Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the environmental licensing of hydroelectric plants are prescribed streamflow should be maintained downstream of the dam, but these flows often cannot ensure the maintenance of water quality for the stretch. The aim of this study is to present a robust and expeditious strategy of water quality monitoring. This strategy is developed for supporting the stipulation of flow regime in reduced flow reach (RFR) by dams. The Hydropower plant Passo São João (HPP PSJ) in Rio Ijuí-RS was used as study case. This Hydropower is a power plant without storage capacity presenting a RFR of 4 km. The monitoring for collecting water quality data is made by using a multiparameter probe and laboratory analysis. It is used ten monitoring points along the Rio Ijuí, two of them located in the RFR. Correlations between data obtained with a multiparameter probe and data determined in the laboratory are made to evaluate the application of the probe. Complementing the study, the HPP PSJ is contextualized according to the impact on water quality in the Rio Ijuí, tracing a longitudinal profile of dissolved oxygen (DO) along with the evaluation of the direct contribution by RFR comparison of flows. Moreover, the variability of DO concentrations in sections monitoring RFR is evaluated considering the determinations along the section. Those sections are associated with flow velocity profiles that were determined by the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). The correlations between the curves of monitoring data and curves from the extraction of data - at different frequencies - are developed for determining the optimal monitoring frequency. The comparison between measurements with the probe and measurements in the laboratory are satisfactory, presenting similar values for most parameters. The layout of the longitudinal profile of the DO concentrations demonstrates the strong influence of the HPP PSJ structures in dam downstream DO level, reinforcing the need for a monitoring strategy. However the effect of reducing inflow in the dilution charges has not been noted in view of the minimum incremental area flow. Near riverbank measurements were representative, since the variability of measurements along the section generally was less than 2% on average. Finally the ideal frequency obtained with the correlation curves for different frequencies is four days for both points of RFR. The overall conclusion of this study is to propose a monitoring strategy based on using a multiparameter probe in which the operator formulates the determinations near the riverbank with a monitoring frequency of four days, taking as basis the representative parameter the dissolved oxygen for this case. / Quando do licenciamento ambiental de usinas hidrelétricas, são prescritas vazões a serem mantidas a jusante do barramento, que muitas vezes podem não garantir a manutenção da qualidade da água para o trecho. O objetivo deste estudo foi propor uma estratégia expedita de monitoramento da qualidade da água em suporte a prescrição de regime de vazões remanescentes em trechos de vazão reduzida (TVR) por barramentos. Para tanto foi utilizado como caso de estudo a UHE Passo do São João (UHE PSJ) no Rio Ijuí-RS, que opera a fio d água e possui um TVR de 4 km. Como base do estudo foi feito um monitoramento para levantamento de dados de qualidade da água com a utilização de sonda multiparâmetro e análises em laboratório. Foram utilizados 10 pontos de monitoramento ao longo do Rio Ijuí, sendo 2 deles, os principais no estudo, localizados no TVR. Foram feitas correlações entre os dados obtidos com a sonda multiparâmetro e determinados em laboratórios para avaliação do uso da sonda. Complementando o estudo, foi feita uma contextualização da UHE PSJ no que se refere ao impacto na qualidade da água no Rio Ijuí, traçando um perfil longitudinal de concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (OD), juntamente com a avaliação do aporte direto ao TVR por meio da comparação de vazões. Ainda foi realizada uma avaliação da variabilidade das concentrações de OD nas seções de monitoramento do TVR, com determinações ao longo da seção, associadas aos perfis de velocidade do escoamento determinados com o uso de Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Por fim foram realizadas correlações entre as curvas dos dados do monitoramento e curvas resultantes da extração de dados com diferentes frequências, para a determinação da frequência ideal de monitoramento. A comparação entre as determinações com a sonda e no laboratório foi satisfatória, mostrando valores próximos para a maioria dos parâmetros. O traçado do perfil longitudinal das concentrações de OD mostrou a forte influência das estruturas da UHE PSJ nos níveis de OD a jusante do barramento no TVR, reforçando a demanda por uma estratégia de monitoramento. Porém o efeito da redução das vazões na diluição de cargas não foi notado, tendo em vista a insignificância das vazões da área incremental ao TVR. As medições próximas a margem foram representativas, pois a variabilidade das determinações ao longo da seção em geral foi menor que 2% em relação a média. Por fim a frequência ideal obtida com a correlação das curvas de diferentes frequências foi de 4 dias para os dois pontos do TVR. Como conclusão geral deste estudo, fica a proposição de uma estratégia de monitoramento, baseada na utilização de uma sonda multiparâmetro, onde o operador fará as determinações próximas a margem do rio, com uma frequência de monitoramento de 4 dias, tendo como base um parâmetro representativo, no caso o oxigênio dissolvido.