The competitive market of the newspaper industry has undergone considerable changes driven by new technology, the internet and changing audience behavior. The industry is facing two current crises, the decline in print and advertising revenues, and at the same time, the growth of free online content. One of the major challenges for traditional newspapers is to find new ways to increase digital revenues to make-up for these losses. This study uses qualitative interviews and readership data collected from a large traditional publisher to explore how the newspaper can reshape the customer value proposition and increase digital subscriptions. Additionally, the study uses case examples from the industry to combine theoretical reflections with practical development. The newspapers need to continue to explore new opportunities in media, and balance focus between traditional and newer, more radical activities. In the future, success will be dependent on the integration of value-added elements. The findings suggest that traditional newspapers should enhance the value proposition by investing even more in high-quality and multimedia journalism. The audience is willing to pay if the product has a high relative value and is differentiated from the free online news. This can be done by an extensive integration of technology into the journalistic processes and a more defined product. Further, the publisher needs to abandon mass media models and offerings that provide something for everyone, instead offering niches and limited-edition news products to add new revenue streams. / Tidningsindustrin genomgår dramatiska förändringar driven av ny teknik, förändrade konsumentvanor och nya aktörer. Industrin står inför två stora utmaningar, nedåtgående försäljnings- och annonsintäkter och tilltagande gratis innehåll online. En av de stora utmaningarna för tidningar är att hitta nya sätt att öka intäkterna på för att kompensera för dessa förluster. Denna studie använder kvalitativa intervjuer i kombination med kunddata från en Sveriges största morgontidning för att undersöka hur tidningarna kan transformera kunderbjudandet och öka antalet digitala prenumerationer. Studien använder dessutom case från medieindustrin för att kombinera vetenskaplig teori med praktisk utveckling. Tidningarna behöver fortsätta att utforska nya affärsmodeller och balansera fokus mellan inkrementella och mer radikala aktiviteter. Resultatet från denna studie indikerar att tidningarna kan öka kundvärdet genom att investera ännu mer i högkvalitativ- och digital journalistik. För att öka intäkterna borde tidningarna även fokusera mindre på att erbjuda ”lite av allt till alla” och istället erbjuda mer nischade nyhetsprodukter.

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Newspapers have been shown to have positive correlations with their readers, sense of community, political participation, and civic engagement. Using McMillan and Chavis, Sense of Community Theory and its accompanying SCI-2 as well as questions on demographics and media use, political participation, and civic engagement, this thesis conducts a survey study of two community newspaper readerships in differing locations within the continental United States. This study aims to discover and develop further understanding of the social, political, and community-building effects of community dailies and their mirrored-content news websites. First, it examines media consumption preferences and measure the sense of community (SOC) felt by readers of print-edition newspapers and their mirrored-content websites. Second, it examines the differences in SOC felt by print and website readers. Third, it examines the influence of SOC and print-news website-reading on political participation, and fourth, it examines the influence of SOC and print newspaper-website reading on civic engagement, both with the intent of discovering how SOC might mediate this relationship. This thesis will provide contextual information and build a case for the relevance of community dailies in an ever-increasingly fast-paced, technocentric society. Findings include a significant relationship between SOC and both print and online readers, and the question of whether readers of both print and online community news feel a stronger SOC than either on its own is answered. Further findings include newspaper website-reading shares a significant relationship with both political participation and civic engagement, and print does not. Implications and limitations are discussed. / Master of Arts

