I denna studie så ville AstraZenecas dispenseringsfunktion, som arbetar med att finfördelamaterial från sin bulkförpackning undersöka hur och med vilka frekvenser kalibreringar ochfunktionskontroller för deras vågar bör göras. Detta i hopp om att harmonisera en uppdateradoch förbättrad standard mellan siterna Gärtuna och Snäckviken. Standarder inom mätningslära är inget som läkemedelsföretag själva investerar resurser i, utanföljer det som farmakopéerna världen över publicerar i sina böcker. Däri återfinns allt som kantänkas behövas för tillverkning och utformning av läkemedel. Syftet med att kalibrera ochgenomföra funktionskontroller så ofta som AstraZeneca gör i dagsläget är för att vara förenligamed regelverk för att bli godkända vid inspektioner. Däremot finns risken attfunktionskontroller och kalibreringar genomförs med högre eller lägre frekvens än vad de bordegöras samt att irrelevanta tester vid dessa kontroller får alltför hög prioritering för att påvisa envågs förmåga att fungera som den ska. För att undersöka detta genomfördes det en kartläggning av hur AstraZeneca arbetar idag medvågkalibreringar och funktionskontroller. Denna behandlade både hur arbetet sker internt viaegna funktioner, men också externt via vågtillverkaren och valideringsfirmor. Dennainformation tillsammans med vad farmakopéerna och vågtillverkaren själva påstår är korrektarbetssätt blev ett tydligt och effektivt sätt att sålla bort överflödiga och i vissa fall irrelevantametoder som används på AstraZeneca idag. Utöver dessa finns det fenomen såsommätosäkerhet och störningselement som kan påverka varje vägning till den grad där resultatenär fullständigt missvisande, och i läkemedelsindustrins fall är dessa oacceptabla. Vid studiens slut kunde flera systematiska brister identifieras och rekommendationer för attmotverka eller lösa dessa gavs i enlighet med syftet om att nå god praxis för våganvändningen isamband med dispenseringsprocessen. Framtida förbättringsarbeten hade förenklats ocheffektiviserats till stor del om en fullständig digitalisering och övervakning avstörningselementen möjliggörs. / In this study that was commissioned by AstraZeneca's dispensing function that worksmainly by sub-dividing materials from its bulk packaging. They wanted to investigatehow and with what frequencies calibrations and routine testing for their balances shouldbe performed. This, with the purpose of harmonizing an updated and improvedstandard between the sites Gärtuna and Snäckviken. Measurement theory standards are not something that pharmaceutical companiesthemselves invest resources in but rather follow what pharmacopoeias around the worldpublish in their books. The books contain everything that may be needed for themanufacturing and design of medicines. The purpose of calibrating and performingroutine testing as often as AstraZeneca does today is to comply with regulations to beapproved during inspections. However, there is a risk that routine testing andcalibrations are performed at a higher or lower frequency than they should be, and thatirrelevant tests at these routine tests are given too high a priority to demonstrate abalances ability to function properly. To investigate this, a survey was conducted of how AstraZeneca works today withbalance calibrations and routine testing. The survey considered both how the work isdone internally via AstraZeneca’s own employees, but also externally via the balancemanufacturer and validation companies. This information, in combination with whatthe pharmacopoeias and the balance manufacturer themselves claim is the correct wayof operating, became a clear and effective way of sifting away superfluous and in somecases irrelevant methods used in AstraZeneca today. In addition to these, there arephenomena such as measurement uncertainty and external disturbance elements thatcan affect any weighing to the extent that the results are completely misleading, and inthe case of the pharmaceutical industry, such results would be unacceptable. At the end of the study, several systematic flaws or shortcomings could be identified andrecommendations to counteract or solve these were given in accordance with the aim ofachieving best practice for the use of balances in connection with the dispensingprocess. Future improvement work would have been greatly simplified and streamlinedif complete digitization and monitoring of the disturbance elements were made possible.

