Thesis advisor: Margaret E. Guider / Thesis advisor: Daniel J. Daly / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

This dissertation adopts a ‘social criticism’ model in order to analyze racism in our contemporary world – particularly the United States. This analysis offers a detailed account of racism as rooted in social structural processes, and prioritizes oppression and domination as the chief wrongs resulting from racism. To do so, said analysis highlights norms, ideals, policies, and actions, that are often assumed to be ‘race neutral’ (e.g., impartiality, merit, ‘natural rights’, and autonomy), and the role they play in the production of racial injustice. More specifically, it exposes how these norms function to undermine human agency by restricting means for self-development and self-determination. As such, the role that inclusive and democratic deliberation can play in combating racial oppression and domination is developed. In light of this analysis, a defense of a ‘concrete morality’ which prioritizes the fight against oppression and domination, is made against an ‘abstract morality’ that adheres to ‘ideally just’ principles regardless of the injustice that results from doing so. Moreover, this project develops a ‘shared responsibility model’ for racial injustice, articulating varying degrees and kinds of responsibility we have for correcting it. It concludes by offering ‘democratic equality of difference’ as a normative ideal for cultivating racial justice. Generally, said ideal aims to: create basic conditions for the self-development and collective self-determination of all; cultivate a universally inclusive and ongoing process of democratic deliberation for solving collective problems; and attend to difference when deliberating about matters of justice. / Philosophy

Embora a fundação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) tenha sido em 1934, os primórdios da instituição remonta a 1827, ano em que foi criada a Faculdade de Direito. Desde então a USP tem produzido conhecimento sobre o campo das relações raciais brasileiras. Esta tese propõe analisar como o debate racial atravessa a história da universidade, buscando compreender qual tem sido a participação docente negra e não-negra nesse processo. Assim, a história do debate racial na USP é apresentada em quatro momentos: O primeiro compreende as discussões sobre a questão racial no Brasil empreendidas por duas instituições, as Faculdades de Direito e Medicina, incorporadas à universidade em 1934. O segundo momento é considerado a partir da história da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências, sobretudo no que diz respeito aos debates empreendidos pela chamada \"Escola Paulista de Sociologia\", sob a batuta de Florestan Fernandes. Para entender o terceiro momento é preciso ter em conta uma lacuna no debate racial coincidente com a Ditadura Militar que trouxe tempos difíceis para a Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras. Assim, a discussão racial esteve em estado de latência na Sociologia da USP por quase duas décadas, apesar de timidamente abrigada na Antropologia. Destaca-se a importância da trajetória do professor Kabengele Munanga para este momento da história do debate racial na instituição, na condição de herdeiro bastardo da Escola Paulista de Sociologia. O quarto momento da discussão racial na universidade ainda é corrente, e começa nos anos 90 com a recém instituída constituição de 1988. Esta década foi marcada por um incipiente, porém importante conjunto de medidas sensíveis às desigualdades raciais na universidade. Destaca-se novamente a figura do Kabengele Munanga, importante elo com o momento anterior do debate e a figura do professor Edson Moreira da USP São Carlos, em função de sua presença no Conselho de Cultura e Extensão. Por sua vez, os anos 2000 tem sido marcados por retrocessos na implementação de políticas que democratizassem o acesso da população negra na USP. Após a leitura sobre a história do debate racial na USP a tese centra-se na consideração da presença negra no corpo docente da instituição. Para tanto, apresenta-se dados sobre a configuração racial da universidade entre os anos de 2008 a 2015; bem como análises sobre um conjunto de dez trajetórias de docentes negros/as, no sentido de conhecer as estratégias, recursos, discursos e práticas de que acadêmicos/as negros/as da USP lançaram mão para tentar driblar as (im)possibilidades de acesso a um universo que tem sido cerceado à população negra: a docência da maior universidade do país. / Although the University of Sao Paulo (USP) was officially founded in 1934, the institutions deepest origins lie in the establishment of the Faculty of Law in 1827. Since then USP has been producing knowledge in the field of race relations in Brazil. This thesis proposes to analyze the way that racial debate passes through the history of the university, looking to understand the participation of both black and non-black faculty in this process. The history of racial debate at USP is presented in four moments: The first consists of discussions of the question of race within the Faculties of Law and Medicine, incorporated into the university in 1934. The second moment concerns the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature, particularly in relation to the debates fueled by the so-called P u S f g u f Florestan Fernandes. To understand the third moment it is necessary to take into account the gap in racial debate that coincided with the military dictatorship which brought difficult times to the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature. Due to this, racial discussions stayed in a state of latency in the field of Sociology at USP, although they were timidly sheltered by Anthropology. During this period, the trajectory of professor Kabengele Munanga stands out in the history of racial debate at the institution, as he took f b f P u S . T f u m m f u university continues today, dating from the 1990s and the influence of the recently implemented Constitution of 1988. This decade was marked by an incipient though important group of measures sensitive to racial inequality taken at the university. Once again, Kabengele Munanga, an important link to earlier moments in these debates, stands out during this phase, along with Edson Moreira of USP Sao Carlos, due to his presence on the Council for Culture and Extension. Since the year 2000, these debates have been marked by certain regressions in the implementation of policies that would have democratized access to USP for the black population. After a reading of the history of racial debate at USP the thesis will focus on the black presence in the teaching faculty of the institution. To this end, this research will present data about the racial configuration of the university between 2008 and 2015. Furthermore it will include an analysis of the trajectories of a group of ten black professors to better understand the strategies, resources, discourses and practices that black academics at USP have used to negociate the (im)possibilities of access to a universe that has long limited itself from the black population: a teaching career at the nation\'s largest university.