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3650.pdf: 2665411 bytes, checksum: a3e1a670598c88e67fcd991608db14b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Reaching behavior is an important motor skill because its emergence is one of the first phases of the voluntary motor development during childhood. However, few studies have shown how intrinsic (such as prematurity) and extrinsic factors (such as additional weight) influence this ability. Objectives: This study has as main objectives: 1) to analyze the development of categorical reach variables in preterm and full-term infants, 2) to verify the effect of additional weight attached on the wrists of preterm infants, 3) to verify the need for age correction in the reach of preterm infants. Methods: This study evaluated longitudinally 9 preterm infants aged 5-7 month with mean gestational age of 35.6 (± 0.5) weeks and 10 full-term infants with mean gestational age of 39 (± 0.73) weeks. Both groups had normal birthweight and Apgar score above 7 in the first and fifth minutes. Categorical and kinematic reach variables were analyzed. The categorical variables analyzed were: a) proximal adjustments: unimanual and bimanual b) distal adjustments: hand orientation (vertical, horizontal or oblique), hand classification (open, closed and semi-open), c) grasping: successful and unsuccessful grasping. The kinematic variables measured were: a) mean velocity (MV): ratio between distance traveled and time spent in movement b) movement unit (MU): phase of acceleration and deceleration of the movement during the trajectory; straightness index (SI): ratio between the distance traveled by the hand and the smallest distance that could be traveled on this path. To meet the objectives, three studies were developed for this PhD thesis. Results: Study I was aimed at investigating the development of proximal and distal adjustments of the reach of low-risk pre-term infants in the age group of 5-7 months. The categorical reach variables were analyzed. It was observed that the unimanual reach frequency was greater than the bimanual reach throughout the study period, with no difference between ages in both groups; the frequency of vertical orientation of the hand increased significantly from the 6th to the 7th month in the preterm group and from the 5th to the 7th month in the full-term group; the increased frequency of open hand and decreased frequency of semi-open hand were significant from the 5th to the 7th month in the preterm and full-term groups; the frequency of successful grasp increased from the 6th to the 7th month in preterm and full-term groups. A higher frequency of open hand was found in the preterm group at the 6th month compared to the full-term group between groups. Study II aimed to determine the influence of additional weight and its immediate removal on the reaching of low-risk preterm infants at the age group from 5 to 7 months. The kinematic variables and the grasping were analyzed. It was found that additional weight has reduced the straightness index at the age of five months, increased the mean velocity and decreased the movement units in all age groups and increased the frequency of reaches without grasp at 5 and 7 months. The post-weight reduced the straightness index at the age of 5 months and increased the movement units at 6 and 7 months. Finally, study III aimed to assess the reach of low-risk preterm infants at corrected and chronological ages in order to determine the need for age correction to evaluate the reaching behavior. Comparing the preterm group with chronological age with the full-term group, the former had lower speed, more movement units, hand more horizontal and higher frequency of unsuccessful grasp at 7 months of age. In the pre-corrected age, preterm infants showed lower speed than the full-term group, but with successful grasping. Conclusions: considering the intrinsic restriction imposed by prematurity (considering the corrected age of preterm infants), it seems that it was not enough to prevent the performance of the reaching task in the age group studied. When checking the extrinsic restriction caused by additional weight, it was found that it significantly influenced the reach parameters of preterm infants and these results could support future researches aimed at intervention techniques with the use of additional weight in infants at risk. / O alcance manual é uma importante habilidade motora, pois sua emergência é uma das primeiras fases do desenvolvimento motor voluntário durante a infância. No entanto, poucos estudos são encontrados demonstrando como os fatores intrínsecos (como a prematuridade) e extrínsecos (como o peso adicional) influenciam esta habilidade. Objetivos: Desta forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivos principais: 1) analisar o desenvolvimento das variáveis categóricas do alcance em lactentes pré-termo e a termo; 2) verificar o efeito do peso adicional nos