La résolution de problème est souvent utilisée comme outil de mesure des capacités cognitives individuelles chez les animaux non-humains, puisqu’elle permet d’étudier leurs capacités d’apprentissage opérant et d’innovation. Les capacités cognitives diffèrent selon les espèces et les individus, et leur permettent de maximiser leur aptitude. Par exemple, chez les oiseaux et les mammifères, les espèces avec de plus gros cerveaux relatifs possèderaient de meilleures capacités d’apprentissage sociale et d’innovation, qui leur permettent de mieux s’adapter à un environnement nouveau. Malgré l’utilisation répandue des diamants mandarins dans la recherche en écologie comportementale, l’impact du sexe sur la performance de résolution de problème et la répétabilité des performances ont souvent été négligés, et aucune étude, à notre connaissance, ne s’est intéressée à leur performance en contexte de résolution de problème coopérative. Dans le cadre de notre étude, nous avons décidé d’aborder ces différents aspects pour améliorer notre compréhension des capacités cognitives et de la coopération chez cette espèce modèle. Nous avons confronté des diamants mâles et femelles à trois tests de résolution de problème individuelle (test de la ficelle, test de la barre et test du couvercle) et un test de résolution de problème coopérative. Pour ce dernier, nous avons séparé les individus en deux groupes : couples sociaux et couples expérimentaux, afin de manipuler le lien social entre individus. Les couples sociaux étaient composés d’un mâle et d’une femelle ayant cohabité pendant 7 jours, alors que les couples expérimentaux étaient composés d’un mâle et d’une femelle ne s’étant jamais rencontrés auparavant. Bien que nous nous attendions à ce que le sexe n’ait pas d’impact sur la performance de résolution, nos résultats ont révélé que, en moyenne, les mâles étaient plus rapides pour résoudre un test de résolution de problème individuelle. Ces résultats étaient principalement attribuables à leur performance sur le deuxième test de résolution de problème individuelle (test de la barre). Nous pensons que cette différence pourrait être due à un niveau de persistance plus élevé chez les mâles et/ou à l’impact de la sélection sexuelle sur les performances cognitives, et que ces aspects devraient être davantage explorés dans de futures études. Ensuite, en accord avec nos attentes, nos résultats ont confirmé l’hypothèse de la répétabilité contextuelle, selon laquelle les performances de résolution sont constantes entre différentes tâches impliquant le même processus cognitif. Enfin, nous nous attendions à ce que les couples sociaux soient plus performants que les couples expérimentaux sur le test de résolution de problème coopérative, puisque nous les pensions davantage capables de synchronisation et de coordination comportementale. Or, nous avons trouvé des résultats suggérant le contraire, et nous avons constaté que la performance du couple au test de résolution de problème coopérative, était principalement expliquée par les performances de résolution individuelle de chaque partenaire. Des questions subsistent quant aux raisons pour lesquelles les couples expérimentaux ont mieux performé que les couples sociaux. Est-ce qu’une différence de motivation pourrait être à l’origine de ces résultats ? De futures études seront nécessaires pour nous éclairer. Malgré les questions en suspens, nos résultats contribuent à enrichir nos connaissances sur les capacités cognitives individuelles, la résolution de problème ainsi que la coopération. / Problem solving is often used as a tool for measuring individual cognitive abilities in non-human animals, since it enables us to study their operant learning and innovation capacities. Cognitive capacities differ between species and individuals, enabling them to maximize their abilities. For example, in birds and mammals, species with larger relative brains are said to have better social learning and innovation capacities, enabling them to adapt better to new environments. Despite the widespread use of zebra finches in behavioral ecology research, the impact of sex on problem-solving performance and the repeatability of performance have often been overlooked and, to our knowledge, no studies have investigated their performance in cooperative problem-solving contexts. In our study, we decided to address these different aspects to improve our understanding of cognitive abilities and cooperation in this model species. We tested male and female zebra finches in three individual problem-solving tests (string test, bar test and lid test) and one cooperative problem-solving test. For the latter, we separated the individuals into two groups: social pairs and experimental pairs, to manipulate the social bond between individuals. Social pairs were made up of a male and a female who had cohabited for 7 days, while experimental pairs were made up of a male and a female who had never met before. While we expected sex to have no impact on solving performance, our results revealed that, on average, males were faster at solving individual problem-solving tests. These results were mainly attributable to their performance on the second individual problem-solving test (bar test). We believe that this difference could be attributable to a higher level of persistence in males and/or the impact of sexual selection on cognitive performance, and that these aspects should be explored in future studies. Secondly, in line with our expectations, our results confirmed the contextual repeatability hypothesis, according to which solving performance is consistent across trials requiring the same cognitive process. Finally, we expected social pairs to perform better than experimental pairs on the cooperative problem-solving test, since we expected them to be more capable of synchronisation and behavioral coordination. . However, we found results suggesting the opposite, and the performance of the pairs on the cooperative problem-solving task was mainly explained by the ability of each partner to solve a problem. Questions remain as to why the experimental pairs performed better than the social pairs. Could a difference in motivation be behind these results? Future studies are needed to shed light on this. Despite the outstanding questions, we believe that our results contribute to our knowledge of individual cognitive abilities, problem solving and cooperation.

