Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if treatment with “dry needling” in myofascial triggerpoints (MTrPs) in the rotatorcuff muscles may affect impingement symptoms such as pain during provocative tests, shoulder mobility, and function. The research questions were: Does the value of pain change on the Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS) between before and after treatment? Do the positive provocative tests for impingement change between before and after treatment? Does the active shoulder mobility change between before and after treatment? Does the self-rated function change between before and after treatment? Method: The study was a prospective randomized intervention study and 19 persons with impingement symptoms (mean ± standard deviation; 58 ± 18 years, and shoulder pain duration 3.9 ± 1.6 months) were randomized into two groups. The groups were tested before, directly after and 3 weeks after treatment. The intervention group was treated twice, with a week in between, with “dry needling” in MTrPs. The control group was also treated on two occasions but was instead given a superficial needle in the infraspinatus muscle. All subjects were treated by the same physiotherapist. Pain was evaluated on the VAS when subjects performed active shoulder flexion before and after treatment. Provocative tests for shoulder impingement (Neer sign, Hawkins-Kennedy test and Jobe test) as well as range of motion tests were performed before, after and three weeks after treatment. The frequencies of positive/negative provocative tests were presented. Shoulder function was evaluated with the QuickDASH questionnaire. Significance level p≤0.05 was used in the study and a tendency was identified between 0.05 ≤ p &lt; 0.1. Results: There was a tendency (p=0.086) with decreased pain (VAS) in the intervention group after the treatment. Among the impingement tests only significant improved results was observed for Neer sign test three weeks after the treatment (p=0.025) No significant difference could be seen on the active shoulder mobility between before and after the treatment. The perceived function in the intervention group, measured with the Quick DASH questionnaire, showed a tendency (p=0.086) towards a better function. Conclusions: The study showed a tendency towards that”dry needling”  in MTrPs may affect impingement symptoms such as pain and function. The provocative tests for shoulder impingement, Neer sign, showed a significant decrease in pain after treatment. More studies with larger population is needed to make a statement about the effect of “dry needling” in MTrPs as a treatment for shoulder impingement symptoms. / Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om behandling med ”dry needling” (intramuskulär nålstimulering) i myofasciella triggerpunkter (MTrPs) i rotatorcuffmuskulaturen kan påverka impingementsymptom såsom smärta vid provokationstester, axelledsrörlighet och funktion. Frågeställningarna var: Förändras smärtskattning på visuell analog skala(VAS) vid aktiv axelflexion efter jämfört med före behandling? Förändras de positiva provokationstesterna för impingement efter jämfört med före behandling? Förändras den aktiva axelledsrörligheten efter jämfört med före behandling? Förändras den självskattade funktionen efter jämfört med före behandling? Metod: Studien var en prospektiv randomiserad interventionsstudie, 19 forskningspersoner (fp) med impingementsymptom, (medelålder 58 ± 18 år, besvärsdurationens medeltid 3.9 ± 1.6 mån), randomiserades till två grupper. Grupperna undersöktes före, direkt efter och tre veckor efter avslutad behandling. Interventionsgruppen behandlades vid två tillfällen, med en veckas mellanrum, med ”dry needling” i MTrPs medan kontrollgruppen vid två tillfällen istället fick en ytlig akupunkturnål i m infraspinatus. Behandlingen av alla fp utfördes av en och samma fysioterapeut. Smärta utvärderades med (VAS) vid aktiv axelflexion direkt före och efter behandling. Provokationstester (Neer sign, Hawkins-Kennedy test och Jobe test) samt rörlighetsmätning utfördes före, efter och tre veckor efter avslutad behandling. Frekvensen positiva/negativa provokationstesttest summerades. Funktionen utvärderades med frågeformuläret QuickDASH. Signifikansnivå p&lt; 0.05 används i studien och en tendens identifierades mellan 0.05 ≤ p &lt; 0.1. Resultat: Det fanns en tendens (p=0.086) till minskad smärta (VAS) i interventionsgruppen efter jämfört med före behandling. Bland impingementtesterna sågs enbart ett signifikant förbättrat resultat för Neers sign tre veckor efter avslutad behandling jämfört med före behandling (p=0.025). Ingen signifikant skillnad kunde ses gällande rörligheten före och efter behandling. Den upplevda funktionsförmågan mätt med frågeformuläret QuickDASH visade en tendens (p=0.086) mot bättre funktion i interventionsgruppen. Slutsats: Studien har visat tendenser på att ”dry needling” i MTrPs kan påverka impingementsymptom såsom minskad smärta och bättre självskattad funktion efter behandling jämfört med före. Impingementtestet Neer sign visade en signifikant minskad smärta efter behandling. Fler studier med större grupper, större ålderspann och längre behandlingstid behövs för att kunna uttala sig om effekten av ”dry needling” i MTrPs som behandlingsmetod vid impingementsymptom i axeln. / <p>Fristående kurs i Idrottsvetenskap inriktning idrottsmedicin 2013-2015</p>

Thesis (M.S.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).