by Chan Yuen Yuen Yolanda, Kwong Hok Yuen Terecina. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.ix / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.xi / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II --- . LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.3 / Chapter A. --- Findings applied to Online Newspaper Browsing Behavior --- p.4 / Chapter B. --- Banner Ads --- p.5 / Chapter C. --- Web User Profile --- p.6 / Chapter D. --- The Perspectives on Consumer behaviors --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- OBJECTIVES --- p.9 / Chapter IV. --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.10 / Chapter A. --- Exploratory approach method --- p.10 / Chapter 1. --- The Pilot Study --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- Online Survey --- p.11 / Chapter B. --- Descriptive Approach Method --- p.13 / Chapter C. --- Data collection method of online survey --- p.14 / Chapter 1. --- Sampling Plan --- p.14 / Chapter 2. --- Sampling Frame --- p.14 / Chapter 3. --- Sample Size --- p.14 / Chapter 4. --- Valid Sample --- p.15 / Chapter D. --- Identity Composition --- p.16 / Chapter E. --- Data analysis and interpretation --- p.16 / Chapter V. --- FINDINGS --- p.18 / Chapter A. --- Demographic --- p.20 / Chapter 1. --- Summary of demographic profile of respondents --- p.20 / Chapter 2. --- Comparison table --- p.23 / Chapter B. --- Internet Usage --- p.25 / Chapter 1. --- Summary of various aspects of internet usage --- p.25 / Chapter 2. --- Information on purposes of using Internet statistics --- p.27 / Chapter C. --- Online news browsing behaviors --- p.29 / Chapter 1. --- Summary of online news browsing behavior --- p.29 / Chapter 2. --- Information on competition --- p.31 / Chapter D. --- Banner Advertisements browsing behavior --- p.32 / Chapter E. --- Web Content Evaluation --- p.34 / Chapter F. --- Behavior analysis of online news browsing --- p.38 / Chapter 1. --- Skillfulness --- p.38 / Chapter 2. --- Internet information-seeking preferencess --- p.44 / Chapter 3. --- Demgraphic anaysis of banner ads browsing --- p.53 / Chapter VI. --- IMPLICATIONS --- p.55 / Chapter A. --- comparisons between apple daily's perception and online survey --- p.55 / Chapter 1. --- Customers --- p.55 / Chapter 2. --- Information types that readers are interested in --- p.56 / Chapter 3. --- Competitors --- p.56 / Chapter b. --- application of a behavior model --- p.57 / Chapter 1. --- Awareness --- p.57 / Chapter 2. --- Interest --- p.57 / Chapter 3. --- Evaluation --- p.57 / Chapter 3. --- Action --- p.58 / Chapter c. --- target segmentation --- p.59 / Chapter D. --- Web design strategies --- p.60 / Chapter 1. --- "Improve downloading time, interactivity and technological superiority" --- p.60 / Chapter 2. --- Links to local libraries and search engines --- p.60 / Chapter E. --- Information provision strategies --- p.61 / Chapter F. --- Banner Advertisements provision strategies --- p.61 / Chapter G. --- promotional strategies --- p.62 / Chapter H. --- online marketing research --- p.62 / Chapter I. --- competitive moves --- p.63 / Chapter J. --- future prospects --- p.63 / Chapter VII --- LIMITATIONS / SCOPE OF THE STUDY --- p.65 / Chapter VIII --- CONCLUSION --- p.66 / APPENDIX --- p.68 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.116

Wong Ka Yee, Janice. / Thesis submitted in: December 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-106). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction and Analytical Framework --- p.1 / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- Background: Online Newspapers in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter III. --- urpose of the Study --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter I. --- Media Characteristics --- p.8 / Chapter II. --- Different Viewpoints on the relationship betweenrint and online newspaper --- p.14 / Chapter III. --- Online newspaper usage from a communicationerspective: Theoretical approach --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Research Framework --- p.32 / Chapter I. --- Research Questions --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Methodology --- p.38 / Chapter I. --- Sample --- p.38 / Chapter II. --- Samplingrocedure --- p.39 / Chapter III. --- Data Collection --- p.40 / Chapter IV. --- Questionnaire --- p.40 / Chapter V. --- Measurements --- p.41 / Chapter VI. --- Analyticalrocedure --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Statistical Findings --- p.46 / Chapter I. --- articipants'rofile --- p.46 / Chapter II. --- Media Usageatterns --- p.46 / Chapter III. --- Hypothesis Testing --- p.46 / Chapter IV. --- Gratification Seeking --- p.47 / Chapter V. --- rofiles --- p.57 / Chapter VI. --- Impact of Online Newspaper on Traditional Media --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.68 / Chapter I. --- Discussions --- p.68 / Chapter II. --- Limitations --- p.74 / Chapter III. --- Suggestions for Future Research --- p.75 / Appendix I --- p.77 / Appendix II --- p.85 / Bibliography --- p.92

