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The purpose of this thesis is to understand how social workers, working for social services in Sweden, reach out, catch up and offer co-dependent relatives to individuals with alcohol- and/or substance abuse help. Scientific research show that co-dependent people often develop a dependent relationship to their relatives with addiction, which cause feelings of shame and stigmatization. To decrease the codependency and negative emotions the relative need professional help. This paper will focus on how social workers work with reaching out to co-dependent relatives and how they offer them help. For this reason, the paper will also giveperspective on how organisations can help to improve the work with relatives to people with alcohol- and substance abuse, as well as how the social workers can use their own discretion to reach out and catch up the relatives in need of emotional support. This study is based on seven social workers experiences (in six different municipalities) of including relatives to individuals with addictions to either alcohol, substances, or gambling problems in their work and offer them help.

No description available.

No description available.

論文內容著重在以下三個重點: 試驗免責、延展性授權與延展性專利範圍、書面描述要件。首先是35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1)之Safe Harbor 緣由、案例、Integra v. Merck 一案之過程與後續影響以及271(e)(1)的試驗免責與研究工具的關係, 最後提出建議應限縮試驗免責範圍, 以強制授權或是明定專利法中的試驗免責範圍緩和基礎研究專利範圍過大現象(第二、三章)。 研究工具專利開發者多所採用之延展性授權與延展性專利範圍無非是想多獲得利益, 而研究工具專利對於生物科技發展是相當重要的, 第四章先以四方角色(大藥廠、大學與非營利機構、小藥廠與政府單位)討論研究工具對於本身的利益考量, 並且因試驗免責範圍不明, 延展性授權契約已是普遍存在, 詳細地討論其存在的意義, 並且分析已探討延展性授權金/契約議題文章, 另外對於延展性專利保護範圍, 明確指出哪一些核准專利是延展性保護範圍, 雖然2001年的三方會議已經明確地限制此類專利的核准, 由於Rochester v. G.D. Searle一案, 法院認為Rochester 專利包含延展性保護範圍, 歸因於未揭露出清楚的書面描述要件, 於是進行第五章書面描述要件的討論。 進而較詳細地探討生物機轉的途徑特性、功能性敘述必要性以及書面描述上的困難, 然後進行相關案件探討, 提出自己對於專利文件之書面描述要件的看法, 希望能在生物類研究工具專利保護範圍與書面描述要件中取平衡, 適切地保護研究工具發明。最後並提出總結與建議。 / Over the last twenty years, the biotechnology industry has grown very rapidly, and increased our understanding of incurable diseases. Research tools are playing important role to form the core of the pharmaceutical research, development, and testing. Because this industry is so research tool intensive, numerous problems have arisen stemming from the competing interests of the many players in this field. From the legislative history, the Hatch-Waxman Act embodies the legislative compromise balancing the competing interests of the pioneer pharmaceutical and allied research-based products industries with those of the generic drug industry. And the section 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1) statute provides a “safe harbor” from patent infringement based on activities that are reasonably related to obtaining FDA regulatory approval of drug products, but the plain language is fairly ambiguous. In Eli Lilly v. Medtronic, Supreme Court held the safe harbor extends to medical devices, despite the fact that § 271(e)(1) does not refer specifically to medical devices. Recently, for the case of Merck v. Integra, Federal Circuit announced that the term “solely” limits the safe harbor exemption from extending beyond uses of patented inventions that are reasonably related to those specified in § 271(e)(1). But Supreme Court rejected and held that § 271(e)(1) applies to uses of patented inventions that are reasonably related to the development and submission of any information to the FDA. The Court was silent on the potential applications and opened the questions of the safe harbor's application to patented research tools. These problems may be the reason that research tool providers attempt to request royalties such as reach-through royalties for covering the downstream compounds or products. They also try to file the patent application with the reach-through claim for claiming a future invention. However, the use of reach-through royalties is still controversial and causing a decrease in innovation. Patentees attempt to obtain reach-through claims for covering a future invention without actually describing in the written description. The Federal Circuit's holding in Rochester v. G.D. Searle that the Rochester's patents failed the written description requirement, and Rochester should curtail the use of reach-through claims. So far the USPTO has not been uniform in its application of written description requirement. We therefore propose a new test to determine whether, and under which circumstances, functional claiming may satisfy the written description requirement. One should not overreach the scope of the inventor’s contribution to the field of art as described in the patent specification. The approach would provide sufficient incentive for pioneering inventions, preserve room for the future, and thus expect to promote progress and to advance the purposes of patent law.

