As zeólitas sintéticas contendo terras raras (TR) são os componentes principais de catalisadores FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) empregados no craqueamento do petróleo e a porcentagem de TR nestes catalisadores pode chegar a 5%. As TR são adicionadas às zeólitas tipo Y para melhorar sua estabilidade térmica e hidrotérmica durante o processo de refino do petróleo. A produção brasileira destes catalisadores está em torno de 25 mil toneladas por ano, necessitando, para tanto, de 900 toneladas de óxido de lantânio no mesmo período. Atualmente, a China é responsável por 90% da produção e comercialização mundial das TR. Desde 2010, a China controla os preços das mesmas (ao final de 2011 chegou a elevar o preço do lantânio em mais de 20 vezes), bem como reduziu substancialmente sua cota de exportação. É nesse contexto que surge a necessidade da reciclagem de materiais que possuem TR em sua constituição, como é o caso dos catalisadores FCC provenientes do craqueamento do petróleo. Outra fonte que merece destaque, tendo sido igualmente explorada neste trabalho, é os pós-fosfóricos responsáveis por gerar a luz branca em lâmpadas fluorescentes. Atualmente a Rhodia, do grupo Solvay, já iniciou a recuperação das TR em pós-fosfóricos. As principais TR utilizadas em lâmpadas fluorescentes são La, Ce, Eu, Tb e Y, encontrados nos compostos Y2O3:Eu3+, BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ e LaPO4:Ce3+,Tb3+. Os elementos Eu, Tb e Y têm alto valor agregado, representando de 5 a 20% em massa dos pós-fosfóricos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia economicamente viável e, sobretudo, com baixa utilização e produção de substâncias perigosas para a separação e recuperação de íons de TR contidos na zeólita tipo Y, componente dos catalisadores FCC desativados, previamente empregados no craqueamento de petróleo, bem como em lâmpadas fluorescentes. Inicialmente, realizou-se a caracterização preliminar dos componentes dos catalisadores FCC desativados. Posteriormente, buscou-se o desenvolvimento de metodologias de separação química para obtenção dos elementos de TR e caracterização dos mesmos por diversas técnicas, tais como espectroscopia de fotoluminescência, fluorescência de Raios-X, titulometria de complexação, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de infravermelho / Synthetic zeolites containing rare earths (RE) are the major components of FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) catalysts used in petroleum cracking, where the percentage of such elements is about 5%. RE ions improve the thermal and hydrothermal stability of zeolites-Y during the petroleum refining process. The Brazilian production of these catalysts is around 25 thousand tons per year, requiring 900 tons of lanthanum oxide in the same period. Currently, China is responsible for 90% of the world production and market of RE. Since 2010, China controls the prices of RE elements and substantially reduced the exportation quota. For instance, by the end of 2011 the price of lanthanum was risen by more than 20 times. In this context, the search for recycling materials that have rare earths in their constitution becomes crucial, as is the case of the FCC catalysts from the cracking of petroleum. Another source that deserves significant attention is the phosphoric powders that generate white light in fluorescent lamps, which were also investigated in this work. Rhodia from the Solvay group has already begun the recovery of rare earths in phosphoric powders. The main RE used in fluorescent lamps are La, Ce, Eu, Tb and Y, which occur as Y2O3: Eu3+, BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+ and LaPO4:Ce3+, Tb3+. Eu, Tb and Y are high-value elements, representing by 5 20% of the total mass of phosphoric powders. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop economically feasible and environmental friendly methodologies for the separation and recovery of RE ions from zeolite-Yin deactivated FCC catalysts and from fluorescent lamp phosphors. To this end, we firstly performed a preliminary characterization of the components of deactivated FCC catalysts. The following steps comprised the development of chemical separation methodologies to obtain rare earth elements and their characterization by several techniques such as photoluminescence spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, complexation titration, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy

