing the sequence of amino acids from the three peptides of the native protein, revealed strong homology to triosephosphate isomerase (TPI: E.C. 5.3.1.1) from several sources. The complete cDNA and gene encoding PbTPI were obtained and both contained an open reading frame predicted to encode a 249 amino acid protein that presented all the peptides characterized in the native PbTPI. The Pbtpi gene contained 6 exons interrupted by 5 introns. Analysis performed with the deduced PbTPI suggested its usefulness in providing phylogenetic relatedness, as well as evidenced the correlation between the phylogeny provided by the deduced proteins and introns positions in the cognate genes. The immunological reactivity of PbTPI was examined. The complete coding cDNA of PbTPI was over expressed in an Escherichia coli host to produce high levels of recombinant fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase (GST) that has been purified by affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant TPI was recognized by sera of patients with confirmed Paracoccidioidomycosis and not by sera of healthy individuals. Thus, recombinant PbTPI can be a valuable addition to the still small arsenal of P. brasiliensis immunoreactive proteins, which could be tested for incorporation in assays for serodiagnosis of the disease. / Um antígeno de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) foi isolado do gel e caracterizado. Os peptídeos digeridos por Endoproteinase Lys-C da proteína purificada, que apresentou uma massa molecular de 29-kDA e pI de 5.8, foram submetidos à análise da seqüência de aminoácidos. Uma busca em bancos de dados de seqüências de aminoácidos comparados com os três peptídeos da proteína nativa revelou forte homologia com triose fosfato isomerase (TPI: E.C. 5.3.1.1) de vários organismos. O cDNA e o gene completos que codificam para PbTPI foram obtidos, e ambos contém uma provável ORF que codifica para uma proteína com 249 aminoácidos que apresenta todos os peptídeos caracterizados na PbTPI nativa. O gene Pbtpi apresentou 6 exons interrompidos por 5 introns. Análises realizadas com a PbTPI deduzida sugerem sua utilidade em prover relações filogenéticas, como também evidenciou a correlação entre a filogenia gerada pelas proteínas deduzidas e as posições dos introns nos genes cognatos. A reatividade imunológica da PbTPI foi examinada. O cDNA completo que codifica para PbTPI foi altamente expresso no hospedeiro Escherichia coli, produzindo altos níveis de uma proteína recombinante fundida a glutathione S-transferase (GST), que foi purificada por cromatografia de afinidade. A TPI recombinante purificada foi reconhecida por soros de pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose confirmada e não por soros de indivíduos saudáveis. Assim, PbTPI recombinante pode ser uma adição valiosa para o pequeno arsenal de proteínas imunoreativas de P. brasiliensis, que poderiam ser testadas por incorporação em ensaios de sorodiagnóstico da doença.

O sistema de expressão em Escherichia coli foi o primeiro a ser utilizado para produzir produtos farmacêuticos recombinantes e tem muitas vantagens quando comparado com sistemas eucarióticos, como o fácil cultivo, baixo custo e alto potencial de produção. O fator estimulador de colônias de granulócito (G-CSF) atua principalmente promovendo a maturação dos neutrófilos e estimulando sua atividade fagocítica e quimiotática, além de estar envolvido com o processo de segmentação nuclear dessas células. O fator estimulador de colônias de granulócitos humano recombinante (rhG-CSF) tem sido produzido por engenharia genética em Escherichia coli, e é usado no tratamento de diversas patologias, sobretudo em neutropenias provocadas pela quimioterapia usada no tratamento de tumores, pela radioterapia e pelo uso de drogas que suprimem a produção de células mieloides. Desse modo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo a expressão da proteína rhGCSF em bactérias Escherichia coli. A clonagem do gene rhG-CSF no vetor de expressão pET-28a(+) foi realizada nos sítios de restrição das enzimas EcoRI e XhoI, e a expressão da proteína recombinante em cepas de bactéria Escherichia coli BL21DE3 foi obtida com sucesso. A proteína rhG-CSF, fundida à cauda de seis histidinas, foi purificada com êxito e identificada pelas técnicas de Western Blotting e por espectrometria de massas. São necessários estudos para avaliar a integridade estrutural e atividade biológica da proteína produzida, que se confirmada, possibilita que esta seja produzida em escala piloto. / The expression system in Escherichia coli was the first to be used to produce recombinant pharmaceuticals and has many advantages compared to eukaryotic systems, such as easy cultivation and high production potential at low costs. The granulocyte colony (G-CSF) stimulating factor acts primarily by promoting the maturation of neutrophils and stimulating their phagocytic and chemotactic activity. G-CSF is also involved with the process of neutrophils nuclear segmentation. The recombinant human granulocyte colonies stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) has been produced by genetic engineering in Escherichia coli, and it is used to treat of several conditions, especially neutropenia caused by chemotherapy used in the treatment of tumors, by radiotherapy and by the use of drugs that suppress the production of myeloid cells. The present study aimed the expression of rhG-CSF protein in Escherichia coli bacteria. The cloning of rhG-CSF gene in the expression vector pET- 28a (+) was carried out on the restriction sites of the EcoRI and XhoI enzymes. Expression of the recombinant protein in Escherichia coli BL21DE3 was successfully achieved. The rhG-CSF protein, fused with a six histidine tag, was obtained and successfully purified and identified by the Western Blotting and by mass spectrometry techniques. Studies are needed to assess the structural integrity and biological activity of the protein produced, which, if confirmed, enables the production on a pilot scale.