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Risk communication when serving customers with food allergies in restaurants in the United StatesWen, Han January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Hospitality Management and Dietetics / Junehee Kwon / Food allergies affect nearly 15 million Americans, and accommodating customers with food allergies has become a challenge for the restaurant industry. One third of the fatal food allergy reactions occurred in restaurants, and it is important for the restaurant industry to properly communicate and manage the food allergy risks. This study explored perceived risks and risk communication related behaviors of restaurant staff when serving customers with food allergies by using both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (online survey) approaches.
Telephone interviews with 16 restaurant managers were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and organized to identify themes. Most participants were aware of the severity of food allergy reactions but perceived that it was the customers’ responsibilities communicating their food allergies with restaurant staff before placing their orders. Training for service staff on food allergies and risk communication topics were limited, and some managers perceived such training unnecessary for restaurant business. Findings from interviews were used to develop an online survey instrument.
The survey instrument was pilot-tested and distributed to restaurant employee panels by an online survey research firm. Of 1,328 accessed the survey, 316 usable survey responses (23.8%) were collected from full-service restaurant service staff. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, ANOVA, and regression analyses. Results indicated that limited information about food allergies was provided on printed (35.1%) or online menus (28.2%), and very few restaurants had separate menus (8.5%) or complete ingredient lists (14.6%) for customers with food allergies. Meanwhile, restaurant servers lacked knowledge about common food allergens (12.7% correct), differences between food allergies and intolerances (34.2% correct), and government regulations related to food allergies (15.5% correct). Most restaurant servers (82.0%) agreed or strongly agreed that initiating communication and preventing food allergy reactions were responsibilities of customers with food allergies. Perceived severity of food allergy reactions, previous communication training, sources of media exposure, and perceived responsibilities of preventing food allergy reactions were found to influence restaurant servers’ risk reduction and communication behaviors (R²=0.367, p<0.001). Restaurateurs, foodservice educators, food allergy advocates, and policy makers may use these findings when developing food allergy training and strategies to prevent food allergy reactions in restaurants.
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Was It Worth It? : A quantitative study on the abolishment of mandatory audit and its consequences on income tax payments from small limited firmsZeremichael, Fnan, Felth, Andrea January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
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Repercussão da informação nutricional sobre o comportamento de clientes de restaurantes universitários\" / Repercussion of nutritional information on the behavior of the clients of university restaurantsMaurea Elena Missio da Silva 05 September 2006 (has links)
Introdução - A informação nutricional do rótulo de embalagem de alimentos tem sido uma estratégia importante para oferecer ao consumidor informações para escolhas mais apropriadas. Partindo desse princípio, os restaurantes administrados pela Coordenadoria de Assistência Social, no ano de 2001, passaram a disponibilizar a informação de valor energético das preparações culinárias oferecidas nos restaurantes de forma a orientar e auxiliar o cliente em sua escolha. Objetivo Avaliar o comportamento de funcionários e alunos que utilizam os restaurantes universitários em relação à informação nutricional e, em especial, referente ao valor energético das preparações culinárias oferecidas nestes. Métodos - Foi utilizada amostra sistemática. Os domínios de estudo foram constituídos por dois estratos de 600 indivíduos cada. O método de investigação foi a entrevista estruturada. As variáveis de estudo foram analisadas de forma descritiva e utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado para analisar associações. Resultados. Houve semelhanças entre os estratos de alunos e funcionários com maior tempo de educação formal. Não houve associação entre ler as informações nutricionais do rótulo de embalagem de alimentos e o valor energético das preparações culinárias oferecidas pelos restaurantes. A utilização da informação nutricional esteve associada a, anos de educação formal, excesso de peso, prática de atividade física esportiva, tipos de fontes de informação sobre alimentação e nutrição. Conclusão. Observou-se ser esta pesquisa de importante natureza, uma vez que não foram encontrados trabalhos específicos que avaliassem o comportamento da população universitária sobre a informação nutricional. De modo geral, as mulheres utilizam as duas Resumo informações nutricionais mais que os homens. No caso dos alunos, observouse pouco interesse em