English-language learners (ELLs) demonstrate lower levels of English reading proficiency than do native English-speaking students. Oral reading fluency (ORF), the number of words read correctly in 1 min, is one indicator of reading proficiency. Within second language (L2) reading research, there have been few studies of L2 ORF development. The purposes of this study were to: (a) model the trajectory (i.e., initial status and growth) of English ORF in Grades 2 and 3 for Spanish-speaking ELLs in bilingual education programs, and (b) determine the effect of a 4-year structured intervention in English language and reading on L2 ORF development. Data were archived from Project ELLA, a longitudinal, randomized study documenting ELLs' acquisition of English language and reading from kindergarten through third grade. Data included 1,470 observations of English ORF from 283 ELLs at 17 schools. Schools were randomly assigned to the intervention (n=8) or control (n=9) condition. In intervention schools, a one-way dual language program and a comprehensive ESL intervention were implemented. The intervention emphasized L2 oral language development in kindergarten and first grades, basic L2 reading skills in second grade, and content-area reading skills in third grade. In the control schools, the district's typical transitional bilingual education program and ESL curricula were implemented. L2 ORF was measured using DIBELS ORF on six occasions. Piecewise multilevel growth models were used for data analysis. In Grades 2 and 3, ELLs followed a two-stage linear growth trajectory in English ORF, with a large decrease in level between grades. Slope parameters were positive in both grades but decreased slightly in third grade. Participating in Project ELLA added 1.52 wcpm per month to students? ORF scores in Grade 2. Both intervention and control groups improved at the same rate in Grade 3; however, intervention students maintained the higher level of ORF that was attained during second grade. Therefore, the ELLA intervention accelerated L2 ORF growth in second grade, such that intervention students read with greater fluency compared to control students throughout second and third grades.

The aim of this study is to analyse how children’s literature for ages 6 – 8 is adapted to pupils with reading difficulties. The material used for analysis in this study is six children’s books, examining some of the criteria by which a text is classified as easy-to-read. The result of the analysis shows that there is a possibility for pupils with reading difficulties to read something other than easy-to-read literature if it is carefully selected. The result also shows that the different criteria for an easy-to-read text cannot alone indicate whether a book as a whole is easy-to-read or not.

Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να εξετάσει τις στρατηγικές μάθησης της ανάγνωσης και της ορθογραφημένης γραφής, τις οποίες εφαρμόζουν οι Έλληνες μαθητές που φοιτούν στις πρώτες τάξεις του δημοτικού σχολείου και το κατά πόσο αυτές είναι σύμφωνες με το μοντέλο της διττής θεμελίωσης της ανάγνωσης που έχει προταθεί για τη μάθηση της ανάγνωσης στην αγγλική γλώσσα. Η συγκεκριμένη έρευνα εντάσσεται στο πλαίσιο μια ευρύτερης διευρωπαϊκής προσπάθειας (LiteracyAcquisitioninEuropeanOrthographies) για τη διερεύνηση της μάθησης της ανάγνωσης σε διαφορετικά ορθογραφικά συστήματα γραφής. Συγκεκριμένα, στην παρούσα εργασία επιχειρήθηκε να διερευνηθεί διαχρονικά η μάθηση της ανάγνωσης και της ορθογραφημένης γραφής των μαθητών. Για το λόγο αυτό η έρευνα κινήθηκε σε δύο άξονες. Ο πρώτος αφορούσε τη μελέτη της ανάπτυξης των αναγνωστικών και ορθογραφικών δεξιοτήτων 50 μαθητών της Α΄ τάξης, οι οποίοι εξετάσθηκαν σε τέσσερις διαφορετικές χρονικές στιγμές κατά τη διάρκεια της φοίτησής τους στην Α΄ Δημοτικού. Στο δεύτερο άξονα της μελέτης αξιολογήθηκε η αναγνωστική και ορθογραφική ανάπτυξη 100 μαθητών της Α΄, Β΄, Γ΄και Δ΄ τάξης του δημοτικού σχολείου. Η αναγνωστική επίδοση των μαθητών αξιολογήθηκε με βάση το χρόνο και την ακρίβεια ανάγνωσης λέξεων και ψευδολέξεων, ενώ συνυπολογίστηκαν μεταβλητές όπως η ορθογραφική συνέπεια, το μήκος, η συλλαβική δομή, η συχνότητα κ.