punhos dos lactentes pré-termo; 3) verificar a necessidade da correção da idade no alcance em lactentes pré-termo. Métodos: Para tanto foram avaliados longitudinalmente, na faixa etária de 5 a 7 meses, 9 lactentes pré-termo, com idade gestacional média de 35,6 (±0,5) semanas e 10 lactentes a termo, com idade gestacional média de 39 (±0,73) semanas. Ambos os grupos apresentaram peso adequado ao nascer e Apgar superior a 7 no 1o e 5o minutos. Foram analisadas variáveis categóricas e cinemáticas do alcance. As variáveis categóricas analisadas foram: a) ajustes proximais: unimanual e bimanual; b) ajustes distais: orientação da mão (verticalizada, horizontalizada e obliqua), classificação da mão (aberta, fechada e semi-aberta); c) preensão: preensão com sucesso e sem sucesso. As variáveis cinemáticas avaliadas foram: a) velocidade média (VM): razão entre distância percorrida e tempo gasto no movimento; b) unidade de movimento (UM): fase de aceleração e desaceleração do movimento durante a trajetória; índice de retidão (IR): razão entre a distância percorrida pela mão e a menor distância que poderia ser percorrida nesta trajetória. Para atender os objetivos, três estudos foram desenvolvidos para esta tese de doutorado. Resultados: O Estudo I teve como objetivo investigar o desenvolvimento de ajustes proximais e distais do alcance de lactentes pré-termo de baixo risco na faixa etária de 5 a 7 meses de vida. Foram analisadas as variáveis categóricas do alcance. Foi observado que a freqüência de alcances unimanuais foi maior que bimanuais durante todo o período analisado, sem nenhuma diferença entre as idades em ambos os grupos; a freqüência de orientação vertical da mão aumentou significativamente do 6º para o 7º mês no grupo pré-termo e do 5º para o 7º mês no grupo a termo; o aumento da freqüência de mão aberta e diminuição de semi-aberta foram significativos do 5º para o 7º mês no grupo pré-termo e a termo; a freqüência de preensão com sucesso aumentou do 6º para o 7º mês no grupo pré-termo e a termo. Entre os grupos foi encontrado uma maior freqüência de mão aberta no grupo pré-termo aos 6 meses quando comparado ao a termo. O Estudo II teve como objetivo verificar a influência do peso adicional e a sua retirada imediata no alcance manual de lactentes pré-termo de baixo risco, na faixa etária de 5 a 7 meses de idade. Foram analisadas as variáveis cinemáticas e a preensão do alcance. Constatouse que o peso adicional diminuiu o índice de retidão aos 5 meses, aumentou a velocidade média e diminuiu as unidades de movimento em todas as idades e aumentou a freqüência de alcances sem preensão aos 5 e 7 meses. O pós-peso levou a diminuição do índice de retidão aos 5 meses e aumento das unidades de movimento aos 6 e 7 meses. E finalmente, o Estudo III que teve como objetivo avaliar o alcance de lactentes pré-termo de baixo risco nas idades cronológica e corrigida, com o intuito de determinar a necessidade da correção da idade ao se avaliar o alcance manual. Comparando-se o grupo pré-termo com idade cronológica com o grupo a termo, os primeiros apresentaram menor velocidade, mais unidades de movimento, mão mais horizontalizada e com maior freqüência de preensão sem sucesso aos 7 meses. Na idade corrigida os pré-temo apresentaram velocidade menor que o a termo, porém manteve a preensão com sucesso. Conclusões: Referente à restrição intrínseca imposta pela prematuridade (ao considerar a idade corrigida dos lactentes pré-termo) parece que esta não foi suficiente para impedir a performance da tarefa do alcance na faixa etária estudada. Ao verificar a restrição extrínseca causada pelo peso adicional, observou-se que esta influenciou significativamente os parâmetros do alcance de lactentes pré-termo e tais resultados poderão subsidiar futuras pesquisas objetivando técnicas de intervenção com o uso do peso adicional em lactentes de risco.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 745962 bytes, checksum: dafc9bbf19626b18e95a2f7d98c99929 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this paper we study the concept of lineability and its recent applications to some sets of continuous real functions. These sets are formed by functions that achieve the absolute maximum in a single point of its domain. In the first chapter we consider the real line and its closed and semi-closed domais as intervals for these functions. In the second chapter we study more general results than those in the previous chapters. In the third chapter we present the theory of degree of continuous applications of Sn in Sn as a tool to demonstrate the Borsuk-Ulam theorem. This result is used a crucial tool in Chapter 2. / Neste trabalho estudamos o conceito de lineabilidade e suas recentes aplicações a alguns conjuntos de funções reais contínuas. Esses conjuntos s~ao formados por funções que atingem o máximo absoluto em um único ponto de seu domínio. No primeiro capítulo consideramos a reta e seus intervalos fechados e semifechados como domínios para essas funções. No segundo capítulo estudamos resultados sobre domínios mais gerais que os do capítulo anterior. No terceiro capítulo apresentamos a teoria de grau de aplicações contínuas de Sn em Sn como ferramenta para demonstrarmos o Teorema de Borsuk-Ulam. Este resultado é usado de modo crucial no Capítulo 2.