Under det senaste decenniet har digitaliseringen satt fart och utvecklat medielandskapet vilket resulterat i att sociala medier blivit ett av de främsta verktygen att tillämpa vid marknadsföring. Vidare har det utvecklats diverse verktyg att tillämpa på sociala medier för att driva sin marknadsföring framåt. Den mest använda sociala plattformen var Facebook år 2020. Därefter kom Instagram och Youtube där båda hade en användningsgrad på omkring 60% vilket är en siffra som ständigt ökar. Denna studie har för avsikt att undersöka om Influencer-marketing i sociala medier är en effektiv metod för företag att nå sin målgrupp på den svenska modemarknaden. Studien syftar till att påvisa avgörande faktorer för om strategin är värd att investera i eller inte. Målet är även att undersöka hur företagen resonerar kring möjligheter och risker med att arbeta med Influencer-marketing. Undersökningen grundar sig i en metodkombination som utgår från en kvantitativ enkät med klusterurval och fyra semistrukturerade, kvalitativa intervjuer med företag. Fyra företag deltog i undersökningen varav två tillämpar Influencer-marketing och två eliminerar metoden. Den kvantitativa enkäten resulterade i 131 svar från privatpersoner som dagligen exponeras av Influencer-marketing via sociala medier. Resultatet från undersökningen visade på att Instagram och Facebook är de främsta plattformarna för organisationer att marknadsföra på. Resultatet påvisade även att Instagram och TikTok var de främsta plattformarna som respondenterna spenderar sin tid på. Vidare påvisade resultatet även att det finns delade meningar kring att tillämpa Influencer-marketing vilket bland annat beror på företag, produkter och målgrupp. Samtliga företag som intervjuats verkar inom samma bransch men har varierande marknadsföringsstrategier. / In the last decade, digitization has accelerated and developed the media landscape, resulting in social media becoming one of the main tools for marketing. The most used social platform in 2020 was Facebook, followed by Instagram and YouTube, both with a usage rate of around 60%, which is a number that is constantly increasing.  This study aims to investigate whether influencer marketing on social media is an effective method for reaching the target audience in the Swedish fashion market. The study aims to demonstrate decisive factors for whether the Influencer-marketing strategy is worth investing in or not. The goal is also to examine how companies reason about opportunities and risks when working with influencer marketing. The study is based on a method combination consisting of a quantitative survey with cluster sampling and four semi-structured, qualitative interviews with companies. The companies that participated in the study were two that apply influencer marketing and two that eliminate the method. All companies interviewed operate in the same industry but have varying marketing strategies. The quantitative survey resulted in 131 responses from individuals who are exposed to influencer marketing on social media.  The result of the study showed that Instagram and Facebook are the primary platforms for organizations to market on. The result also showed that Instagram and TikTok were the primary platforms that respondents spend their time on. Furthermore, the result also showed that there are divided opinions about applying influencer marketing, which among other things, depend on the company, products, and target audience.