relação às duas informações. Entre os funcionários de menor tempo de educação formal, verificou-se maior interesse na informação de valor energético das preparações culinárias, diferente dos funcionários com maior tempo de educação formal, que lêem mais as informações nutricionais do rótulo de embalagem de alimentos / The nutritional information on the labels on the packaging of foodstuffs has proved an important strategy in offering the consumer such information to make the most appropriate choices. On this basis, the restaurants managed by the Coordenadoria de Assistência Social began, in 2001, to make available to their clients information regarding the energy value of the food prepared so as to guide and help them in their choices. Objective. To assess the behavior of the staff members and students who make use of university restaurants in their response to the nutritional information provided, especially as regards the energy value of the food prepared and provided in these restaurants. Methods. Systematic sampling was used. The universe of study consisted of two strata of 600 individuals each. The structured interview was used as the method of investigation. The study variables were analyzed descriptively and the chi-squared test was used to analyze the associations. Results. There were similarities between the strata of students and staff with higher levels of education. There was no association between the reading of the labels on the packaging of foodstuffs and the energy value of the food prepared and offered by the restaurant. The use made of the nutritional information provided was associated with the level of education, over-weight, practice of physical sporting activity and kinds of sources of information on feeding habits and nutrition. Conclusion. It is clear that this research is important, as no specific studies which attempt to assess behavior related to nutritional information in a university population are available. Generally speaking, women use both kinds of Abstract information more than men. As regards the students, little interest was show in either kind of information. Among the staff of low level of education a greater interest was found in energy value information regarding the food served in the university restaurant than among the staff of higher levels of education who read the information on the packaging of foodstuffs more frequently
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Zkvalitnění infrastruktury obce v odvětví cestovního ruchu jako rozvojový faktor v regionu. / Improving the Quality of the Town Infrastructure in the Area of Tourist Trade as the Developement Factor in the Region.SLEZÁČEK, Miroslav January 2009 (has links)
This project will markedly contribute to the development of the town of Horní Stropnice and as well as the whole South Bohemian Region in the area of tourist trade. Tourist trade is one of the key areas of the economic developement of the region. From the findings of the particular chapters of this paper it appears, that necessary organisational, technical and financial conditions for the implementation of the given capital assets and for consequent running of the planned project facilities will be created. The implemented project and its operation will generate a trading income exceeding the costs.
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Standardy a jejich dopady na restaurační zařízení v Benešově / Standards and their impact on restaurant facilities in BenešovKLIMOVIČOVÁ, Radka January 2009 (has links)
The goal of this thesis is to analyse anti-smoking standard in restaurant facilities in czech as well in international dimension and to make comparison with reality in a chosen locality. Important part of this thesis is research made in city Benešov.
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Association Between Socio-demographic Characteristics and Fast Food Calorie Menu Labeling Use and Awareness among Adults Living in the SouthwestJanuary 2014 (has links)
abstract: As part of the recently passed Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, chain restaurants with 20 or more locations nationwide are required to post calorie information on menus and menu boards in order to help consumers make healthier decisions when dining out. Previous studies that have evaluated menu-labeling policies show mixed results and the majority have been conducted in urban cities along the east coast. This study was the first to look at the effectiveness of menu labeling in a southwest population. The primary objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine if noticing or using calorie menu labels in a fast food restaurant was associated with purchasing fewer calories. A second aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the likelihood of noticing and using menu labeling. Customer receipts and survey data were collected from 329 participants using street-intercept survey methodology at 29 McDonald's locations in low- and high-income neighborhoods throughout the Phoenix metropolitan area. The study population was 63.5% male, 53.8% non-Hispanic white, and 50.8% low-income. Results showed that almost 60% of the study sample noticed calorie menu labeling and only 16% of participants reported using the information for food or beverage purchases. Income was the only socio-demographic characteristic