Presentes há mais de dois séculos no cenário acadêmico mundial, as terras taras (TR) figuram há várias décadas entre as mais atuais tecnologias desenvolvidas pelo homem em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Particularmente, no que tange às aplicações de materiais luminescentes, as propriedades espectroscópicas únicas das TR tornaram-nas, nos últimos anos, praticamente insubstituíveis em dispositivos clássicos tricolores (tais como lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas ou tubos de raios catódicos). Contudo, o surgimento de novas tecnologias de visualização (displays compactos de alta resolução) e iluminação (eliminação do mercúrio de lâmpadas fluorescentes) impulsiona cada vez mais o estudo das propriedades e dos métodos de síntese de luminóforos a base de TR. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho consistiu na avaliação de processos sintéticos para a obtenção de sólidos nanoestruturados a base de fosfatos e vanadatos de TR capazes de atuar como luminóforos sob excitação no ultravioleta de vácuo, além da caracterização estrutural e espectroscópica desses materiais. Desenvolveram-se adaptações de três abordagens sintéticas para o preparo dos sólidos: o método dos precursores poliméricos (Pechini) e os métodos de precipitações em microemulsões reversas e de precipitações coloidais. Tais métodos são adaptáveis de acordo com as necessidades de síntese (controle morfológico, controle composicional, grau de agregação de partículas etc.) e consistem em abordagens consideravelmente eficientes para a obtenção de fosfatos e/ou vanadatos de TR nanoestruturados. Sintetizaram-se ortofosfatos (TRPO4), fosfovanadatos (TRP1-xVxO4) e sistemas core@shell (TRVO4@TRPO4) com diferentes composições, a fim de se obterem luminóforos vermelhos, verdes e azuis, além de sólidos com emissão por conversão ascendente (upconversion). Os compostos obtidos foram caracterizados por difratometria de raios-X, microscopia eletrônica, espalhamento dinâmico de luz, análise térmica, espectroscopia vibracional e espectroscopia de luminescência (emissão/excitação, tempos de vida, eficiências quânticas, cromaticidade, parâmetros de intensidade de Judd-Ofelt). / The rare earth elements (RE) have figured in the academic scenario for over two centuries, being an integral part of most up-to-date developed technologies in several fields of expertise. Regarding the applications of luminescent materials over the last years, the unique spectroscopic properties of RE elements have made them almost irreplaceable in classic tricolor devices, such as compact fluorescent lamps or cathode ray tubes. Nevertheless, the advent of new visualization and lighting technologies, like the high-resolution compact displays and the elimination of mercury from fluorescent lamps, has stimulated scientists to investigate the synthesis and properties of RE-based phosphors. In this work, we have evaluated the processes available for the synthesis of nanostructured RE phosphates and vanadates capable of acting as phosphors under vacuum ultraviolet excitation, and conducted the structural and spectroscopic characterization of these materials. We used three strategies to prepare the solids: the polymeric precursor method (Pechini), precipitation into reverse microemulsions, the colloidal precipitations. These methods can be adapted to the synthesis requirements and enable the control of morphology, composition and particle aggregation, thus constituting highly efficient ways to obtain nanostructured RE phosphates and/or vanadates. We synthesized orthophosphates (REPO4), phosphovanadates (REP1-xVxO4), and core@shell structures (REVO4@REPO4) with different composition, to generate of red, green, and blue phosphors, as well as solids with upconversion emissions. We characterized the prepared compounds by X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermal analysis, and vibrational and luminescence spectroscopies (emission/excitation, luminescence lifetimes, quantum yields, chromaticity, and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters).