Les travaux exposés dans cette thèse sont de natures multiples mais visent tous à une meilleure compréhension du geste de saisie chez l'homme, que ce soit d'un point de vue comportemental, cinématique ou de contrôle. Lorsqu'il doit saisir un objet, l'homme s'appuie sur une structure de contrôle multi-niveaux ainsi que son expérience, ce qui lui permet d'estimer les mouvements à effectuer de manière très efficace avant même d'avoir commencé à bouger. Nous pensons que ce mode de commande peut apporter une solution innovante au double problème de l'atteinte et de la saisie par une main artificielle. Nous avons donc développé une architecture de commande distribuée reproduisant en partie ces mécanismes et capable de contrôler ce genre d'artefacts de manière efficace, déclinée en plusieurs versions en fonction du niveau de contrôle souhaité. Elle est constituée d'un ensemble d'unités d'appariement s'inspirant des structures présentes dans le Système Nerveux Central : chacune a en charge une partie du problème global à résoudre, elles intègrent des informations en provenance de la consigne et/ou d'autres unités à travers des échanges parfois redondants, et elles s'appuient sur un algorithme d'apprentissage supervisé. Afin de mieux comprendre les principes qui sous-tendent le mouvement humain nous nous sommes aussi intéressés à la modélisation de la main et du geste de saisie, que ce soit à travers un protocole d'expérimentation chez l'homme ou l'analyse de données médicales et vidéos chez le singe / Works presented in this thesis are of multiple kinds but all aim at a better understanding of the human grasping movements, may it be from a behavioural, kinematics or control point of view. When one wants to grasp an object he relies on a multilayer control structure and its personal experience, the two of which allow him to estimate the appropriate move in a very efficient way, even before he actually started to move. We think that this type of command can bring forth an innovative solution to the double reach and grasp problem that face an artificial hand. We developed a distributed command architecture that reproduce in part these mechanisms and is able to control this type of artefacts in an efficient way, several versions of which were implemented regarding the desired control level. It consists of a group of matching units that takes inspiration in the Central Nervous System: each of them is in charge of a part of the global problem to be solved; they integrate data from the system inputs and/or from other units in partly redundant ways; and they rely on a supervised learning algorithm. In order to better understand the underlying principles of human movement we also took interest in hand and grasping movement models, may it be through an experimental protocol on human or monkey medical and video data analysis

Dans le cadre des enjeux actuels du droit à la ville et à la qualité de vie, l'aménagement urbain constitue un outil pertinent qu'il convient de façonner en ce sens. Notion pivot de l'urbanisme opérationnel, aucune définition complète ne figure pourtant dans les textes, et les multiples références à l'aménagement dans l'ensemble des branches du droit n'ont fait qu'embrumer davantage les contours de l'aménagement urbain. L'étude du code de l'urbanisme, des débats parlementaires et de la jurisprudence conduit à désigner l'opération d'aménagement urbain comme sa matérialisation concrète. Distinct de l'aménagement du territoire et transcendant la frontière public-privé, l'aménagement urbain désigne les opérations de travaux visant un projet urbain d'intérêt général portant sur un quartier ou du moins sur un lieu de vie. Elle constitue dès lors un instrument local de choix au service de la qualité de vie. C'est pour cette raison qu'un régime juridique de droit commun, qui serait applicable à toute opération d'aménagement urbain, doit être élaboré. De sa conception à sa réalisation, ce régime permettrait de concilier les considérations purement économiques de cette activité avec les exigences modernes de garantie d'un cadre de vie de qualité. / In the context of current issues pertaining to the right to the city and to quality of life, urban development is a relevant tool which should be adapted. As a pivotal notion of operational urban planning, no complete definition yet exists for urban development. Furthermore, the multiple references to development in corpus juris obfuscate the notion. After examining the code de l’urbanisme, parliamentary debates and case law, it is evident that urban development operation should be considered as the materialization of urban development. Distinct from land settlement operations and overcoming the public-private border, urban development can be defined as works of general interest focused on a district or at least a place of life. Consequently, it represents a local tool appropriate to quality of life, which is why general regulations, applicable to every urban development operation, must be elaborated. From conception to realisation, these regulations make it possible to reconcile strictly economic parts of this activity with the modern requirements of a quality living environment.