Background: In the life sciences, the amount of literature and experimental data grows at a tremendous rate. In order to effectively access and integrate these data, biomedical ontologies – controlled, hierarchical vocabularies – are being developed. Creating and maintaining such ontologies is a difficult, labour-intensive, manual process. Many computational methods which can support ontology construction have been proposed in the past. However, good, validated systems are largely missing. Motivation: The biocuration community plays a central role in the development of ontologies. Any method that can support their efforts has the potential to have a huge impact in the life sciences. Recently, a number of semantic search engines were created that make use of biomedical ontologies for document retrieval. To transfer the technology to other knowledge domains, suitable ontologies need to be created. One area where ontologies may prove particularly useful is the search for alternative methods to animal testing, an area where comprehensive search is of special interest to determine the availability or unavailability of alternative methods. Results: The Dresden Ontology Generator for Directed Acyclic Graphs (DOG4DAG) developed in this thesis is a system which supports the creation and extension of ontologies by semi-automatically generating terms, definitions, and parent-child relations from text in PubMed, the web, and PDF repositories. The system is seamlessly integrated into OBO-Edit and Protégé, two widely used ontology editors in the life sciences. DOG4DAG generates terms by identifying statistically significant noun-phrases in text. For definitions and parent-child relations it employs pattern-based web searches. Each generation step has been systematically evaluated using manually validated benchmarks. The term generation leads to high quality terms also found in manually created ontologies. Definitions can be retrieved for up to 78% of terms, child ancestor relations for up to 54%. No other validated system exists that achieves comparable results. To improve the search for information on alternative methods to animal testing an ontology has been developed that contains 17,151 terms of which 10% were newly created and 90% were re-used from existing resources. This ontology is the core of Go3R, the first semantic search engine in this field. When a user performs a search query with Go3R, the search engine expands this request using the structure and terminology of the ontology. The machine classification employed in Go3R is capable of distinguishing documents related to alternative methods from those which are not with an F-measure of 90% on a manual benchmark. Approximately 200,000 of the 19 million documents listed in PubMed were identified as relevant, either because a specific term was contained or due to the automatic classification. The Go3R search engine is available on-line under www.Go3R.org.

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本論文主要是在探討延展性權利金(reach-through royalty)條款的競爭法規制。首先，本文對於研究工具專利及延展性權利金條款的意義及概念作一說明，接著簡介目前各國之競爭法制與專利法制的權衡概況，並探討一些與延展性權利金條款有關之授權條款，以了解目前競爭法對於延展性權利金條款所可能導致之相關效應的評價，作為後續分析該條款適法性的基礎，再來整理美國實務及學說對於延展性權利金條款的看法，最後綜合檢討相關論述，提出本文見解。經研究後，本文認為，延展性權利金條款有其促進競爭效應(如提供風險分攤機制、幫助起始公司解決現金壓力問題以及提供授權雙方較佳的協商估價基礎)亦有其限制競爭效應(如降低被授權人研發誘因而有限制研發的效果及權利金堆疊效應)，因此一概禁止或一概允許此種條款皆非適當，而應視個案情形依合理原則的標準加以權衡，以決定系爭行為的適法性。 / The present article discusses the antitrust regulation for reach-through royalty provisions which mainly used in biotechnology research tool patent licensing. First, this article introduces the meanings of research tool patent and reach-through royalties. Second, it illustrates antitrust regulations for patent licensing in foreign countries specifically in U.S., European Union, together with R.O.C. and, furthermore, it also discusses provisions similar or related to reach-through royalties. Third, this article introduces the discussions about reach-through royalty provisions in U.S., including the NIH Guideline, case law regulations and other related discussions by scholars. Finally, the present article analyzes the effects of reach-through royalties more deeply based on the mentioned discussions and makes a suggestion for the regulation of reach-through royalties. This article argues: since reach-through royalties have both anti-competitive and pro-competitive effects, a total ban or allowance is not appropriate and a “rule of reason” inspection should be applied to such provisions for better efficiencies.

The master thesis "Zikmund Reach and his photographic collection" focuses on Zikmund Reach's photographs of old Prague. Firstly theis describes the life and familly of the publisher and follows by gradual work of an publisher. The subsequent chapter focuses on photography as a commodity and presents briefly life and work poof a French photographer Eugène Atget. The next part of the thesis devotes on the main photographic topics of the work od Zikmund Reach including an extensive collection of "Prague types" which is a sociological reflecion of society in the second half of 19th century compared with a similar collection of "Viennies types". The main topic is based on the photographic albums of "Disappeared Prague" which aren't known yet. In conclusion the thesis focuses on archives in which the collection of Zikmund Reach is stored in and their mutual thematic coherence.