that was associated with noticing menu labeling, with higher-income individuals being more likely to notice the information (p=0.029). Income was also found to be associated with using menu labels, with higher income individuals being more likely to use the information (p=0.04). Additionally, individuals with a bachelors degree or higher were more likely to use the information (p=0.023) and individuals aged 36 to 49 were least likely to use the information (p=0.046). There were no significant differences in average calories purchased among those who noticed menu labeling; however, those who reported using calorie information purchased 146 fewer calories than those who did not use the information (p=0.001). Based on these findings it is concluded that calorie menu labeling is an effective public policy and that nutrition education campaigns should accompany national menu labeling implementation in order to make the policy more effective across all socio-demographic groups. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2014
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Modelo de negócio: uma proposta de visão integrada de processos logísticos em redes de restaurantes fast food. / Business model: a proposal to an integrated vision of logistics processes applied to chains of fast food restaurants.Gin Kwan Yue 07 December 2007 (has links)
A elevada competitividade nos diversos setores da economia brasileira também está presente no varejo de alimentação. Destaca-se a parcela composta por estabelecimentos dedicados ao fornecimento de lanches ou refeições rápidas, conhecidos como restaurantes fast food. Esse setor exibe a presença de redes internacionais, no formato de franquias, que tornam o mercado mais competitivo. Este trabalho está voltado para o segmento de redes de restaurantes fast food, estudando os relacionamentos envolvidos nas operações logísticas, dentro da cadeia de suprimentos. Para os diversos participantes dessa cadeia - organização detentora da franquia da rede, restaurantes, fornecedores, provedores de serviços logísticos e clientes - a logística, envolvendo atividades como compras, inventário e distribuição, tem uma função central e estratégica, influenciando de forma significativa os resultados de todas as partes. Um aspecto relevante é a política de terceirização (outsourcing) das atividades logísticas, cada vez mais presente em todo o mundo, que também se apresenta como alternativa neste segmento. Destaca-se a figura do operador logístico, um provedor de diversas funções logísticas, realizando-as de forma integrada. Em face deste contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é a proposição de modelos de negócios que podem ser aplicados às redes de restaurantes fast food, onde são mostradas as diversas formas de relacionamentos entre os participantes, visando a obtenção de valor para o cliente. O modelo de negócio é a base para a definição da estratégia competitiva dos integrantes da cadeia de suprimentos, em busca de vantagem competitiva para o grupo. Uma pesquisa empírica (survey) foi realizada com redes de restaurantes fast food para permitir a visão da realidade empresarial e auxiliar no desenvolvimento dos modelos de negócios. Em seguida foram selecionados quatro casos - três redes e um operador logístico - para um estudo mais aprofundado e obtenção de insights que possibilitem compreender a estratégia competitiva destas redes. / The high level of competitiveness in the various sectors of the Brazilian economy is also present in food retail. The segment made up of establishments devoted to offering snacks or quick meals, known as fast food restaurants, stands out. In it, international chains with the franchise format can be found, which makes the market more competitive. This piece of work is geared to the segment made up of fast food restaurant chains. It studies the relationships involved in the logistical operations within the supply chain. For the various participants in this chain -- the organization that owns the franchise, restaurants, suppliers, providers of logistical services and customers -- the logistics, involving activities such as purchasing, inventory and distribution, have a central and strategic role, significantly influencing the results of all the parties. A relevant aspect is the worldwide and ever more common policy of outsourcing logistical activities, which also shows up as an alternative in this segment. A character that stands out is the integrated service provider, who carries out several logistical functions and does so in integrated way. In view of this context, the main purpose here is proposing business models that may be applied to fast food restaurant chains. In them, the various forms of relationship between the participants are shown, with the aim of obtaining value for the customer. The business model is the basis for defining the competitive strategy of the players of the supply chain, in the search for competitive advantage for the group. A survey of fast food restaurant chains was conducted to allow one to grasp the business reality and help in the development of the business models. Next, four cases were selected -- three chains and an integrated service provider -- for a more in-depth study and to obtain insights that make it possible for one to understand the competitive strategy of these chains.