Kosmetika är något som används i stor utsträckning i dagens samhälle. Läkemedelsverket är den ansvariga myndigheten för kosmetika och är de som definierar vad begreppet kosmetika innefattar. På EU-nivå är det Kosmetikaförordningen som reglerar vilka ingredienser som får förekomma i kosmetika. För miljöskadliga ämnen ska EU:s kemikalielagstiftning REACH säkerställa att dessa inte får användas. Dock finns det brister i både REACH och Kosmetikaförordningen. Det är därför möjligt att det idag används kosmetiska produkter med ingredienser som är belastande eller till och med farliga för miljön. För att få en tydligare bild av huruvida detta är ett problem, har i detta projekt undersökts ca 1440 kosmetiska ingredienser. Undersökningen har skett med avseende på ingrediensernas persistens, bioackumuleringsförmåga och toxicitet. Projektet har utförts i samarbete med Naturskyddsföreningen. Syftet var att fylla på Naturskyddsföreningens egna kosmetikadatabas med information om vilka ämnen som är klassade som persistenta, bioackumulerande och/eller toxiska. De klassade ingredienserna togs även vidare för att ta reda på om de förekommer ute i svenska vatten. Projektet genomfördes genom att söka upp ingredienserna i ECHA, som är EU:s kemikaliemyndighets databas, där information om ingrediensernas PBT-utredningar fanns att hämta. Ett ämne klassas som PBT om det uppfyller kraven för både persistent, bioackumulerande och toxisk. Ett ämne kan också vara mycket persistent och mycket bioackumulerande, vPvB. De ingredienser som var P, B, T, vP och/eller vB, togs sedan vidare att jämföras med vattenanalysresultat från IVL:s screeningdatabas. En sammanställning gjordes av vilka ämnen som förekom även där, och i vilka halter de uppmätts. Under projektets gång påträffades svårigheter såsom att ganska många ämnen saknade en registrerad PBT-utredning i ECHA. Ämnen som idag inte har någon registrerad PBT-utredning är troligtvis de ämnen som produceras eller importeras i mängder om 1-100 ton/år. Detta eftersom dessa ämnen fått en tidsfrist till år 2018 innan registreringen i ECHA måste göras. Resultatet av projektet blev att av 1440 ämnen kunde endast 880 stycken som hittas i ECHA:s databas. Av dessa hade 300 ämnen en registrerad PBT-utredning, och 270 stycken av dem var inte klassade som persistenta, bioackumulerande eller toxiska. De kvarvarande 30 ämnena var - eller kunde inte uteslutas vara - persistenta, bioackumulerande eller toxiska. Då de 30 ämnena jämfördes mot IVL:s databas, återfanns nio av dem även där. Ämnena förekom i dessa analyser i koncentrationer om upp till 32 μg/l. Zinc pyrithione var det ämne som hade det högst detekterade värdet. Resultatet har också jämförts med tidigare arbeten inom området, och där kan framförallt konstateras att ett ämne som kommit på fråga i flera av dem är Cetrimonium chloride. Under projektets gång har konstaterats att vi i dagens läge inte har riktigt koll på alla de ämnen vi tillåter släpps ut i vår miljö. Kanske man i framtiden borde följa och analysera samtliga ämnen som klassas som persistenta, bioackumulerande och/eller toxiska. Inte bara de som redan är känt miljöfarliga och som importeras/produceras i mängder större än ett ton per år. Slutsatsen blev att av 1440 undersökta ämnen återfanns 30 stycken som är klassade som - eller inte kan uteslutas att vara - persistenta, bioackumulerande eller toxiska. Av dem återfanns nio stycken i IVL:s vattenanalyser. En intressant aspekt är att hela fyra av dessa ämnen, är sådana som används för UV-skydd i kosmetiska produkter. Man bör därför utreda dessa ingredienstyper närmare och försöka hitta bättre alternativ till dem. Särskilt då vi under sommaren smörjer in en stor del av kroppen med produkter innehållandes UV-skydd och sedan badar med det. Det innebär antagligen att det varje år läcker ut relativt stora mängder av dessa miljöbelastande ämnen i våra sjöar och hav, utan att de passerar några reningsverk som skulle kunna rena bort dem. / The use of cosmetics is widely spread in today’s society. In Sweden, the Medical