Embora a fundação da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) tenha sido em 1934, os primórdios da instituição remonta a 1827, ano em que foi criada a Faculdade de Direito. Desde então a USP tem produzido conhecimento sobre o campo das relações raciais brasileiras. Esta tese propõe analisar como o debate racial atravessa a história da universidade, buscando compreender qual tem sido a participação docente negra e não-negra nesse processo. Assim, a história do debate racial na USP é apresentada em quatro momentos: O primeiro compreende as discussões sobre a questão racial no Brasil empreendidas por duas instituições, as Faculdades de Direito e Medicina, incorporadas à universidade em 1934. O segundo momento é considerado a partir da história da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências, sobretudo no que diz respeito aos debates empreendidos pela chamada \"Escola Paulista de Sociologia\", sob a batuta de Florestan Fernandes. Para entender o terceiro momento é preciso ter em conta uma lacuna no debate racial coincidente com a Ditadura Militar que trouxe tempos difíceis para a Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras. Assim, a discussão racial esteve em estado de latência na Sociologia da USP por quase duas décadas, apesar de timidamente abrigada na Antropologia. Destaca-se a importância da trajetória do professor Kabengele Munanga para este momento da história do debate racial na instituição, na condição de herdeiro bastardo da Escola Paulista de Sociologia. O quarto momento da discussão racial na universidade ainda é corrente, e começa nos anos 90 com a recém instituída constituição de 1988. Esta década foi marcada por um incipiente, porém importante conjunto de medidas sensíveis às desigualdades raciais na universidade. Destaca-se novamente a figura do Kabengele Munanga, importante elo com o momento anterior do debate e a figura do professor Edson Moreira da USP São Carlos, em função de sua presença no Conselho de Cultura e Extensão. Por sua vez, os anos 2000 tem sido marcados por retrocessos na implementação de políticas que democratizassem o acesso da população negra na USP. Após a leitura sobre a história do debate racial na USP a tese centra-se na consideração da presença negra no corpo docente da instituição. Para tanto, apresenta-se dados sobre a configuração racial da universidade entre os anos de 2008 a 2015; bem como análises sobre um conjunto de dez trajetórias de docentes negros/as, no sentido de conhecer as estratégias, recursos, discursos e práticas de que acadêmicos/as negros/as da USP lançaram mão para tentar driblar as (im)possibilidades de acesso a um universo que tem sido cerceado à população negra: a docência da maior universidade do país. / Although the University of Sao Paulo (USP) was officially founded in 1934, the institutions deepest origins lie in the establishment of the Faculty of Law in 1827. Since then USP has been producing knowledge in the field of race relations in Brazil. This thesis proposes to analyze the way that racial debate passes through the history of the university, looking to understand the participation of both black and non-black faculty in this process. The history of racial debate at USP is presented in four moments: The first consists of discussions of the question of race within the Faculties of Law and Medicine, incorporated into the university in 1934. The second moment concerns the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature, particularly in relation to the debates fueled by the so-called P u S f g u f Florestan Fernandes. To understand the third moment it is necessary to take into account the gap in racial debate that coincided with the military dictatorship which brought difficult times to the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature. Due to this, racial discussions stayed in a state of latency in the field of Sociology at USP, although they were timidly sheltered by Anthropology. During this period, the trajectory of professor Kabengele Munanga stands out in the history of racial debate at the institution, as he took f b f P u S . T f u m m f u university continues today, dating from the 1990s and the influence of the recently implemented Constitution of 1988. This decade was marked by an incipient though important group of measures sensitive to racial inequality taken at the university. Once again, Kabengele Munanga, an important link to earlier moments in these debates, stands out during this phase, along with Edson Moreira of USP Sao Carlos, due to his presence on the Council for Culture and Extension. Since the year 2000, these debates have been marked by certain regressions in the implementation of policies that would have democratized access to USP for the black population. After a reading of the history of racial debate at USP the thesis will focus on the black presence in the teaching faculty of the institution. To this end, this research will present data about the racial configuration of the university between 2008 and 2015. Furthermore it will include an analysis of the trajectories of a group of ten black professors to better understand the strategies, resources, discourses and practices that black academics at USP have used to negociate the (im)possibilities of access to a universe that has long limited itself from the black population: a teaching career at the nation\'s largest university.