Wiskunde as taal van die wetenskap en tegnologie is een van die weinige vakke wat spesifiek as voorvereiste vir die bestudering van sekere studierigtings gestel word. Leerlinge met Wiskunde-angs word verhoed om hul ware potensiaal in Wiskunde te verwesenlik en word sodoende gediskwalifiseer om hul regmatige plek in die beroepswereld in te neem. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of hipnoterapie aangewend kan word om Wiskunde-angs tot werkbare vlakke te beperk sodat leerlinge optimaal in Wiskunde kan presteer. Die aard, oorsake, aanvang, herkenning, verklaring, gevolge, voorkoms en meting van Wiskunde-angs, die verband daarvan met Wiskundeprestasie en die hulp wat onderwysers en hulpprogramme kan lewer, is nagegaan. Daarna is hipnose en hipnoterapie beskou om te bepaal of dit as terapeutiese hulpmiddel pedagogies verantwoordbaar is. 'n Hipnoterapieprogram is in werking gestel en daar is bevind dat die proefpersone almal tot 'n mindere of meerdere mate daarby gebaat het. / Mathematics as the language of science and technology is one of few subjects used as entrance requirement to certain fields of study. Mathematics anxiety prohibits certain pupils to reach their full potential in Mathematics and thus to obtain their rightful place in the world of work. The aim of this study was to determine whether hypnotherapy can be used to lower Mathematics anxiety levels to such an extend that pupils can optimally achieve in Mathematics. The nature, causes, extent, recognition, explanation, consequences, incidence and measurement of Mathematics anxiety, its relationship to achievement in Mathematics, as well as the help that can be rendered by teachers and treatment programmes were studied. Hypnotherapy was then examined to determine whether its use was pedagogically justifiable. A hypnotherapy treatment programme was introduced which was found to be to some extent beneficial to all the subjects used. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

O número de mulheres com problemas relacionados ao jogo vem experimentando grande crescimento nos últimos anos, a exemplo do que ocorre na dependência de álcool e de outras drogas Esse aumento, de acordo com estudos anteriores, pode ser creditado a variados fatores: a universalização de jogos mais acessíveis para as mulheres (que geram menor preconceito social), como o bingo eletrônico; o fato de mulheres utilizarem o jogo como válvula de escape para as tensões cotidianas e para eventuais crises depressivas; uma progressão média mais rápida (telescoping effect - T.E.) do jogar social ao jogar patológico para mulheres do que para homens. Embora identificado em vários estudos, o T.E. existente em mulheres não foi devidamente analisado em suas possíveis origens. Com vistas a elucidar essa questão, esta tese busca possíveis diferenças entre os gêneros que expliquem o T.E. e que possam ser relevantes para o manejo e tratamento do JP. Comparamos 78 mulheres e 78 homens jogadores patológicos quanto a características sócio-demográficas e clínicas, existência de comorbidades psiquiátricas, preferência por tipo de jogo, personalidade, e perfil de comportamentos de risco. Os instrumentos utilizados no estudo foram: para diagnóstico, a SOGS (South Oaks Gambling Screen) e os critérios diagnósticos do DSM-IV para Jogo Patológico (JP); para investigação de comorbidade, o SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry); para estudo de personalidade, o Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter e a Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Constata-se que há uma maior proporção de solteiros entre as jogadoras do que entre os jogadores, e que jogadoras começam a jogar e têm problemas com jogo com mais idade do que os jogadores. Uma maior proporção de jogadoras do que jogadores preferem jogos eletrônicos e mais jogadoras do que jogadores jogam por escapismo. Mais jogadores têm diagnóstico de abuso/dependência de álcool, ao passo que mais jogadoras têm diagnóstico de depressão. Para um curso acelerado de JP contribuem significativamente, além do gênero, o fato se iniciar com mais idade na atividade de jogar e a preferência por jogos eletrônicos características que, como já se mencionou, estão mais associadas a jogadoras que a jogadores. As diferenças clínicas observadas entre os gêneros levam à necessária conclusão de que essa variável tem que ser considerada para a elaboração de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento de JP, pois são justamente as jogadoras (que apresentam uma progressão mais rápida para dependência, com menor intervalo para uma possível ação preventiva), o grupo que mais resiste a procurar ajuda junto a profissionais de saúde ou a grupos de Jogadores Anônimos (J.A.). / Over the last years, more women are having gambling problems, similar to what has happened in alcohol and drug addiction. This phenomenon, according to previous studies, can be related to different variables: the growth of new gambling venues with increased access for women, such as electronic bingo venues, the fact that women gamble to escape from problems and to minimize depression, and a faster progression (telescoping effect- T.E.) of social gambling to pathological gambling (PG) in women. Even though the T.E. has been identified in different studies, little has been done to investigate its causes. As an effort to clarify this matter, this thesis investigates possible gender differences that might explain T.E. and that might be important for prevention and treatment strategies of PG. We compare 78 male and 78 female gamblers regarding: sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features, psychiatric comorbidities, personality and game preferences; and risk-taking behaviors. Pathological gamblers were assessed for diagnosis through the SOGS (South Oaks Gambling Screen) and the DSM-IV criteria for PG; the SCAN (Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry) was used to investigate psychiatric comorbidity; and the TCI (Temperament and Character Inventory), and the BIS (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11) were used to investigate personality features. More females are single; females start gambling and have gambling problems later in life than males. More females prefer electronic games and gamble to escape from problems. Males have more diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence, while females have more diagnosis of depression. Besides gender, starting to gamble later in life and preference for electronic games both features associated to female gamblers, are responsible for T.E. in PG. The clinical differences observed between genders lead to the conclusion that this variable should be considered in prevention and treatment strategies for PG. It must be remembered that female gamblers, who effectively have a faster progression to PG - which reduces the window for prevention - , are the ones who resist to seek professional treatment for PG or Gamblers Anonymous (G.A.) groups.