Products Agency (Läkemedelsverket) is the authority responsible for cosmetic products, and they define which products belongs in that category. When it comes to which ingredients a cosmetic product may contain, it is in the European Union defined in the Cosmetics Regulation. For environmentally harmful substances, the REACH Regulation shall make sure these are not used. There are however some shortages in both the REACH and Cosmetics Regulation. Therefore, there may today still be products in use on the market containing ingredients that are harmful to the environment. To get a better picture of whether this is a problem or not, this project has consisted in examining the environmental harmfulness of approximately 1440 cosmetic ingredients. The project was done in cooperation with the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (Naturskyddsföreningen). The purpose of the project was to supply their database of cosmetic ingredients with another bit of information - if the ingredients are classified as persistent, bioaccumulating and/or toxic. The ingredients that had a classification were then compared to results from analyzes done on Swedish waters. The information of whether the substances were persistent, bioaccumulating and/or toxic, was found in the database of the European Chemicals Agency, ECHA. The results from the water analyzes were found in the database of IVL. An issue that occurred during the project, was that some substances did not have a registered PBT-assessment in ECHA. PBT stands for persistent, bioaccumulating and toxic, and if a substance fulfills the criteria of all these three, it is classified as PBT. A substance can also be vPvB, very persistent and very bioaccumulating. The substances that today are missing a registered PBT-assessment in ECHA, are most likely those that are produced or imported in quantities of 1 000 – 100 000 kilograms per year. This is because these substances have been given time until year 2018 before they have to be registered. The result of the project is that out of 1440 substances, only 880 were found in ECHA. Out of these, 300 substances had a registered PBT-assessment. Among them, 270 were not classified as persistent, bioaccumulating or toxic. The remaining 30 substances had a classification - or could not be entirely excluded. Nine of the remaining 30 substances were found in IVL’s database. These substances turned out to occur in Swedish waters in concentrations of up to 32 μg/liter. The substance with the highest concentration value was Zinc pyrithione. When comparing the result of the project with earlier studies done within this subject, it can be concluded that the substance Cetrimonium chloride occurred in several of them. From the project it can be concluded that we are not fully aware of which substances we let out into our environment today. In the future it would perhaps be better to do water analyzes for all substances that are classified as persistent, bioaccumulating and/or toxic. Not just for the substances that are already known to be environmentally harmful, and imported or produced in amounts of over 1 000 kilograms per year. The overall conclusion of the project was that out of 1440 examined substances, 30 had – or were suspected to may have – a classification as persistent, bioaccumulating or toxic. Nine of these substances were also found in water analysis results from IVL. An interesting fact is, that four out of these substances are used in cosmetic products as UV-protection. Therefore, products containing UV-protection, such as sunscreen, should definitely be examined further, and maybe even the ingredients should be exchanged for better alternate ones in the future. Especially since most of us cover ourselves in sunscreen products during sunny days, and then go swimming in our seas and oceans. This probably causes the release of a large amount of these environmentally harmful ingredients into our waters. Water that does not pass any water treatment plant that could possibly purify it from the substances.