α. Επιπλέον, η μελέτη περιελάμβανε και την αξιολόγηση μεταβλητών ελέγχου, το επίπεδο γλωσσικής επίγνωσης, τη νοημοσύνη, τη μνήμη κ.α. Με βάση την ανάλυση των δεδομένων προέκυψαν τα ακόλουθα συμπεράσματα: (1) οι μαθητές φαίνεται να κατακτούν γρήγορα και με σχετική ευκολία το στάδιο της θεμελιακής ανάγνωσης, (2) η ταχεία μάθηση των γραμμάτων, η γρήγορη ανάπτυξη των δεξιοτήτων φωνολογικής επίγνωσης και η ακολουθούμενη μέθοδος διδασκαλίας προωθούν την υιοθέτηση της αλφαβητικής στρατηγικής στην ανάγνωση κατά τα πρώτα στάδια, (3) δεν αποδεικνύεται η ύπαρξη του λογογραφικού σταδίου της ανάγνωσης στην ελληνική γλώσσα, (4) αντίθετα τα δεδομένα φαίνεται ότι επιβεβαιώνουν την ύπαρξη της ορθογραφικής στρατηγικής ανάγνωσης, (5) στο τέλος της Α΄ τάξης υπάρχουν ενδείξεις ότι οι Έλληνες μαθητές βρίσκονται στο στάδιο της μορφογραφικής ανάγνωσης, (6) η βασική μονάδα αποκωδικοποίησης στην ανάγνωση φαίνεται ότι είναι η συλλαβή, (7) προς το τέλος της Α΄ τάξης οι μαθητές χρησιμοποιούν μια πιο ολική στρατηγική ανάγνωσης, η οποία δε φαίνεται να επηρεάζεται από τη δομή της συλλαβής ή τις ορθογραφικές συμβάσεις τις γλώσσας, (8) η θέση της εξαιρέσιμης συλλαβής αποτελεί παράγοντα που επιδρά τόσο στο χρόνο ανάγνωσης όσο και στο ποσοστό αναγνωστικής επιτυχίας και, (9) η απόδοση των μαθητών στην άσκηση της ταχείας κατονομασίας είναι δυνατό να προβλέψει τη μεταγενέστερη αναγνωστική επίδοση έως την τετάρτη τάξη του δημοτικού σχολείου. / The aim of this study was to examine the learning strategies of reading and spelling that Greek primary school children apply. Moreover, it is evaluated whether these strategies are compatible with the dual foundation model of reading development that has been proposed for learning to read in the English language. This study is part of a wider cross-european project (Literacy Acquisition in European Orthographies) that focuses on the investigation of learning to read in different orthographic writing systems. More specifically, the present thesis attempted to investigate reading development over time and for that reason a two-axis design was adopted. The first axis focused on the reading and spelling development of 50 children attending primary 1, who were evaluated in four different testing points throughout the year. The second axis assessed the reading and orthographic growth of 100 students of grades A΄, B΄, C and D΄. Reading achievement was evaluated on the basis of word and nonword reading fluency and accuracy, while variables as orthographic consistency, item length, syllabic structure, frequency etc were taken into account. Furthermore, this study included the evaluation of testing variables such as the level of phonological awareness, intelligence, working memory as well as control processes. Data analysis revealed the following conclusions: (1) children quite quickly and relatively easy acquire the foundation level of reading development, (2) the rapid acquisition of letter knowledge, the phonological awareness skills, as well as the standard reaching approach induce the development of the alphabetic process in the early stages of reading acquisition, (3) evidence acquired from data analysis does not support the existence of a logographic phase in reading development in the Greek language, (4) on the contrary, data analysis confirms the existence of an orthographic reading phase, (5) at the end of primary 1, children’s reading strategies appear compatible with the development of the morphographic phase of reading, (6) syllable seems to be the basic linguistic unit used in decoding, (7) towards the end of Primary 1 children tend to use a more holistic strategy in reading, which is not affected by either the syllabic structure or the orthographic conventions of the Greek language, (8) a position-of-irregularity effect can be detected on both reading speed and accuracy and, last but not least, (9) performance on rapid naming task may predict later reading performance through fourth grade.