We sought to examine the concordance of two suicidal ideation items from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), to evaluate the prevalence of suicidal ideation among pregnant women, and to assess the co-occurrence of suicidal ideation with antepartum depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,517 pregnant women attending prenatal care clinics in Lima, Peru. Item 9 of the PHQ-9 assesses suicidal ideation over the last 14 days while item 10 of the EPDS assesses suicidal ideation in the past 7 days. The two suicidal ideation items have a high concordance rate (84.2 %) but a moderate agreement (the Cohen's kappa = 0.42). Based on the PHQ-9 and the EPDS, 15.8 and 8.8 % of participants screened positive for suicidal ideation, respectively. Assessed by the PHQ-9, 51 % of participants with suicidal ideation had probable depression. In prenatal care clinics, screening for suicidal ideation is needed for women with and without depressive symptoms. Future studies are needed to identify additional predictors of antepartum suicidality, determine the appropriate duration of reporting period for suicidal ideation screening, and assess the percentage of individuals with positive responses to the two suicidal ideation items at high risk of planning and attempting suicide. / This research was supported by an award from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD-059835). The NIH had no further role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The authors wish to thank the dedicated staff members of Asociacion Civil Proyectos en Salud (PROESA), Peru and Instituto Especializado Materno Perinatal, Peru for their expert technical assistance with this research. The authors would like to thank Kathy Brenner for her help with revising this manuscript. / Revisión por pares

Background: Major depression is one of the most prevalent, disabling, and costly illnesses worldwide. Despite a 400% increase in antidepressant medication use since 1988, fewer than half of treated depression patients experience a clinically meaningful reduction in symptoms and uncertainty exists regarding how to successfully obtain symptom remission. Identifying homogenous subgroups based on clinically observable characteristics could improve the ability to efficiently predict who will benefit from which treatments. Methods: Latent class analysis and latent transition analysis (LTA) were applied to data from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study to explore how to efficiently identify subgroups comprised of the multiple dimensions of depression and examine changes in subgroup membership during treatment. The specific aims of this dissertation were to: 1) evaluate latent depression subgroups for men and women prior to antidepressant treatment; 2) examine transitions in these subgroups over 12 weeks of citalopram treatment; and 3) examine differences in functional impairment between women’s depression subgroups throughout treatment. Results: Four subgroups of depression were identified for men and women throughout this work. Men’s subgroups were distinguished by depression severity and psychomotor agitation and retardation. Severity, appetite changes, insomnia, and psychomotor disturbances characterized women’s subgroups. Psychiatric comorbidities, especially anxiety disorders, were related to increased odds of membership in baseline moderate and severe depression subgroups for men and women. After 12 weeks of citalopram treatment, depression severity and psychomotor agitation were related to men’s chances of improving. Severity and appetite changes were related to women’s likelihood of improving during treatment. When functional impairment was incorporated in LTA models for women, baseline functional impairment levels were related to both depression subgroups at baseline and chances of moving to a different depression subgroup after treatment. Conclusion: Depression severity, psychomotor disturbances, appetite changes, and insomnia distinguished depression subgroups in STAR*D. Gender, functional impairment, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and likelihood of transitioning to subgroups characterized by symptom improvement differed between these subgroups. The results of this work highlight how relying solely on summary symptom rating scale scores during treatment obscures changes in depression that might be informative for improving treatment response.

Le méthylphénidate est un des médicaments les plus prescrits pour les patients ayant un trouble déficitaire de l’attention (TDAH). Comme la réponse au méthylphénidate peut varier d’un patient à l’autre, l’optimisation de la dose passe souvent par une période de titration. Au cours de cette titration, le clinicien, guidé par son expertise, prescrit différents niveaux de dose jusqu’à trouver celle qui convienne au patient. Ceci en fait un processus lourd pour le patient. L’individualisation des doses de méthylphénidate peut donc être améliorée par l’utilisation d’approches pharmacométriques. Ces approches cristallisent les informations connues sur le médicament dans un langage condensé basé sur les mathématiques et statistiques. Ainsi, leur utilisation dans le contexte du méthylphénidate fournit un outil numérique permettant de comprendre sa pharmacocinétique (ce que le corps fait au méthylphénidate) et sa pharmacodynamie (ce que le méthylphénidate fait au corps). Cette thèse se met à la quête de l’enrichissement de ces approches pharmacométriques en trois volets. La première problématique abordée concerne la grande variabilité interindividuelle dans le traitement du méthylphénidate. Le début de la thèse s’attaque à l’interchangeabilité des médicaments novateurs et génériques ayant une grande variabilité interindividuelle. Une nouvelle méthode est proposée pour comparer efficacement