Le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) est un problème majeur de santé publique dont les usagers de drogues (UD) constituent la principale source de contamination en France. Réaliser des enquêtes séro-épidémiologiques auprès de cette population pour suivre la dynamique du VHC s'avère difficile notamment en raison de leurs pratiques illicites. Cette population est en partie accessible par les lieux d'enquêtes et en partie "cachée" car ne fréquentant aucun lieu répertorié. Pour enquêter chaque partie, nous avons considéré l'échantillonnage lieux-moments (TLS) puis l'échantillonnage conduit par les répondants. Après avoir formalisé le TLS dans le cadre d'un sondage indirect, nous avons proposé un estimateur pour un total et une proportion, qui tient compte de la fréquentation multiple et hétérogène des lieux d'enquêtes. Nous recommandons cette méthode pour estimer la prévalence d'une maladie dans des études auprès de populations fréquentant des services, même en cas d'erreurs sur les fréquentations déclarées par les participants. L'enquête ANRS-Coquelicot réalisée en 2004 auprès des UD fréquentant des centres dédiés, puis répétée en 2011, a permis d'estimer la prévalence du VHC à 43,7%. A partir des deux enquêtes, nous avons ensuite estimé l'incidence du VHC par âge et en fonction du temps en construisant un modèle mathématique reposant sur la formulation d'une relation entre la prévalence et l'incidence. Ce modèle consistait en la combinaison d'un modèle compartimental et d'un modèle de régression. L'incidence du VHC a ainsi été estimée à 4,4/100 personnes-années en 2011. Cette approche est une alternative satisfaisante pour estimer l'incidence d'une maladie à partir d'enquêtes épidémiologiques transversales en l'absence de cohorte ou de tests biologiques permettant d'identifier les infections récentes. Compte tenu de la baisse de la prévalence, des mesures de réduction des risques et des avancées thérapeutiques, une diminution de l'incidence du VHC devrait se poursuivre malgré une potentielle augmentation des comportements à risque des UD. / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a public-health issue that drug users (DU) remain the major source of contamination in France. Conducting seroepidemiological surveys among this population to assess the HCV dynamic is difficult particularly due to their illicit practices. This population can be accessible through survey locations or can be hidden (who does not visit any location). To survey each part, we presented time-location sampling (TLS) and respondent-driven sampling. We presented TLS in the context of an indirect sampling and proposed a design-based inference taking into account the frequency of venue attendance (FVA) to estimate a total or a proportion. We recommend this method for estimating the prevalence of a disease in surveys among hard-to-reach populations, even if errors occur in the FVA reported by the participants. The ANRS-Coquelicot survey carried out in 2004 among DU attending centres providing services to drug users, then repeated in 2011, allowed us to estimate the HCV prevalence at 43.7%. Using these two surveys, we estimated age- and time-dependent HCV incidence from a mathematical model linking prevalence and incidence. This model consisted in combining a compartmental model with a regression model. The HCV incidence was thus estimated at 4.4/100 person-years in 2011. This method is an alternative approach to estimate incidence of a disease from cross-sectional epidemiological data in the absence of cohort or biological tests to identify acute infections. The decline in HCV incidence is to be expected given decreasing prevalence, recent developments in harm reduction measures and new therapeutic approaches despite a potential increase of at-risk behaviors.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第21216号 / 情博第669号 / 新制||情||115(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻 / (主査)教授 守倉 正博, 教授 大木 英司, 教授 梅野 健 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

The transition towards a sustainable and low-carbon future requires significant changes in energy behaviour among energy consumers. However, the question remains about how, by whom, and what changes are necessary to achieve this transition. While many policies have been implemented to overcome these barriers, current policies focus on technology market development and market failures. Policies that address behavioural anomalies are limited, leading to a lack of engagement and awareness among many energy consumers. This issue is particularly prominent among hard-to-reach (HTR) consumer groups, which can be found in both the commercial and residential sectors (Rotmann, Sea, 2019). The impact of HTR energy consumers on energy efficiency measures and the achievement of climate neutrality remains largely unexplored. It is necessary to identify and understand these groups to address this gap. By doing so, it is possible to help them change their energy consumption behaviour towards a more sustainable and low-carbon future (Rotmann, Sea, 2019).This project aims to provide insights into HTR energy consumers in Sweden and assess their impact on achieving climate neutrality. The primary objective is to identify the most common HTR groups, their main barriers, and the potential drivers that could help change their energy consumption behaviour. A detailed literature review is conducted to gather information on practical and theoretical cases globally to achieve these objectives. After the literature review, a semi-quantitative data analysis has identified and classified HTR energy user in Sweden, by using modelling software like Mental Modeler. A