O desenvolvimento de nanosensores luminescentes, não tóxicos e biocompatíveis estão sendo utilizados para marcação e visualização de células em biologia celular e imunoensaios ultrassensíveis. Neste trabalho, marcadores biológicos à base de terras raras para a detecção do 17-β-estradiol (E2), em fluido biológico(plasma) foram estudados. Os complexos precursores à base de terras raras (Eu3+ e Tb3+) foram sintetizados e caracterizados. O complexo contendo tta- de Eu3+ e liganteauxiliar TOPO [Eu(tta)3(TOPO)2] registrou a maior eficiência de luminescência dentre todos os demais compostos estudados e foi escolhido como sonda luminescente para desenvolvimento das etapas seguintes deste trabalho. Este complexo foi incorporado às matrizes poliméricas, PMMA e PHB, em diferentes concentrações de dopagens pordois métodos distintos: nanoprecipitação crioscópica e pela técnica de emulsão-difusão. As nanopartículas poliméricas de PMMA demonstraram maior eficiêncialuminescente quando dopadas com concentração de 5% do complexo precursor [Eu(tta)3(TOPO)2]. Estas nanopartículas foram funcionalizadas com 1,6 hexodiamino eposteriormente foram ligadas a um dialdeído que servirá como ponte na reação comas entidades biológicas. No entanto, devido à transferência de energia do sistemaorgânico Ac-Ac/nanossensor, as nanopartículas poliméricas luminescentes de PHBdemonstraram maior intensidade de sinal para a detecção do 17-β-estradiol por espectrofluorimetria. Pode-se concluir que as nanopartículas produzidas e testadasneste trabalho são fortes candidatas para a detecção do 17-β-estradiol em plasma sanguíneo ou outras entidades biológicas, apresentando opções diagnósticas, conduta extremamente importante para direcionamento terapêutico. / The development of luminescent, non-toxic and biocompatible nanosensors are being used for marker and imaging of cells in cellular biology and ultrasensitive immunoassays. In this work, biological markers based on rare earths for detection of 17 β -estradiol (E2), in biological fluids (Plasmon), were studied. The precursor complexes based on rare earths ( Eu3+ and Tb3+) were synthesized and characterized. The complex containing tta Eu3+ and secondary ligand TOPO- [Eu(tta)3(TOPO)2] registered the highest luminescence efficiency among all other compounds studied and was chosen as luminescent probe for the following development stages of this work. This complex was doped into polymer matrices, PMMA and PHB, at different concentrations of doping by two different methods: cryoscopic nanoprecipitation and emulsion-diffusion technique. The PMMA polymer nanoparticles demonstrated higher luminescence efficiency when doped with 5% concentration of the precursor complex [Eu(tta)3(TOPO)2]. These nanoparticles were functionalized with 1,6 diaminohexane and later they were linked to a dialdehyde that will serve as a bridge in the reaction with the biological entities . These nanoparticles were functionalized with 1,6 diaminohexane and later they were linked to a dialdehyde that can serve as a bridge in the reaction with the biological entities. Due to the energy transfer Ac- Ac/nanosensor, the PHB polymeric nanoparticles showed higher luminescence intensity signal for the detection of 17- β -estradiol by spectrofluorimetry. It can be concluded that the nanoparticles produced and tested in this work are strong candidates for the detection of 17β- estradiol in the blood plasma or others biological entities, presenting diagnostic options, an extremely important conduct for therapeutic direction.

As cerâmicas a base de carbeto de silício, SiC, tem muitas aplicações na engenharia devido às suas excelentes propriedade mecânicas, térmicas e químicas. Para a produção de cerâmicas de SiC com propriedades específicas, seu processamento deve ser escolhido de maneira a se produzirem microestruturas adequadas para cada aplicação. Para isso, na maioria das vezes, essas cerâmicas são sinterizadas via fase líquida, usando como aditivos formadores dessa fase misturas de óxidos de alumínio e algumas terras raras. Esta dissertação tem dois objetivos principais: implantar o método SEVNB no Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais (DEMAR), na Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL), para medida de