les médicaments selon leur pharmacocinétique. Celle-ci se base sur une méthode établie qui tient compte non seulement de la réponse moyenne d’une population à un médicament, mais aussi de la variabilité interindividuelle dans cette réponse. Cette nouvelle méthode ajoute un paramètre modulable selon le médicament étudié et corrige les problèmes de permissivité des méthodes actuelles. La pharmacodynamie du méthylphénidate est étudiée dans les deuxième et troisième volets de cette thèse. Il a été rapporté que l’efficacité du méthylphénidate décroît en fin de journée, malgré des concentrations plasmatiques similaires aux premières heures d’administration. Ainsi, suite à la prise de méthylphénidate, une tolérance aigüe se développe dans une même journée. Ce phénomène, observé sur des échelles de mesure cliniques mesurant la réduction des symptômes du TDAH, a déjà été décrit par des approches pharmacométriques. La deuxième partie de cette thèse explore la présence de cette tolérance aigüe au niveau des cibles thérapeutiques du méthylphénidate : les transporteurs de dopamine et norépinéphrine. Un modèle pharmacométrique est créé, décrivant l’interaction du méthylphénidate avec les transporteurs de dopamine et de norépinéphrine. Ce modèle est utilisé pour calculer la performance de différents régimes posologiques et explore le rôle de la norépinéphrine sur les doses nécessaires pour le traitement du TDAH. Finalement, le troisième volet ajoute la pharmacodynamie sur une échelle clinique, notamment celle du score SKAMP. Grâce au modèle pharmacométrique du deuxième volet, la dernière partie de cette thèse cherche à répondre à la question : comment l’interaction du méthylphénidate avec les transporteurs de dopamine se traduit en effet clinique? Nos résultats indiquent que l’interaction avec les transporteurs se traduit partiellement en effet clinique et que la relation entre ces deux éléments est plus significative en début de journée comparativement au soir. En somme, cette thèse a exploré les différentes facettes des méthodes pharmacométriques et leur application dans les prescriptions du méthylphénidate chez les patients atteints de TDAH. Les résultats de cette recherche démontrent l’utilité des approches pharmacométriques et ouvrent la porte à une recherche plus poussée afin de guider l’individualisation du méthylphénidate. / Methylphenidate is one of the most prescribed medications for patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Because the response to methylphenidate varies greatly among patients, dose optimization often involves a titration period. During this titration period, the clinicians, guided by their expertise, prescribes different levels of dose until they find the one that works best for the patient. This makes it a burdensome process for the patient. Individualization of methylphenidate doses can be improved by using pharmacometric approaches. These approaches crystallize the known information about the medication into a condensed language based on mathematics and statistics. Thus, their use in the context of methylphenidate provides a digital tool for understanding its pharmacokinetics (what the body does to methylphenidate) and its pharmacodynamics (what methylphenidate does to the body). This thesis seeks to enrich these pharmacometric approaches in three parts. The first part of this dissertation concerns the high interindividual variability in methylphenidate response. The beginning of the thesis tackles the interchangeability of innovative and generic drugs with high interindividual variability. A new method is proposed to effectively compare drugs based on their pharmacokinetics. This method is based on an established method that takes into account not only the average response of a population to a drug, but also the interindividual variability in that response. This new method adds a modifiable parameter depending on the drug being studied and corrects the problems of permissiveness in current methods. The pharmacodynamics of methylphenidate are studied in the second and third parts of this thesis. It has been reported that the efficacy of methylphenidate decreases at the end of the day, despite similar plasma concentrations to those in the early hours of administration. Thus, after taking methylphenidate, acute tolerance develops within the same day. This phenomenon, observed on clinical measurement scales measuring the reduction of ADHD symptoms, has already been described by pharmacometric approaches. The second part of this thesis explores the presence of this acute tolerance at the therapeutic targets of methylphenidate: dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. A pharmacometric model is created, describing the interaction of methylphenidate with dopamine and norepinephrine transporters. This model is used to calculate the performance of different dosage regimens and explore the role of norepinephrine in the doses needed for ADHD treatment. Finally, the third part adds pharmacodynamics on a macroscopic scale, particularly the clinical effect of methylphenidate. Using the pharmacometric model from the second part, the end of this thesis seeks to answer the question: how does the interaction of methylphenidate with dopamine transporters translate into clinical effects? Our results indicate that the interaction with transporters partially translates into clinical effects and that the relationship between these two elements is more significant in the morning compared to the evening. Overall, this thesis has explored the various facets of pharmacometric methods and their application in the prescriptions of methylphenidate for patients with ADHD. The results of this research demonstrate the utility of pharmacometrics approaches and open the door to further research to guide the individualization of methylphenidate.