qualitative analysis was carried out to analyze the HTR groups, identify their main barriers and potential drivers, and to understand their energy behaviour better. From the literature review, it was found that high income, low income, and elderly are hard to reach, and there is a research gap of their behavior, needs and how to address their challenges to energy consumption. The findings revealed that high energy prices, subsidies, economic conditions, and energy production were key driver components that could not be controlled by individual energy consumers. Therefore, policymakers must implement policies that address these root causes, such as investing in renewable energy sources, increasing competition in the energy market, and offering targeted subsidies for energy-efficient products and services. Additionally, policies that promote economic growth and stability can help to improve energy efficiency by reducing the financial strain on households. Overall, this study highlights the need for comprehensive energy efficiency policies that target both the demand and supply side of energy consumption to promote sustainable and affordable energy use in households, which is crucial for achieving long-term energy and climate goals. / Övergången till en hållbar framtid med låga koldioxidutsläpp kräver betydande förändringar i energibeteendet bland energikonsumenter. Frågan kvarstår dock om hur, av vem och vilka förändringar som krävs för att uppnå denna övergång. Även om ett stort antal policyer har implementerats för att övervinna dessa barriärer, fokuserar nuvarande policyer främst på teknikmarknadsutveckling och marknadsmisslyckanden. Policyer som tar itu med beteendeavvikelser är begränsade, vilket leder till bristande engagemang och medvetenhet bland många energikonsumenter. Denna fråga är särskilt framträdande bland svåråtkomliga konsumentgrupper, som finns i både kommersiella och bostadssektorer (Rotmann, Sea, 2019). De svåråtkomliga energikonsumenters inverkan på energieffektivitetsåtgärder och uppnåendet av klimatneutralitet är fortfarande i stort sett outforskad. För att komma till rätta med denna klyfta är det nödvändigt att identifiera och förstå dessa grupper bättre. Genom att göra det kommer det att vara möjligt att hjälpa dem att ändra sitt energikonsumtionsbeteende mot en mer hållbar framtid med låga koldioxidutsläpp (Rotmann, Sea, 2019). Detta projekt syftar till att ge insikter om HTR energikonsumenter i Sverige och bedöma deras inverkan på att uppnå klimatneutralitet. Det primära målet är att identifiera de vanligaste HTR-grupperna, de huvudsakliga hindren de möter och de potentiella drivkrafterna som kan bidra till att förändra deras energiförbrukningsbeteende.En noggrann litteraturöversikt genomförs för att samla information om praktiska och teoretiska fall globalt för att uppnå dessa mål. Efter litteraturöversikten har en semi-kvantitativ dataanalys identifierat och klassificerat HTR-energianvändare i Sverige genom att använda modelleringsprogramvara som Mental Modeler. En kvalitativ analys utfördes för att analysera HTR-grupperna, identifiera deras huvudsakliga hinder och potentiella drivkrafter och för att bättre förstå deras energibeteende. Från litteraturgenomgången framgick det att höginkomsttagare, låginkomsttagare och äldre är svåra att nå, och att det finns en forskningslucka vad gäller deras beteende, behov och hur man kan hantera deras utmaningar i energikonsumtionen. Resultaten visade att höga energipriser, subventioner, ekonomiska förhållanden och energiproduktion var viktiga drivkomponenter som inte kunde kontrolleras av enskilda energikonsumenter. Därför måste beslutsfattare genomföra politiska åtgärder som adresserar dessa grundorsaker, såsom investeringar i förnybara energikällor, ökad konkurrens på energimarknaden och erbjudande om riktade subventioner för energieffektiva produkter och tjänster. Dessutom kan politiska åtgärder som främjar ekonomisk tillväxt och stabilitet hjälpa till att förbättra energieffektiviteten genom att minska den ekonomiska belastningen på hushållen. Sammanfattningsvis betonar denna studiebehovet av omfattande energieffektivitetspolitik som riktar sig mot både efterfråge- och tillförselssidan av energiförbrukningen för att främja hållbar och ekonomiskt överkomlig energianvändning i hushållen, vilket är avgörande för att uppnå långsiktiga energi- och klimatmål.

THE INFLUENCE OF STRETCHING EXERCISES ON THE RANGE OF JOINT FLEXIBILITY IN STUDENTS AT JAN EVANGELISTA PURKYNĚ UNIVERSITY IN ÚSTÍ NAD LABEM The dissertation evaluates the influence of stretching exercises on the range of joint flexibility in students of the study programme Physical Education and Sport at Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem. In total, 128 students aged 21 - 25 (78 women, 50 men) enrolled in the subject Basic Gymnastics took part in the experiment, conducted in the period from February to May of the academic year 2008/2009. Of these, 59 students were excluded by a physiotherapist - i.e. hypermobile men and hypermobile women as well as women with normal flexibility (excluded purposefully) subject to the results of the Thomayer test. In total, data from 39 men and 30 women were used. From April 2009, over a period of six weeks (before the end of the summer term tuition), an intervention flexibility programme including the Anderson static stretching method and the PNF stretching method by Sölveborn were applied for the research file. To evaluate the level of joint flexibility, the Sit and Reach Test and credit exercise to estimate joint flexibility were used. In a controlled interview, out-of-school activities were analysed, which contained stretching exercises with a...