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The general decline in newspaper circulation indicates that the newspaper industry is under threat from other media such as television and radio (Swift, 1995: 1 00). However, closer inspection of individual newspaper titles reveals that highly targeted newspapers like Sowetan, Business Day, Beeld, etc. manage to maintain or increase circulation (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). On the other hand, newspapers that caters for disparate market segments, experienced circulation declines between 1986 and 1998 (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). Newspaper's share of total advertising revenue is also in decline (Adindex, 1986-1998). However, advertising revenue for the newspaper industry as a whole increased in line with total advertising revenue between 1986 and 1998. Although newspapers enjoy a smaller piece of the total advertising pie, the steady growth in revenue indicates substantial support and confidence from the advertising market for newspapers as a whole. Swift (Marketing Mix, 1995: 100) argues that newspapers must change their way of doing "news" in order to compete effectively against television, radio, the illtemet and other forms of popular media. "If newspapers are to survive, they must either become niche products by providing in-depth coverage and interpretation of specialists aspects of human endeavour or emulate the British tabloids and peddle entertainment for all they're worth" (Swift, 1995: 101). The latter aspect of Swift's assertion is the basis of the attached study. The study project examines the South African newspaper market in general and the greater Gauteng newspaper market specifically in the form of a business plan, with the aim of finding a viable niche for a daily, English-medium tabloid newspaper. The African Sun Business Plan concludes that the market for such a newspaper does exists amongst working class South Africans in and around selected urban centres. The plan examines the target market and the economics ofthe newspaper business. The marketing plan examines the best options to reach the target market. The product development plan and the operations plan describe the product and the operations ofthe proposed business and the financial plan examines the feasibility ofthe venture. The data suggests that national circulation and advertising trends favour newspapers that are highly targeted and driven by the information needs of their selected target markets (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998, Adindex, 1986-1998). The business plan concludes that there is a lucrative market in South Africa for a daily, English-medium, mass circulation tabloid newspaper. The plan also proposes an operating structure including the financing requirements of the business, required staff, location product specifications and a market entry strategy. "It's time to emulate the Sun and the Mirror (of England) because if the liberal consensus is correct and all men are equal, why shouldn't the British tabloid approach work for our whinging masses as effectively as it does for the whining Poms?" (Swift, 1995: 102). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: OPSOMMING Die algemene afname in koerantsirkulasies dui daarop dat die koerantbedryf deur ander media soos televisie en radio bedreig word (Swift, 1995: 100). By nadere ondersoek van individuele koeranttitels het dit egter aan die lig gekom dat hoeteikenkoerante soos Sowetan, Business Day, Beeld, ensovoorts, daarin slaag om sirkulasie te behou en selfs te verbeter (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). In teenstelling het koerante wat vir ongelyksoortige marksegmente voorsiening maak 'n sirkulasie afname ondervind tussen 1986 en 1998 (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). Koerante se aandeel in die totale reklame-inkomste is ook besig om te daal (Adindex, 1986- 1998). Die reklame-inkomste vir die koerantbedryf in sy geheel het egter op een lyn met die totale reklame-inkomste toegeneem tussen 1986 en 1998 (Adindex, 1986-1998). Alhoewel koerante 'n kleiner deel van die totale reklamebesteding geniet as voorheen, dui die geleidelike toename in koerant reklame inkomste groei, aansienlike ondersteuning en vertroue deur die reklamemark in koerante oor die algemeen. Swift (Marketing Mix, 1995: 100) voer aan dat koerante hulle metode van "nuusaanbieding" moet verander ten einde doeltreffend teen televisie, radio, die Internet en ander vorme van populere media te kompeteer. "If newspapers are to survive, they must either become niche products by providing in-depth coverage and interpretation of specialists aspects of human endeavour or emulate the British tabloids and peddle entertainment for all they're worth" (Swift, 1995: 101). Laasgenoemde aspek van Swift se bewering vorm die grondslag van die megaande studie. Die African Sun Business Plan stel voor dat 'n daaglikse, kompakte, Engelsmediumkoerant van stapel gestuur word wat op Suid-Afrikaners in die werkersklas in en om aangewese stedelike sentra gerig is. In navolging van Swift se redenasie ondersoek die meegaande sakeplan die koerantbedryf in sy geheel en die groter Gauteng mark in besonder. Die plan ondersoek besonderhede van die teikenmark en die ekonomie van die koerantbedryf. 'n Volledige bemarkingsplan ondersoek die beste opsies waardeur die teikenmark bereik kan word. Die produkontwikke1ingsplan en die bedryfsplan beskryf die produk en die werksaamhede van die voorgestelde sake-ondememing, en die finansiele plan ondersoek die uitvoerbaarheid van die ondememing. Die data suggereer dat nasionale koerant sirkulasie en reklame-tendense meer gunstig teenoor koerante wat markgerig is en gedryf word deur die inligtingsbehoeftes van geselekteerde teikenmarkte (Audit Bureau of Circulation, 1986-1998). Die sakeplan kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat daar 'n winsgewende mark in Suid-Afrika bestaan vir In daaglikse, Engels-medium, massasirkulasie kompakte koerant. Die plan stel ook 'n bedryf struktuur voor, met inbegrip van die finansieringsvereistes, personeelbehoeftes, ligging, produkspesifikasies en 'n marktoetrede strategie. "It's time to emulate the Sun and the Mirror (of England) because if the liberal consensus is correct and all men are equal, why shouldn't the British tabloid approach work for our whinging masses as effectively as it does for the whining Poms?" (Swift, 1995: 102).