KIC, propriedades mecânicas que, muitas vezes, limita aplicações das cerâmicas, e introduzir mais dois óxidos de terras raras para formação da fase líquida na sinterização do SiC, os óxidos de disprósio e itérbio. Após a mistura e secagem das matérias primas, os pós foram prensados com dupla ação de pistões e isostaticamente, e em seguida foram sinterizados em atmosfera de argônio utilizando seis ciclos diferentes para cada sistema de aditivos. Após sinterização as amostras foram caracterizadas e entalhadas com lâmina de barbear utilizando pastas diamantadas de 6 e 0,25 ?m e flexionadas em 4 pontos. Os resultados mostraram uma maior densificação para o sistema de aditivos Al2O3/ Yb2O3, de aproximadamente 97% da densidade teórica, prensados a 400 MPa e sinterizados na temperatura de 1950ºC por 1 hora, com formação de ?-SiC, DyAG e YbAG em todas as temperaturas estudadas. A máquina fabricada para entalhamento das amostras se mostrou eficiente, produzindo raios de entalhes atendendo a norma ISSO 23146:2008. Quanto as propriedades mecânicas, o sistema com itérbia possui os maiores valores de módulo de elasticidade e dureza, porém menor tenacidade à fratura em relação a cada ciclo de sinterização, resultado que sugere a influência do raio catiônico das terras raras formadoras da fase secundária nas cerâmicas a base de SiC. / The silicon carbide, SiC, has many applications in engineering due to its excellent mechanical, thermal and chemical properties. For the production of SiC ceramics with specific properties, the processing should be chosen to produce microstructures suitable for each application. For this reason, in most cases, these ceramics are liquid phase sintered using additives such as formers of this phase mixed oxides of aluminum and certain rare-earths. This dissertation has two main objectives: to implement the method SEVNB at Department of Materials Engineering (DEMAR), Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), to measure KIC, mechanical propertie, which often limits the ceramic\'s applications, and introduce two more rare-earth oxides for the formation of liquid phase sintering SiC, dysprosium and ytterbium oxide . After mixing and drying, the powders were pressed with a double acting piston and isostatically, and then sintered in an argon atmosphere using six different cycles for each additive system. After sintered, samples were characterized and V-notched using a razor blade and diamond pastes of 6 and 0.25 ?m and four-point flexured. The results showed a higher densification for the system Al2O3 / Yb2O3, approximately 97% , pressed at 400 MPa and sintered at a temperature of 1950 ° C for 1 hour, with formation of ?-SiC, DyAG and YbAG at all temperatures studied. The machine used to notched the samples proved to be effective, producing notch root according to the standard ISO 23146:2008. As for the mechanical properties, the system with ytterbium oxide has higher values of elastic modulus and hardness, but lower fracture toughness for each sintering cycle studied, result that suggests the influence of the rare-earth\'s cationic radius that forming the secondary phase in the SiC.

Sistemas de células a combustível alimentadas por etanol (DEFC - Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell) são vistos como candidatos para ajudar preencher a lacuna entre a demanda e oferta de energia elétrica. Entretanto, as DEFC ainda não apresentam desempenho tão elevado, que incentivem a comercialização. Um dos principais esforços para elevar o desempenho é obter catalisadores anódicos mais eletroativos e estáveis para reação de oxidação de etanol (ROE). Neste trabalho, visou-se obter e avaliar catalisadores Pt-Sn-Terras raras (La, Ce, Pr e Eu) para ROE. Os catalisadores foram sintetizados a partir de algumas modificações do método do poliol; caracterizados fisicamente, por técnicas de EDX, ICP, ATG, DRX, TEM, XPS e XAS; e caracterizados eletroquimicamente em células de três eletrodos e em células unitárias. O método de síntese promoveu tamanhos médios de partícula entre 3,0 a 4,5 nm para catalisadores PtSnTR/C (TR: La, Ce, Pr e Eu), um dos menores valores reportados para esse tipo de material. Por DRX, foi possível verificar que a síntese promoveu um certo grau de liga Pt-Sn. Por XPS, confirmou-se