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Prática reflexiva como recurso na gestão dos restaurantes universitários terceirizadosCARDOSO, Carla Ionara Xavier da Silveira 11 August 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-11 / O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi investigar como a prática reflexiva pode influenciar na
gestão dos restaurantes universitários (RUs) terceirizados de instituições públicas de ensino
superior, a partir da identificação das principais dificuldades enfrentadas pelos gestores. Os
referenciais teóricos adotados foram, principalmente, aqueles pertinentes à gestão de serviços
de alimentação, restaurantes universitários e suas características, sobretudo, na perspectiva da
prática profissional dos gestores, enfocando os conceitos da prática reflexiva do autor Donald
Schön. Três objetivos específicos conduziram a pesquisa: (i) compreender o processo de
conhecer-na-ação desenvolvido pelos gestores associado à prática profissional (ii) identificar
as principais dificuldades de gestão dos RUs no âmbito da prática profissional dos gestores.
(iii) articular a prática reflexiva à prática profissional, propondo aplicações no contexto da
gestão dos RUs. A estratégia adotada para atingir os objetivos seguiu uma abordagem
qualitativa a partir do estudo de caso. Foram estudados dois RUs pertencentes a duas
instituições públicas de ensino superior do Recife-PE com serviços de alimentação
terceirizados. A coleta de dados foi desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas e documentos.
Foram realizadas onze entrevistas com os gestores pertencentes às instituições e às respectivas
contratadas. O tratamento dos dados se deu através da análise pragmática da linguagem de
acordo com Mattos (2006), centrado no significado semântico-pragmático da conversação.
Assim, conclui-se: a gestão dos RUs terceirizados ocorre na prática profissional durante o
processo de conhecer na-ação dos gestores; as dificuldades de gestão da infraestrutura e de
pessoas influenciam diretamente na gestão dos contratos; e com a prática reflexiva é possível
desenvolver habilidades administrativas e políticas na implementação de decisões. / The general objective of this research was to investigate how reflective practice can influence
the management of the university restaurants (RUs) outsourced public institutions of higher
education, from the identification of main difficulties faced by managers. The theoretical
references adopted were mainly those pertinent to food service management, University
restaurants and their characteristics, especially in the perspective of the professional practice
of managers, focusing on the concepts of reflective practice by Donald Schön. Three specific
objectives guided the research: (i) understanding the process met-in-action developed by
managers associated with the professional practice (ii) identify the main difficulties of
management of RUs in the scope of practice of professional managers. (iii) articulate the
reflective practice to the professional practice, proposing applications in the context of the
management of the RUs. The strategy adopted to achieve the objectives pursued a qualitative
approach based on a case study. It was studied two RUs belonging to two public institutions
of higher education in Recife-PE, with food services outsourced. Data was collected through
interviews and documents. Eleven interviews were conducted with managers belonging to
institutions and their contractors. We look at the data through the pragmatic analysis of
language, according to Mattos (2006), based on the semantic meaning-a pragmatist of the
conversation. Therefore, we concluded that the management of outsourced RUs occurs the in
professional practice during the process of meeting in-action of managers, the difficulties in
the management of infrastructure, and of people influence directly the management of
contracts. Thus, a reflective practice can develop administrative and political skills in the
implementation of decisions.