The aim of this literature review is to investigate what previous research indicates about how students’ reading development is influenced when reading ordinary books or e-books, but also how their attitudes towards reading are influenced. I will also use Henk Linskens’s (2018) work Henke och Bokstäverna som Hoppar to exemplify my perspective on the results from the research. The result of all the research gathered indicates that there are no significant differences in reading development among students using e-books or traditional books. It appears to be slightly better to use traditional books to promote reading comprehension, while e-books seem to promote students’ word knowledge slightly better. In order to achieve a good result in both cases, a more knowledgeable adult is needed to support the student, which follows Vygotsky's socio-cultural perspective. When it comes to students’ attitudes towards reading, e-books create positive attitudes towards reading in general, which could be due to their many opportunities for individualization. However, there are big differences between boys and girls in the matter, where boys benefit from using e-books while reading and girls benefit from using traditional books. / Syftet med den här litteraturstudien är att undersöka vad tidigare forskning säger om hur elevers läsutveckling påverkas när de läser vanliga böcker eller e-böcker, men även hur deras attityder till läsande påverkas. Jag kommer även i slutet av arbetet använda mig av Henk Linskens (2018) verk Henke och bokstäverna som hoppar för att exemplifiera utifrån mitt perspektiv på det som den funna forskningen påpekar. Resultatet av all den insamlade forskningen tyder på att det inte är några markanta skillnader i fråga om läsutvecklingen hos elever som använder e-böcker eller vanliga böcker. Det verkar vara lite bättre att använda vanliga böcker för att främja läsförståelse, samtidigt som e-böckerna verkar främja elevernas ordkunskaper lite bättre. För att nå ett bra resultat i de båda fallen behövs det en mer kunnig vuxen som stöttar eleven vidare, vilket följer Vygotskijs sociokulturella perspektiv. I fråga om elevernas attityder till läsande skapar e-böcker positiva attityder till läsande över lag, vilket skulle kunna bero på deras många möjligheter för att individualiseras. Dock finns det stora skillnader mellan pojkar och flickor, där pojkar tjänar på att använda e-böcker vid läsning medan flickor tjänar på att använda vanliga böcker.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap kring hur några elever i årskurs 9 uppfattar lärmiljön och inkluderande processer i det klassrum där de har sin svenskundervisning, samt hur de anser att lärmiljön kan förbättras med särskilt fokus på läs- och skrivutveckling. Studien utgår ifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv på lärande. Den metod som används i undersökningen är en form av kvalitativ strukturerad gruppintervju. Frågeställningarna utgår ifrån syftet där elevperspektivet utgör en central del av innehållet. Resultatet i studien synliggör vikten av att undanröja hinder i den fysiska, pedagogiska och sociala lärmiljön för att skapa inkluderande och gynnsamma förutsättningar för elevers läs- och skrivutveckling. Åtgärder kring lärmiljön skapar en trygg och fungerande skola där alla elever får möjlighet att utvecklas. Resultatet visar även på betydelsen av att låta elever få vara med och ge sitt perspektiv på tillgänglig lärmiljö. Att lyssna på elever och att låta dem göra sina röster hörda är en viktig del av skolans uppdrag. Delaktighet är en rättighet för barn och elever, något som skapar trygghet, vilket är en förutsättning för att lärande ska kunna ske. / The aim of this study is to contribute knowledge about how some students in the 9th grade perceive the learning environment, and the process of inclusive education, in the classroom in which they study Swedish. It also aims to present their thoughts on how the learning environment can be improved to support the development of reading and writing skills. The theoretical framework of this study is a sociocultural perspective on learning. The method chosen is a form of qualitative structured group interview. The questions are based on the aim of the study, where the student perspective plays a central part of the content. The results of this study show the importance of overcoming obstacles in the physical, pedagogical and social learning environment to create inclusive and beneficial conditions concerning students´ reading and writing skills. Actions surrounding the learning environment create a secure and functioning school where all students have the possibility to develop. The results also show the importance of letting students provide their perspective on an accessible learning environment. To listen to students and to allow the students´ voices to be heard are significant parts of the school curriculum. Children and students have a right to participation as this creates a sense of security, which is a condition for learning to be acquired.