The problem of this study was to determine how Chinese students obtain news from home. The study was conducted in Dallas, Fort Worth, and Denton, with 182 respondents from six universities. The study determined that Chinese students obtained Chinese news from Chinese newspapers circulating in the United States. The longer Chinese students remained in the United States, the fewer letters they received from home and the fewer newspapers and clippings their family and friends sent them. The conclusion of the study was that Chinese students read Chinese newspapers because they wish to maintain ties with their hometown and culture. Students stated that Hong Kong local news was their primary item in reading Chinese newspapers.

112 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the influence of so called "genetic method of initial reading learning" for further readership of children in the third class of elementary school. The aim of this thesis is to compare children's results in individual monitored elements at both children taught earlier by so called "analytic-synthetic method" and those taught by the "genetic method" monitoring the impact of both methods on these results. The data obtained has been linked with the effects brought by individual teachers. Subsequently, proposals for each of the monitored classes were presented to optimize the reading skills development. The theoretical part contains the topics that are closely related to children's reading skills development. The practice part is based on the research leading to the fulfillment of the thesis objectives. A questionnaire for children and teachers was used as the main source of data. The conclusion summarizes the thesis learnings and points out its results showing positive impacts of "genetic method" combined with specific activities used by the teacher. In the conclusion, I refer also to the steps for further reading skills development proposed for each of the classes monitored, which can become an inspiration for all teachers who care about the children's reading.

Ph.D. University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, 2012 / This thesis studies the readership of literature that was banned under the various laws that comprised the censorship system, focusing on the apartheid period, from the 1950s until the early 1990s. It investigates the conditions under which banned and subversive literature existed in the underground network despite the ever-looming censorship apparatus. It is based on theories drawn from the history of the book, sociology of literature, South African literary histories, and on data from secondary and primary sources such as archival material and interviews with, and testimonies from, readers. This thesis focuses on the roles of readers in alternative circuits, by examining the modalities of sourcing, distributing, reading and sharing of imported and local banned publications. It seeks to demonstrate that readers did read banned books and books likely to be banned, showing creativity in the various strategies used to get these books into the country and to share them amongst the largest number of readers, using texts in various fashions, and actively participating to the South African literary industry and broader socio-political affairs.

This is a study of the emergence of William Wordsworth’s literary reputation during his lifetime. It is constructed as a variety of biography, organized chronologically in order to attempt a fuller sense of the negotiation of public image and reputation that went on between Wordsworth and his audiences. Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of dialogism structures the study as a series of “conversations,” interconnected and moving outward from self, to intimate group or coterie, to public, reviewers, and culture at large. The coterie and members of it have a large part to play in Wordsworth’s emerging style. The evidence drawn upon for each “conversation” moves from biography to letters to published poems and prose works to published reviews of those works, again roughly describing a movement outward from self to coterie to culture at large. The “conversations” appeal to two or more different kinds of audience, however, because of a “multi-voiced” feature of Wordsworth’s published collections, especially noticeable in the critical success of the sonnet form. Further, members of the coterie, notably Coleridge, later emerge as important interpreters, advocates, and critics themselves, adding to the critical success of William Wordsworth in the larger cultural conversation. Ultimately, Wordsworth is recognized for his contribution – a triumph of his confidence in his own style, as well as the education of a new kind of reader that now engages with Wordsworth’s poetry at a level of intimacy that makes the reader feel like a member of the coterie.