a presença de Pt e Sn metálicos, óxidos de estanho e de platina, e terras raras em forma de óxidos mistos. Por XAS, observou-se que os metais adicionados promoveram um preenchimento da banda 5d da Pt. As caracterizações eletroquímicas indicaram maior densidade de corrente na ROE para os materiais ternários PtSnTR/C 75:20:05 do que os catalisadores Pt/C, e que PtSn/C 60:40, na maioria dos casos. Os testes de envelhecimento acelerado indicaram que, mesmo com a alteração dos perfis voltamétricos, os catalisadores ternários apresentaram menores perdas na atividade que os catalisadores Pt/C e PtSn/C. Ao caracterizar os produtos da oxidação dos catalisadores por FTIR e HPLC, observou-se que os produtos majoritários foram acetaldeído e ácido acético; e apenas uma pequena formação de CO2 foi detectada . A adição de terras raras, em baixas concentrações, aumentou a atividade eletrocatalítica dos catalisadores Pt/C e PtSn/C provavelmente por disponibilizar espécies oxidadas a baixos potenciais, favorecendo a oxidação de intermediários da ROE, e contribuiu para a estabilidade dos catalisadores PtSn/C. / Direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) systems are seen as candidates to fill the gap between demand and supply of electric electricity. However, the DEFC\'s performance does not encourage its large commercialization yet. One of the main efforts to increase the performance is obtaining more electroactive and stable anodic catalysts for the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). In this work, Pt-Sn-Rare Earth catalysts (La, Ce, Pr and Eu) were obtained and evaluated for EOR. The catalysts were synthesized using polyol method with some modifications; physically characterized by XDS, ICP, TGA, XRD, TEM, XPS and XAS techniques; the electrochemical characterization involved tests on three electrodes cell and on unit cell systems. The synthesis method promoted mean particle sizes between 3.0 and 4.5 nm for PtSnRE/C catalysts (RE: La, Ce, Pr and Eu), one of the smallest values reported for this type of material. By XRD, it was observed some degree of Pt-Sn alloy. The presence of Pt and Sn metallic, tin and platinum oxides, and rare earths in the form of mixed oxides were confirmed by XPS. The added metals promoted a fill of the Pt 5d band, as observed by XAS. Electrochemical characterizations indicated higher current density in the EOR for the ternary materials than Pt/C catalysts and PtSn/C 60:40, in most of cases. The accelerated aging tests indicated that, even with voltammetric profiles changes, the ternary catalysts had lower losses in the activity than the Pt/C and PtSn/C catalysts. By FTIR and HPLC, it was observed that the main products were acetaldehyde and acetic acid; and small concentration of CO2 was detected. The low addition of rare earths increased the electrocatalytic activity of Pt/C and PtSn/C catalysts probably because they promoted more oxidized species at low potentials, favoring the intermediates oxidation of the EOR, and contributed to PtSn/C catalysts stability.

Orientador: Fernando Aparecido Sigoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:20:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_EmilleMartinazzo_M.pdf: 7026453 bytes, checksum: 919cfa3fb9a89e5e72f429d675b89d74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, foram estudadas as propriedades espectroscópicas de membranas de polidimetilsiloxano (pdms) contendo nanopartículas de fluoreto de lantânio (LaF3) dopadas com íons lantanídeos. Para isso, em um primeiro momento foi feita a caracterização e o estudo espectroscópico de nanopartículas de LaF3 dopadas com o íon Eu(III) e estabilizadas com N,Ndimetilacetamida, N,N-dimetilformamida, oleilamina ou oleilamina/ácido oleico, a fim de escolher o melhor sistema para a co-dopagem com os íons Er(III) e Yb(III) e posterior dispersão no polidimetilsiloxano. As nanopartículas estabilizadas com oleilamina apresentaram os melhores resultados espectroscópicos e de dispersão no pdms e, portanto, foi o sistema escolhido para co-dopagem com Er(III) e Yb(III). Em seguida, foi feito o estudo espectroscópico dessas nanopartículas co-dopadas com Er(III) e Yb(III) a fim de verificar se as mesmas apresentavam propriedades luminescentes desejáveis para aplicação