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Histórias do trabalho em um restaurante universitário : entre conversas, panelas e temperosFernandes, Cynthia Perovano 17 October 2011 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2011-10-17 / Trata-se de pesquisa desenvolvida no Restaurante Universitário da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo buscando conhecer a história do RU e o trabalho que constitui o RU. Não uma história oficial, única, sobre o RU, mas as histórias que comparecem ao longo do processo de pesquisa, narradas no cotidiano de trabalho daqueles que estão no Restaurante. Utilizamos também alguns jornais (Informa) e revistas (Revista de Cultura da Ufes) para auxiliar na organização de um esboço de uma história do RU. Essa pesquisa se desenvolveu junto com servidores e funcionários da empresa terceirizada durante o expediente de trabalho, em conversas, numa atenção de cartógrafo aberta às questões surgidas nessa experimentação. Os autores-intercessores convidados foram Certeau (1996, 2009), Clot (2001, 2006, 2010), Kastrup (1999, 2007, 2008), Lourau (1993) e Cora Coralina (1983, 2001). O trabalho no Restaurante parece figurar como tarefa fundamentalmente feminina, a maioria dos trabalhadores do RU é composta por mulheres. Como questões principais destacadas ao longo da pesquisa estão: o ritmo acelerado de trabalho; as divisões na cozinha, entre os trabalhadores com maior escolarização e também entre servidores e funcionários terceirizados; a saúde como capacidade de inventar modos de trabalhar e também os desgastes promovidos por anos de trabalho numa função penosa; e a questão do cuidado, para com o patrimônio público, com os colegas de trabalho, com a comida fornecida e com os usuários do RU. Como efeitos possíveis podemos apontar o resgate dessas conversações que são próprias do trabalho, bem como uma maior aproximação com o Restaurante, que irá servir de subsídio na formulação de novos projetos para o RU e também no desenvolvimento de outras pesquisas no RU / It is a research developed at the University Restaurant of the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo aiming to konow the history and the work of the UR inthe UR. Not an official history,but the stories show up in the process,narrated in the daily work of those in the Restaurant. We also use some newspapers(Informa)and magazines(Revista Cultural da Ufes)to assist in organizing and outline for a history of the UR. This research has developed along with servants and outsourced employees during working hours,in conversations a mapmaker s attetion to the issues raised in this open trial.The authors were invited as intercessors are Certeau (1996,2009), Clot(2001,2006,2010), Kastrup( 1999,2007,2008), Lourau (1993)and Cora Coralina(1983,2001).The work in the Restaurant seems to appear as essentially female task, most workes on UR are women . How main issues highlighted during the research are: the rapid pace of work,the divisions in the kitchen, among workers with higher education and between servants and outsourced employees,health and ability to invent ways to work and also wear promoted by years of arduous work in a function, and the issue of care, to public property, with co-workers,with food provided and the users of the UR.As we point out the possible effects of these rescue talks that are germane tho the work, as well as closer tho the restaurant, wich will serve as a grant in the formulation of new projects for the UR and also on the development of other studies in UR.
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Atitude do consumidor em relação à certificação voluntária da segurança dos alimentos em restaurantes comerciais, município de Campinas-SP / Consumer attitudes with respect to voluntary certification of food safety in commercial restaurants, municipality of Campinas - SPUggioni, Paula Lazzarin 07 August 2011 (has links)
Orientador: Elisabete Salay / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T07:59:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O consumo alimentar fora de casa é relevante para vários segmentos populacionais. Paralelamente, a ocorrência de doenças transmitidas por alimentos representa um problema de saúde pública, tanto em países desenvolvidos como em países em desenvolvimento. Os restaurantes são frequentemente indicados como locais de ocorrência desse tipo de doenças e entre as causas principais, podem-se citar falhas no processo produtivo dos alimentos. Nesse cenário, surgem os certificados de qualidade, que visam, além da melhoria dos processos produtivos em restaurantes, informar os consumidores sobre os aspectos intrínsecos de segurança dos alimentos. Destaca-se ainda que a análise da atitude e do conhecimento dos consumidores em relação à segurança dos alimentos pode se configurar como ferramenta para auxiliar nesse processo (uma vez que atitude e conhecimento são fenômenos interligados), contribuindo para o entendimento do comportamento do consumidor. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a atitude dos consumidores em relação à certificação voluntária da segurança dos alimentos em restaurantes, verificando a sua relação com as variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas e com o conhecimento sobre os riscos microbiológicos das práticas em restaurantes. Para tanto, objetivou-se ainda, desenvolver duas escalas válidas e confiáveis, uma de conhecimento e outra de atitude, para que os objetivos principais fossem atingidos. A coleta dos dados foi realizada em duas etapas na cidade de Campinas, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, por meio de entrevistas com consumidores adultos que realizavam refeições fora de casa. A pesquisa foi submetida e aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos (CEP) (parecer 1062/2008). Na primeira etapa, realizada para a construção e validação do instrumento, foram entrevistados, em diferentes fases do estudo, um total de 969 consumidores que frequentavam os restaurantes e praças do campus da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) nos meses de junho a novembro de 2009. Além disso, para a realização do grupo focal e validação de conteúdo participaram 21 indivíduos. A segunda etapa englobou a aplicação do questionário final em uma amostra de 350 indivíduos adultos que, além de realizarem refeições fora de casa, ouviram falar em certificações de qualidade. Esta etapa foi realizada de abril a junho de 2010 em um shopping center e um terminal de ônibus da cidade. Na primeira etapa, iniciou-se o desenvolvimento das escalas com o levantamento dos itens: no instrumento de conhecimento, por meio da revisão da literatura e da legislação; no de atitude, além do levantamento bibliográfico, utilizou-se um grupo focal. Posteriormente, após a redação dos itens foram realizadas a validação de conteúdo e de constructo bem como a análise da consistência interna e da reprodutibilidade dos instrumentos. A avaliação da influência da desejabilidade social (DS) (Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale - MC-SDS) também foi verificada no caso da escala de atitude. O questionário utilizado na etapa final, apresentando escalas com indicadores satisfatórios de validade e confiabilidade, englobou 77 questões, divididas em quatro partes: 1) Escala de atitude (24 itens); 2) Escala de conhecimento (23 itens); 3) Escala de desejabilidade social (20 itens) e 4) Informações socioeconômicas e demográficas (10 itens). Os dados obtidos foram agrupados em banco de dados e analisados nos softwares: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 17.0 e Predictive Analytics Software (PASW) Statistics, versão 18.0. Realizaram-se estatísticas descritivas básicas e testes de comparação de médias (t-Student, ANOVA e Mann-Whitney). A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS). Os resultados do desenvolvimento das escalas apontaram que ambas são válidas e confiáveis. A consistência interna foi de 0,79 (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach) para a escala de atitude e de 0,66 (coeficiente de Kuder-Richardson) para a escala de conhecimento; ambas apresentaram validades de conteúdo e de constructo satisfatórias, além de adequada reprodutibilidade. Além disso, não se observou correlação significativa dos resultados da escala de atitude com os escores da escala de DS. Os resultados da aplicação do questionário final apontaram que os consumidores apresentam uma atitude positiva em relação à certificação em restaurantes. O escore médio de atitude foi de 5,3 ± 0,7. Ao analisar as médias, não se observou diferença significativa entre os gêneros (p=0,353), formação na área da saúde (p=0,240), grau de escolaridade (p=0,105), renda familiar (p=0,539) e frequência em realização de refeições fora de casa (p=0,938). Entre as faixas de idade (p=0,040) e o nível de conhecimento (p=0,014) se observou diferença significativa. Verificou-se que existem falhas no conhecimento dos consumidores em relação aos riscos microbiológicos (em notas de 0 a 10, média de 4,3 ± 1,5), não se observando diferenças significativas entre os gêneros (p=0,388), as faixas etárias (p=0,102), os níveis de renda dos indivíduos (p=0,087) e a frequência em realização de refeições fora de casa (p=0,930). No entanto, consumidores com maior grau de escolaridade (p=0,001) e com formação na área da saúde (p<0,001) apresentaram nível de conhecimento significativamente superior ao de indivíduos com baixa escolaridade e sem formação em saúde, respectivamente. Pela análise dos resultados do desenvolvimento da escala, observou-se que o instrumento de medida desenvolvido é válido e confiável, portanto, adequado para a aplicação tanto na presente pesquisa quanto em estudos futuros com consumidores, auxiliando em pesquisas direcionadas à educação em segurança do alimento, ao marketing ou desenvolvimento de políticas públicas. Além disso, os resultados indicaram que os consumidores têm atitude positiva em relação à certificação, reforçando a necessidade de se estimular tanto o desenvolvimento como a promoção de certificações que visem à segurança do alimento / Abstract: Food consumption away from home is relevant in various segments of the population. In parallel, the occurrence of food borne diseases has appeared as a public health problem, both in developed and developing countries. Restaurants are indicated as places where such diseases frequently occur, and failures in the food production process can be cited as amongst the main causes. Thus within this panorama quality certificates have