The fact of racial injustice in the US presents the difficult question of which emotional responses are (conceptually) appropriate to the perpetration of that injustice. Given that our answer must be informed by the nature of the injustice, this paper takes up Christopher Lebron’s diagnosis of the persistence of racial injustice against blacks in the US as a problem of social value in order to analyze a candidate response on the part of black americans. If Lebron’s theory accurately describes the problem, then it seems that anger appropriately responds to the injustice. The paper’s aim, then, is to give a positive account of black anger in response to the problem of social value. The account is informed by an analysis of “angry black literature,” i.e. a selection of essays from W. E. B. Du Bois, James Baldwin, and Audre Lorde. Approaching the subject within the framework of analytic philosophy, the paper concludes that anger is appropriate in virtue of its being a response to specific moral failures, and further notes that anger offers the ameliorative benefit of pointing out where those failures have taken place, and how we can avoid them in the future.

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yes / The conference Participation and Community Cohesion in the North: making the connections was held two and a half years after the North of England experienced a summer of major social unrest.1 One delegate described these disturbances as `attempted suicide by a community ¿ a cry for help.¿ This is a controversial image of powerlessness and disenfranchisement, but it raises a question that goes to the heart of our reasons for holding this conference. Does the success of Community Cohesion depend on the ability of communities to nonviolently express their views on the issues that concern them? Does it depend on a belief in one¿s own power to effect change without violence? In other words does it depend on the extent to which people see a point in working together for goals they have set themselves?

Police-community relations are a frequently discussed topic in both academe and the media. Many factors are believed to influence individuals’ perceptions and views of law enforcement, including demographic variables (race and socioeconomic status), experiences with law enforcement, and media consumption. With an emphasis in the news and on social media regarding police misconduct or police brutality, this research seeks to inquire about college students' perceptions of law enforcement and racial injustice within the criminal justice system. While controlling for key demographic variables, this project specifically examines how individuals’ personal experiences with law enforcement and their exposure to news media and social media impact their perceptions and attitudes of police or racial injustice in the criminal justice system. Other variables, such as ideological views, obligation to authority, and delinquent behaviors were also analyzed to provide more specific insight into what factors influence student perceptions. Using ordinal logistic regression, researchers analyzed student perceptions of racial injustice in the criminal justice system and police legitimacy. Findings for this study indicate that variables other than standard demographics, contact with law enforcement, and media consumption had a significant impact on student perceptions of police.