em fotônica. Tanto as nanopartículas dopadas com Eu(III) quanto as nanopartículas co-dopadas com Er(III) e Yb(III) estabilizadas com oleilamina foram dispersas em polidimetilsiloxano. A reticulação da cadeia de pdms foi feita utilizando diferentes proporções entre dois reticulantes: tetravinilsilano e divinilbenzeno, permitindo assim o ajuste do valor do índice de refração do material híbrido obtido. As nanopartículas apresentaram boa dispersibilidade no pdms resultando em membranas transparentes, termicamente estáveis até aproximadamente 300 °C e com índice de refração variável dependendo das proporções entre os reticulantes utilizados. Por fim realizou-se um estudo sistemático de luminescência compreendendo emissão Stokes e anti-Stokes desses materiais / Abstract: In the present work the spectroscopic properties of polydimethilsiloxane (pdms) membranes containing lanthanide-doped lanthanum fluoride (LaF3) nanoparticles were studied. In a first moment, Eu(III)-doped LaF3 nanoparticles stabilized with N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,Ndimethylformamide, oleylamine or oleylamine/oleic acid were prepared and their spectroscopic properties were studied in order to find out the best system for subsequent co-doping with Er(III)/Yb(III) and dispersion in pdms. The oleylamine-stabilized nanoparticles show the best spectroscopic and dispersion results, and therefore they were chosen for co-doping with Er(III) and Yb(III) ions. The Er(III)/Yb(III) co-doped nanoparticles were studied in order to analyze their potential use as a material for photonic applications. Eu(III)-doped and Er(III)/Yb(III) co-doped LaF3 nanoparticles stabilized with oleylamine were dispersed in pdms. The crosslinking of pdms network was done using different ratios between two types of crosslink molecules: tetravinylsilane (tvs) and divinylbenzene (dvb) allowing thecontrol of the resulting material refractive index. The nanoparticles were well dispersed into the pdms matrix and the resulting hybrid membranes were transparent and thermically stable up to 300 °C with variable refractive index depending on the ratio of used crosslink molecules. A systematic luminescence spectroscopy was done including Stokes and anti-Stokes emissions of these materials / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestra em Química

L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier les propriétés de conversion de photons des ions terres rares insérées dans des matrices d’oxydes transparents en vue d’application photovoltaïques. En particulier, le but était de fonctionnaliser des couches minces déjà utilisées dans les cellules solaires comme couches antireflet ou oxydes transparents conducteurs. Nous avons donc sélectionné deux matériaux (ZnO et CeO2) compatibles avec les cellules solaires au silicium.Ce travail a montré que les couches minces dopes aux terres rares peuvent être utilisées pour convertir les photons dans des applications photovoltaïques, mais qu’il n’est pas facile d’obtenir des rendements élevés.Cependant, nous avons obtenu des informations très importantes sur l’influence de la matrice sur les propriétés de conversion des terres rares et sur les mécanismes de transfert d’énergie entre la matrice et la terre rare. / The objective of this thesis was to investigate the photon converting properties of rare earths (RE) ions embedded in transparent oxide hosts in view of potential application on silicon solar cells. In particular, the goal was to functionalize thin films that are already used in solar cells such as anti-Reflection coatings or transparent conductive oxides.Two host materials (ZnO and CeO2) have been selected, which are compatible with silicon solar cells.This work shows that RE-Doped transparent oxide films are a viable low-Cost solution for obtaining photon-Converting layers that can be applied on solar cells, but that achieving high efficiencies is much more difficult than it might appear in theory. Nevertheless, very valuable information has been obtained on the effect of the host material on the photon management properties and on the energy transfer mechanisms in these systems. In particular, the energy level diagram of some of the rare earth ions in the specific matrices has been reconstructed.