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a aplicação de sequência de leitura, de maneira a identificar possíveis avanços no processo de formação leitora do aluno de Ensino Médio, considerando o uso autônomo e eficaz de estratégias de leitura. O planejamento das atividades da sequência, que constituem a empiria da investigação, tem como base os pressupostos metodológicos de Cosson (2014), no que concerne à elaboração de sequência expandida, e a metodologia norte-americana de ensino de estratégias de leitura, proposta por Harvey e Goudvis (2007). Além disso, permeiam o estudo as concepções de literatura, enquanto um “direito de todo cidadão”, promulgada por Candido (1972, 1995), de experiência, como elemento presente na atividade de leitura, conferida por Larrosa (2002), e as concepções de mediação e interação, como fundamentais para o desenvolvimento cognitivo e para a aprendizagem, sustentadas por Vigotski (1996, 2009). Trata-se de pesquisa-ação, realizada em 2015, com alunos de uma turma de 1º ano de curso técnico integrado ao Ensino Médio, de instituição pública, em Farroupilha-RS. Os resultados da pesquisa, construídos a partir de questionários e tarefas escritas realizadas durante a aplicação da proposta de ensino criada pela pesquisadora, apontam para avanços no desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura dos alunos investigados, indicando correlações entre as características de leitores autônomos e as estratégias por eles utilizadas. A análise dos resultados evidencia a maneira como os pesquisados, a partir da mediação do professor e da interação com o outro, vivenciaram o texto e se apropriaram das estratégias de leitura. Percebe-se que os sujeitos conceberam o texto literário como um instrumento que oportuniza possibilidades de conhecimento humano e alternativas para a libertação pessoal, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de sua competência leitora. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2016-11-22T12:42:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Feltes Alves.pdf: 2915936 bytes, checksum: 6e459c9e8bc3446c0ff9eff794ae2210 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-22T12:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karina Feltes Alves.pdf: 2915936 bytes, checksum: 6e459c9e8bc3446c0ff9eff794ae2210 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-22 / The aim of this research is to investigate the application of reading sequence in order to identify possible improvements in the reading formation process of High School students, considering the independent and effective use of reading strategies. The activities of the sequence, which constitute the empirical research, were planned under the methodological assumptions of Cosson (2014), regarding the elaboration of expanded sequence, and the American methodology of teaching reading strategies, proposed by Harvey e Goudvis (2007). In addition, the theoretical foundation of this study is constituted by the concepts of literature, as "human beings’ right", promulgated by Candido (1972, 1995), experience, as an element presented in reading activity, conferred by Larrosa (2002), and the concepts of mediation and interaction as fundamental to cognitive development and to the learning process, supported by Vigotski (1996, 2009). This study is an action research, conducted in 2015, with students of a first year class of a technical course integrated to High School, of a public institution, in Farroupilha-RS. The study results, constructed from questionnaires and written tasks performed during the implementation of the teaching proposal created by the researcher, indicate to advances in the development of reading skills of the investigated students, indicating correlations between the characteristics of independent readers and the strategies they use. The analysis evidences how the students, from the teacher’s mediation and the interaction with others, experienced the text and appropriated the reading strategies. It is noticed that the individuals investigated conceived the literary text as a tool that provides an opportunity of human knowledge and alternatives for personal liberation, contributing to the development of their reading competence.

The aim of the study was to explore how the decoding ability of pupils with reading difficulties was influenced by an intervention in decoding. The study was conducted with two different methods, BrAvkod and Trugs, that have been developed to train pupils reading ability. The study is based on a quantitative method of quasi-experimental design that gave the opportunity to compare the results of two groups: one intervention group and one control group, with pupils from grade three. There were ten pupils in each group. The intervention was conducted for 6 weeks, 4 days a week along with pre- and post-tests. A qualitative approach was also chosen in form of a questionnaire interview, to find out how the pupils experienced working with the methods. The results showed positive effects of intensive exercise with BrAvkod and Trugs. Hence, all pupils in the intervention group increased the test results regarding there decoding ability. As to the pupils´ evaluations about how they experienced working with the two different methods, a positive attitude emerged. Although the methods differ widely, Bravkod and Trugs were valued equally good by the pupils. In conclusions pupils´ decoding ability benefits from intensive training that is varied and combines group and individual sessions.