This study investigated teachers' attitudes towards a career in rural schools. The aims of this study were broken into two, namely, the primary and secondary aims. The primary aim was to find out whether rural secondary school teachers hold a positive or a negative attitude towards a career in rural schools. The secondary aim was also broken into two. The first secondary aim was to find out whether rural secondary school teachers' personal characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, rank, qualification and teaching experience in rural school(s), as well as the school in which the teacher teaches, have a significant influence on their attitudes towards a career in rural schools. The second secondary aim was to determine the nature of attitudes with regard to A-B-C components of attitudes. To this end, a questionnaire was compiled and used as an attitude rating scale. The questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of one hundred and thirty four rural secondary school teachers from six schools, under Mehlwesizwe circuit in KwaZulu-Natal. Statistical analyses were conducted to fulfil the aims of the study and to test the research hypotheses stated. This study revealed that rural secondary school teachers hold a negative attitude towards a career in rural schools. It also revealed that, irrespective of teachers' personal characteristics, their attitude towards a career in rural school is the same, that is, it is negative. Therefore it was concluded that teachers' personal variables have no significant influence on their attitudes. This study also revealed that, statistically, there were significant differences in the affective and cognitive components of attitude but differences in the behavioural component were not significant. This indicated that the affective and cognitive components are more closely related to each other than they are with the behavioural component. On the basis of teachers' responses to attitude statements, the researcher offered two lines of direction as recommendation, namely, "Rethink resource allocation" and "Direction of restructuring". The former will assist in improving the conditions under which rural teachers work and the circumstances surrounding their workplace. The latter will assist in collaborating the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) structures at national, regional and local level with the Department of Education and Culture, as well as with the private sector, for improving the conditions under which rural teachers work. In that case teachers' attitudes towards a career in rural schools might be changed from negative to positive. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The specific goal of this study was to determine the use of the physical classroom environment as a teaching and learning tool in an era of the implementation of the Common Core State Standards Initiative (CCSSI). This qualitative multi-case study focused on the learning principles and epistemological beliefs of primary teachers with reference to the physical classroom environment and the teaching process in regard to meeting the expectations set forth by the CCSSI. The researcher sought participation from a city school district in Northeast Tennessee which included a total of 8 participating teachers consisting of 2 each of grades kindergarten, first, second, and third. The Teacher Beliefs Survey (Woolley, Benjamin, & Woolley, 2004) was administered to determine teachers’ philosophical position regarding constructivist and traditional beliefs. Based upon responses, 8 teachers representing the most constructivist and most traditional teachers in each grade were selected for further participation. Teachers’ practices and perceptions of the role of the physical environment in the teaching and learning process including consideration of the CCSSI were further explored through interview. Each physical classroom environment was evaluated using the Primary Educators Environment Rating Scale (PEERS), a rubric designed to assess the use of the physical classroom environment on a continuum from traditional to constructivist practices (Evanshen & Faulk, under review). Observational field notes and photographs were collected in order to document environmental components of the physical classroom environment of each participant. Data was collected and triangulated through the use of the aforementioned methods. Through the data analysis process, the researcher found all participants to demonstrate support for the role of the physical environment in the teaching and learning process which was determined based on results of the interview in conjunction with findings of the PEERS and supporting photographic evidence. Each teacher’s personal experiences and philosophy of education was found to guide the physical classroom environment design and layout in various ways. While most teachers felt the CCSSI had little or no impact on their physical classroom environment, all shared in varying degrees the use of the physical environment as a tool to support students in developing 21st century skills.