Ce travail est consacré au développement de luminophores de type orthophosphates GdPO4 et ultraphosphates YP5O14 activés par les ions Yb3+, Er3+ et Tm3+, synthétisés sous forme de poudres par voie solvothermale (orthophosphates) et par méthode de flux (ultraphosphates), aptes à émettre une lumière blanche par up-conversion IR-visible. Des orthophosphates GdPO4 : Eu3+ ont également été élaborés par chimie douce afin d’établir le lien entre propriétés optiques et propriétés morphologiques. Les conditions opératoires optimales ont été déterminées. La caractérisation des matériaux obtenus a été menée d’un point de vue structural, par DRX et IR, et morphologique, par MEB. Les orthophosphates GdPO4 ont été obtenu sous forme de nanobâtonnets en condition acide et nanodisques en milieu basique. L’étude des propriétés de luminescence des orthophosphates GdPO4 : Eu3+ a montré que les nanodisques présentent de meilleures performances que les nanofils. L’utilisation de la théorie de Judd et Ofelt a permis de relier les propriétés optiques, structurales et morphologiques de ces orthophosphates. Sous excitation IR, un processus de up-conversion est mis en évidence dans les phosphates YP5O14 : Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+ et GdPO4 : Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+. Les processus de transfert d’énergie Yb3+ → Er3+, Tm3+, présidant à l’émission d’une lumière blanche, ont été étudiés. La morphologie des matrices phosphatées a une influence notable sur les propriétés de up-conversion. Ainsi, l’orthophosphate GdPO4 : Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+ obtenu sous forme de nanobâtonnets en milieu acide est un candidat prometteur pour la lutte anti-contrefaçon. / This work deals with the development of polycrystalline Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ activated phosphate phosphors of formula GdPO4 (orthophosphates) and YP5O14 (ultraphosphates) elaborated by a solvothermal method (GdPO4) and by a flux method (YP5O14), able to emit a white light by a IR-visible up-conversion process. Eu3+ doped GdPO 4 samples were also elaborated by soft chemistry in order to establish the relation between optical and morphological properties. The elaborating conditions were determined. The characterization of these materials has been carried out using X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and SEM analysis. GdPO4 orthophosphates were obtained as nanorods and nanoparticles under acidic and basic media respectively. GdPO4 : Eu3+ orthophosphate nanoparticles show better optical performances than nanorods. Moreover, the optical, structural and morphological properties of orthophosphate materials were corroborated by the Judd and Ofelt theory. Under an IR excitation, an up-conversion mechanism is evidenced in YP5O14 : Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+ and GdPO4 : Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+ activated phosphates. Yb3+ → Er3+, Tm3+ energy transfer processes leading to a white light emission are investigated. The up-conversion properties are considerably influenced by the morphology of the phosphates. The GdPO4 : Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+ orthophosphate obtained as nanorods in an acidic medium is a promising candidate for anticounterfeit labels.

La première partie de ce travail porte sur l’élaboration et la caractérisation de nouvelles nanoparticules (NPs) multifonctionnelles de silice à architectures complexes. L’enjeu est de répondre à la demande croissante d’élaboration de nouveaux systèmes colloïdaux non toxiques, magnétiques et/ou luminescents dans la région NIR pour des applications potentielles en biotechnologie. Cet objectif a été atteint en associant intimement des composés à clusters de molybdène avec des nanocristaux de maghémite et/ou d’or dans une NPs de silice de 50 nm. Une évaluation de la cytotoxicité des NPs contenant des clusters d’éléments de transition Cs2Mo6Br14 ainsi qu’un suivi par microscopie de fluorescence en temps retardé des NPs Cs2Mo6I8(C2F5COO)6@SiO2 incorporées dans des cellules cancéreuses sont présentés. Dans la deuxième partie, des poudres microcristallines de composés hétéronucléaires de polymères de coordination à base de terres rares de formule chimique générale [Ln2-2xLn’2x(bdc)3,4H2O]∞ avec 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 ont été nanométrisées dans du glycérol. Ces NPs présentent des propriétés luminescentes identiques à celles du matériau massif. Une étude détaillée de cette nouvelle voie de synthèse répondant aux principes de la chimie verte ainsi qu’une étude de la stabilité en fonction du temps et de la dilution des colloïdes obtenus ont été réalisées. / The first part of this work involves the development and characterization ofnovel nanoparticles (NPs) of multifunctional silica with complex architectures.The challenge is to meet the increasing demand for development of newnon-toxic colloidal systems, magnetic and/or luminescent in the NIR regionfor potential applications in biotechnology. This objective was achievedby closely associating molybdenum clusters compounds with maghemitenanocrystals and/or gold in 50 nm silica NPs. An evaluation of thecytotoxicity of NPs containing clusters of transition elements of Cs2Mo6Br14and a time-gated fluorescence microscopy of Cs2Mo6I8(C2F5COO)6@SiO2NPs incorporated in cancer cells are presented.In the second part, microcrystalline powders of heteronuclear lanthanidebasedcoordination polymers with general chemical formula [Ln2-2xLn’2x(bdc)3,4H2O] ∞ 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 were dissolved in glycerol . These NPsexhibit luminescent properties identical to that of the bulk material.A detailed study of this new green synthetic route and a study of thestability over time and a dilution of the obtained colloids were performed.