TITLE: Project to support reading among children at the beginning of their school attendence AUTHOR: Bc. Jana Rodová DEPARTMENT Department of Czech literature SUPERVISOR: Mgr. Štěpánka Klumparová, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This dimploma thesis deals with reading development options of children in a kindergarten. The main task is to work out a reading project for the pre-school children an to follow its impact on reading behaviour and relation to books. Thesis comes up with the teoretical way-out to reading and its development. It rates present form of books, pre-school children reading literacy characteristics and summarizes methods for support reading and reading projects among kindergartens in the Czech republic. Qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in the practical part of the thesis. This part contains questionnaire, interviews and the project which was the main part of the practical thesis. The project includes reading lessons, participation in the national reading- support projects and other methods of supporting active reading. The project outcomes are based on a long-term subject observation, summarized and evaluated in a conclusion of the research part. KEYWORDS: Pre-school children - reading development - project - pre-school reading literacy

Denna studie handlar om läsinlärning, läsutveckling, och lässvårigheter med fokus på de svagare eleverna. Syftet är att undersöka och beskriva hur lärare arbetar med läsningens olika delar i skolan. Syftet berör även läsinlärning- och läsutvecklingens olika steg och hur lärare arbetar praktiskt med läsningen i skolan och lässvårigheter för elever, samt hur lärare arbetar med de nämnda eleverna. Mitt val av metod är intervjuer och jag har intervjuat tre lärare som är verksamma i årskurserna F–3 med fokus på de ovan nämnda inriktningarna kring läsning. Även en specialpedagog intervjuades för att få en bredare syn på och kunskap inom just lässvårigheter. Resultatet visade sig att vid läsinlärning, läsutveckling och lässvårigheter stämmer det väldigt bra överens med vad tidigare forskning och litteraturen anser kring läsning hos elever. Till exempel att elevers inlärning utvecklas väldigt bra om lärare lär ut på ett lekfullt och lustfyllt sätt. / This study is about learning to read, reading development, and reading disabilities with focus on the weaker students. The purpose is to investigate and describe how teachers work with the various parts of reading development in school. The purpose also concerns different steps in the learning procedure of reading and how teachers practice this in the classroom, with the main focus on pupils with reading disabilities. My choice of method are interviews and I have interviewed three teachers who work in grades F–3 focusing on the above-mentioned reading directions. A special educator was also interviewed to gain a broader view and knowledge about reading disabilities. After analyzing the data one conclusion is that the result is very consistent with earlier studies and research regarding learning to read, reading development and reading disabilities. For example, pupils’ learning develops very well if the teachers learn in a playful and pleasing way.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a aplicação de sequência de leitura, de maneira a identificar possíveis avanços no processo de formação leitora do aluno de Ensino Médio, considerando o uso autônomo e eficaz de estratégias de leitura. O planejamento das atividades da sequência, que constituem a empiria da investigação, tem como base os pressupostos metodológicos de Cosson (2014), no que concerne à elaboração de sequência expandida, e a metodologia norte-americana de ensino de estratégias de leitura, proposta por Harvey e Goudvis (2007). Além disso, permeiam o estudo as concepções de literatura, enquanto um “direito de todo cidadão”, promulgada por Candido (1972, 1995), de experiência, como elemento presente na atividade de leitura, conferida por Larrosa (2002), e as concepções de mediação e interação, como fundamentais para o desenvolvimento cognitivo e para a aprendizagem, sustentadas por Vigotski (1996, 2009). Trata-se de pesquisa-ação, realizada em 2015, com alunos de uma turma de 1º ano de curso técnico integrado ao Ensino Médio, de instituição pública, em Farroupilha-RS. Os resultados da pesquisa, construídos a partir de questionários e tarefas escritas realizadas durante a aplicação da proposta de ensino criada pela pesquisadora, apontam para avanços no desenvolvimento das habilidades de leitura dos alunos investigados, indicando correlações entre as características de leitores autônomos e as estratégias por eles utilizadas. A análise dos resultados evidencia a maneira como os pesquisados, a partir da mediação do professor e da interação com o outro, vivenciaram o texto e se apropriaram das estratégias de leitura. Percebe-se que os sujeitos conceberam o texto literário como um instrumento que oportuniza possibilidades de conhecimento humano e alternativas para a libertação pessoal, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de sua competência leitora. / The aim of this research is to investigate the application of reading sequence in order to identify possible improvements in the reading formation process of High School students, considering the independent and effective use of reading strategies. The activities of the sequence, which constitute the empirical research, were planned under the methodological assumptions of Cosson (2014), regarding the elaboration of expanded sequence, and the American methodology of teaching reading strategies, proposed by Harvey e Goudvis (2007). In addition, the theoretical foundation of this study is constituted by the concepts of literature, as "human beings’ right", promulgated by Candido (1972, 1995), experience, as an element presented in reading activity, conferred by Larrosa (2002), and the concepts of mediation and interaction as fundamental to cognitive development and to the learning process, supported by Vigotski (1996, 2009). This study is an action research, conducted in 2015, with students of a first year class of a technical course integrated to High School, of a public institution, in Farroupilha-RS. The study results, constructed from questionnaires and written tasks performed during the implementation of the teaching proposal created by the researcher, indicate to advances in the development of reading skills of the investigated students, indicating correlations between the characteristics of independent readers and the strategies they use. The analysis evidences how the students, from the teacher’s mediation and the interaction with others, experienced the text and appropriated the reading strategies. It is noticed that the individuals investigated conceived the literary text as a tool that provides an opportunity of human knowledge and alternatives for personal liberation, contributing to the development of their reading competence.