Despote the indisputable advantages of fine-pitch components, is need to calculate with a few trouble during production, especially increased requirements for accuracy of mounting and solder printing. In this work I’m concerned with problems of solder printing for these components and evaluation using SPC. For the evaluation I used 3D paste inspection based on laser scanning of the surface. The output of this work is to describe the principles of solder printing and elaborating of GR&R, SPC analysis and histograms of solder printing for some outputs. I focused in my master thesis on motive design change of problematic components and economic evaluation of the adjustments.

<p>With rising temperatures, urbanization, population growth, improving economic wellbeing, decarbonization and electrification efforts, the demand for space cooling and heating equipment is continuously increasing around the world. To counteract the effect of rising demand for air conditioners and heat pumps on total energy consumption, peak electricity demand, and emissions, it is crucial to promote the development and market penetration of energy-efficient systems. Establishing minimum energy performance standards (MEPS), energy labeling and utility programs are some of the effective and tested methods for achieving this goal. The technical basis for these energy efficiency standards is a testing and rating procedure for estimating equipment seasonal performance from laboratory tests. Although the current rating procedures provide standardized metrics to compare different equipment performances, they fail to appropriately characterize the field representative performance of systems by not considering the effects of: 1) test unit embedded controls, thermostat, and realistic interactions with the building load and dynamics; 2) different climate zones and building types; and 3) and other integrated accessories for improving energy efficiency such as economizer for rooftop units (RTUs). Therefore, current approaches for performance ratings neither incentives the development and implementation of improved system and control designs nor consumers with a metric that represents the advanced systems' actual energy savings. To address this, a load-based testing methodology that enables dynamic performance evaluation of equipment with its integrated controls, thermostat, and other accessories was recently proposed. The test methodology is based on the concept of emulating the response of a representative building conditioned by the test unit in a test lab using a virtual building model. </p> <p>In this work, the proposed load-based testing methodology was further extended, evaluated, and validated for residential heat pumps to integrate it into next-generation energy efficiency testing and rating procedures and to serve as a tool for engineers to develop and validate improved control algorithms in a laboratory setting. Further, a load-based testing method for evaluating the dynamic performance of RTUs with integrated economizers was also developed and demonstrated.</p> <p>A load-based testing approach previously developed for residential cooling equipment is extended for heat pump heating-mode and demonstrated for a variable-speed system. The heat pump's typical dynamic behaviors are captured along with controller imperfections that aren't reflected in current testing approaches. Further, a comprehensive comparison was performed between the proposed load-based testing approach to the current steady-state testing approach in the U.S., AHRI 210/240, based on performance evaluation of three residential variable-speed heat pumps to understand the differences and their significance for the next-generation rating procedure. For cooling mode, steady-state testing estimates higher seasonal performance, but for heating mode, the steady-state testing approach estimates higher seasonal performance for warmer climates and is comparable for colder climates. The load-based testing methodology was validated by comparing the laboratory performance of a heat pump to that of a residential building in a controlled environment. The virtual building modeling approach for building loads and thermal dynamics effectively captured these characteristics of the house. The heat pump's cycling rate response with run-time fraction, which represents the unit's overall dynamic response, matched well between lab load-based tests and house tests. The test unit's COP difference for cooling and heating tests was within 3% between the two facilities, except for 9% in 95°F and 6% in 104°F cooling dry-coil test intervals. To evaluate the applicability of the developed load-based testing methodology as next-generation rating standards, its repeatability and reproducibility were assessed based on multiple heat pump round-robin tests conducted in two labs. Overall, reasonable to good repeatability was observed in load-based test results in both labs, however, poor reproducibility was observed except for one heat pump heating mode results. A root cause analysis of the observed differences along with recommendations for a next-generation rating approach are presented. This work aided in the development of a CSA (Canadian Standards Association) standard EXP07:19 and its subsequent revision for equipment rating based on load-based testing.</p> <p>The application of the load-based testing methodology as a tool for the development and evaluation of a residential heat pump controller design was demonstrated. Further, a load-based testing methodology was developed and demonstrated for the dynamic performance evaluation of RTUs with integrated economizers in a test laboratory setting. Recommendations for future work to further develop and improve the repeatability, reproducibility, and representativeness of the load-based testing and rating approach for residential and commercial air conditioners and heat pumps are summarized at the end of the dissertation. </p>

This master’s thesis is dealing with possibilities of measurement of inductance by using of accurate capacitance bridge AH 2500E. In metrology there are no appropriate devices available for accurate measurement of inductance. It can be realized by four methods. The newest one is based on T elements, it is not used for this purpose yet and it is practically investigated in CMI Brno. For its introduction to practice it is neccessary to complete computer simulations and analysis of influences affecting measurement. It is also inevitable to examine repeatability of measurement, define methodology of measurement and potential corrections of measured values.