Cette thèse de doctorat traite du comportement géochimique de Zr, Hf et Terres Rares dans des environnements aqueux extrêmes. Les études ont été effectuées dans les eaux hyper-salines long de la faille de la Mer Morte (Israël), les eaux hyper-acides dans le système volcanique hydrothermal du Nevado del Ruiz (Colombie) et les eaux riches en CO2 du système volcanique hydrothermal de l'île de Pantelleria, en comprenant le lac alcalin “Specchio di Venere”. Haute appauvrissement en Terres Rares légères a été trouvé dans les eaux acides dominées par le sulfate où on a reconnu la formation d’alunite et jarosite. Certaines eaux long de la faille de la Mer Morte montrent des enrichissements en Terres Rares intermédiaires, causés par la dissolution des minéraux évaporitiques. Les grandes variations redox et de pH observées dans ces systèmes hydrothermaux sont la cause des anomalies de Eu et Ce. Les eaux sulfates acides (1 < pH < 3.6) se caractérisent par des relations de Zr/Hf sous-condritiques et des relations condritiques de Y/Ho. Les rapports de Zr/Hf augment à l'augmentation du rapport Cl/SO4 en suggérant un comportement différent de Zr et Hf. Contrairement aux eaux acides, les relations de Y/Ho et Zr/Hf dans les eaux proches de la neutralité avec valeurs de Eh positives augmentent vers des valeurs super-condritiques, en raison de l'élimination préférentielle par les oxyhydroxydes de fer, de l'Hf et Ho que de Zr et Y. Le distribution des Terres Rares, avec les rapports de Y/Ho et Zr/Hf du “Specchio di Venere” montrent l’interaction entre les particules atmosphériques qui viennent du désert du Sahara et le lac “Specchio di Venere”, démontrent qu’ils sont de traceurs géochimiques. / This thesis concerns the geochemistry of Zr, Hf and REE (Rare Earth Elements) in extreme water environments. The investigations were carried out in hypersaline waters covering a wide range of Eh values along Dead Sea Fault (Israel), in hyperacid waters circulating in Nevado del Ruiz volcano-hydrothermal system (Colombia) and in CO2-rich waters in Pantelleria volcano-hydrothermal system (Italy), including the alkaline lake “Specchio di Venere” within a calderic depression. The acidic sulphates waters characterized by the precipitation of alunite and jarosite show a strong LREE depletion. The REE in waters along Dead Sea Fault show MREE enrichments in waters with relative high Ca and SO4 concentrations due to the water interaction with MREE-enriched salt minerals. In the natural waters, changing of pH and Eh induce variations of Ce and Eu anomalies, due to the different behaviour of these elements with respect to the neighbours REE. In sulphate acidic waters, Zr/Hf ratios are very low down to 4.7, while quite constant Y/Ho ratio (close to the local rock value) indicates the lack of decoupling. Zr/Hf ratio increases as Cl/SO4 ratio increases. On the contrary, Zr/Hf and Y/Ho ratios in near-neutral pH waters with positive Eh values change from near-chondritic to super-chondritic. The precipitation of Fe-oxyhydroxides removes preferentially Hf and Ho with respect to Zr and Y. The interaction of atmospheric fallout from the nearby Sahara Desert with the water of the lake “Specchio di Venere” was recognized by the Zr, Hf and REE distribution. Zr, Hf and REE show the capability to trace the interaction process between open water bodies and atmospheric fallout.