appeared, which aim to inform the consumer of the intrinsic safety aspects, as well as improving the productive processes in the restaurant. It should also be noted that an analysis of consumer attitude and knowledge concerning food safety can appear as a tool to aid this process (since attitude and knowledge are interconnected phenomena), contributing to the understanding of consumer behavior. Thus the objective of the present study was to analyze the attitude of consumers with respect to the voluntary certification of food safety in restaurants, verifying its relationship with socioeconomic and demographic variables and with knowledge of the microbiological risks involved in restaurant practices. Additionally, the study aimed to further develop and validate two scales, a knowledge and an attitude scales, so that the main objectives were achieved. The data was collected in two steps in the city of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, by way of interviews with adult consumers who ate meals away from home. The research protocol was approved by the Ethical Research Committee from the University of Campinas (protocol number 1062/2008). In the first step, carried out to construct and validate the instrument, 969 consumers who frequented the restaurants and squares of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campus, were interviewed in different phases of the study from June to November 2009. In addition 21 individuals took part in a focal group and content validation. The second step encompassed the application of the final questionnaire to a sample of 350 adult individuals who, in addition to eating meals away from home, had heard of quality certificates. This step was carried out in a shopping center and in the city bus station from April to June 2010. The scales were developed in the first step as well as defining the items: that of knowledge by way of a literature review and legislation; and that of attitude using the focal group as well as a literature review. Subsequently, after writing the items, the content and construct validity were performed, as also the internal consistency and reproducibility of the instruments. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS) was also verified in the case of the attitude scale. The questionnaire used in the final step, presenting scales with satisfactory indicators for validity and reliability, encompassed 77 questions, divided into four parts: 1) Attitude scale (24 items); 2) Knowledge scale (23 items); 3) Social desirability scale (20 items) and 4) Socioeconomic and demographic information (10 items). The data obtained were grouped in a data bank and analyzed using the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 18.0 and Predictive Analytics Software (PASW) Statistics, version 18.0. Basic descriptive statistics and means comparison tests (t-Student, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney) were applied, and the normality of the data was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. The results obtained for the development of the scales indicated that both were valid and reliable. The internal consistency was 0.79 (Cronbach¿s alpha coefficient) for the attitude scale, and 0.66 (Kuder- Richardson¿s coefficient) for the knowledge scale; both presenting satisfactory content and construct validity, and adequate reproducibility. In addition there was no significant correlation between the results of the attitude scale and the scores of the SD scale. The results obtained from the application of the questionnaire indicated that the consumers had a positive attitude with respect to restaurant certification and the mean score for attitude was 5.3 ± 0.7. On analyzing the means, no significant differences were observed between the genders (p=0.353), graduation in the health area (p=0.240), educational level (p=0.105), family income (p=0.539) or frequency of eating meals away from home (p=0.938). Significant differences were found between the age ranges (p=0.040) and the level of knowledge (p=0.014). A lack of knowledge was shown amongst the consumers with respect to the microbiological risks (score from 0 to 10, mean of 4.3 ± 1.5), with no significant difference between the genders (p=0.388), age ranges (p=0.102), income level of the individuals (p=0.087) or the frequency of eating away from home (p=0.930). However consumers with a higher educational level (p=0.001) and graduated in the health area (p<0.001) showed a significantly higher level of knowledge than individuals with a lower educational level and not graduated in the health area, respectively. An analysis of the results of the scale development showed that the measurement instrument developed was valid and reliable, and hence adequate for application both in the present survey and in future studies with consumers, as an aid in surveys directed at education in food safety, marketing or the development of public policies. In addition, the results indicated that the consumers had a positive attitude with respect to certification, reinforcing the need to stimulate both the development and promotion of certifications directed at food safety / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição
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