Skaitymas yra vienas svarbiausių gebėjimų, ugdant asmenybę, atliepiančią šiandieninio pasaulio keliamus reikalavimus bendriesiems gebėjimams: kritiškai mąstyti, efektyviai komunikuoti bei mokytis visą gyvenimą. Išlavinta sakytinė ir rašytinė kalba padeda žmogui kritiškai mąstyti, diskutuoti, lengviau integruotis į visuomenę. / In the today‘s world people need to have a skills of critical thinking, effective communication and lifelong learning. The best way to educate those skills is reading. The research literature shows that reading for pleasure is decline in the different ages and social status humans. The less in reading are teenagers, which better are watching television or playing in computer games. Parents are one of the most important literacy teachers and stimulators for children.

The current study examined the reading strategies of 19 bilingual undergraduate students who varied in reading proficiency (good or average) and language background (Chinese or Spanish). Using the think-aloud method, students’ reading strategies were measured and compared to determine whether strategy use differed as a function of reading proficiency, language background, and/or text level. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted to corroborate the findings obtained from the think-aloud protocols. Results from this study suggest that reading proficiency affects strategy use at the syntactic level, whereas language background affects strategy use at the vocabulary level. These findings have significant implications in education, particularly in the area of English language teaching. Students should be encouraged to use their first language reading skills when reading English text, as it facilitates their comprehension and improves their English literacy development.

In this qualitative study based on constructivist learning theory, nine intermediate level university students of German were observed as they read foreign language texts on the Internet. Through observations, as well as think-aloud protocols and semi-structured interviews, the study identified Internet reading strategies the students used, and determined the difficulties they encountered in Internet reading activities. The observed strategies were related to four different types of reading tasks the students had to complete and to the language levels of the students. The four task types included: (a) scanning for specific information, (b) skimming and summary writing, (c) detailed reading and text comparison, and (d) observing linguistic phenomena in a text. The research questions arose from the observation that, while the Internet has a positive influence on motivation, independent learning and cultural understanding (Alm-Lequeux, 2001; Brandl, 2002; Chapelle, 2000; Lee, 1997), the literature also talks of frustration on the part of the students, and of students being overwhelmed by foreign language Internet pages (Kubota, 1999; Rüschoff & Wolff, 1999; Shetzer & Warschauer, 2000). This frustration is hypothesized to be due to the fact that Internet texts are authentic texts written for readers in the target culture, and have not been adjusted to the linguistic and cultural knowledge level of foreign language students. There is still little empirical research on the specific ways students deal with these difficulties while completing Internet reading tasks. The present study was carried out with the aim of shedding light on the Internet reading process for pedagogical purposes. The think-aloud technique of data collection permitted a deeper understanding and a more precise description of this special type of reading than would have been possible with interviews alone. The data analysis revealed eight key factors playing a role in foreign language Internet reading: course performance level, background knowledge, motivation, strategic reading, computer skills, problem-solving style, hypertext structure, and type of task. These factors lead to pedagogical implications for designing suitable Internet tasks for foreign language students, and for scaffolding the foreign language Internet reading process.

Läsförståelse är en central beståndsdel i de flesta skolämnen. Att läsa med förståelse är viktigt för alla elever i skolan eftersom det kan ge dem möjlighet att utveckla kunskap i skolans ämnen (Eckeskog, 2015, s. 5-6). Trots att läsförståelsen är av denna vikt i skolan visar resultat frånProgram for International Student Assessment (PISA) att svenska elevers resultat i läsförståelse har sjunkit (Skolverket, 2013, s. 13). Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur lärare i årskurs 1-3 beskriver att de planerar och genomför sin undervisning av högläsning för att utveckla elevers läsförståelse. Detta besvaras med följande frågeställningar: Hur beskriver lärare att de arbetar med lässtrategier i samband med högläsningen?, Hur ges elever enligt lärare möjlighet att arbeta med texterna i högläsningen? Och slutligen: Vilka olika texttyper väljer lärare att fokusera på i sin undervisning i utvecklingen av elevers läsförståelse? Studien har sin utgångspunkt i det sociokulturella perspektivet. Materialet samlades in genom en kvalitativ metod, semistrukturerade intervjuer. Materialet analyserades genom kodning för att finna intressanta mönster i deltagarnas beskrivningar. Resultatet visade att lärarna använder högläsning som verktyg för att utveckla elevers läsförståelse. De läser både skönlitteratur och sakprosa. Före, under och efter högläsningen använder flertalet av lärarna lässtrategierna: förutspå, klargöra, sammanfatta och ställa frågor. Elever får enligt lärarna visa sin läsförståelse genom textsamtal, skrivning och arbete med bilder. / Reading comprehension is a central part of most school subjects. It is important for all pupils to be able to understand what they read, as it can enable them to develop knowledge within the school subjects (Eckeskog, 2015, p. 5-6). Although reading comprehension is of such importance in school, results from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) shows that Swedish pupils results in reading comprehension have fallen (Skolverket, 2013, p. 13). The purpose of this study is, therefore, to study how teachers in grades 1-3 describe that they plan and implement their read aloud teaching to develop the pupils’ reading comprehension. This will be answered by the following questions: How do teachers describe that they work with reading strategies in connection with the read aloud? How do the teachers, according to themselves, give the pupils the opportunity to work with the texts in the read aloud? And finally: What different types of texts do teachers focus on in their teaching in the development of the pupils’ reading comprehension? The study is based on the socioultural perspective. The data was collected through a qualitative method, semi structured interviews. The data was analyzed by coding to find interesting patterns in the participants descriptions. The results showed that the teachers use read aloud as a tool to develop the pupils’ reading comprehension. They read both fiction and non-fiction. Before, during and after the read aloud most teachers use some of the reading strategies: predict, clarify, summarize and questioning. According to the teachers, the pupils show their reading comprehension through text conversation, writing and working with pictures.

Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare implementerar litteratursamtal i sin undervisning samt vad de har för tankar om användningen av litteratursamtal, exempelvis hur de ser på litteratursamtalets funktion eller begränsningar och möjligheter. Eftersom Aidan Chambers anses som en auktoritet inom ämnet ”diskutera vad man läst”, relaterar vi vårt resultat och analyserar utifrån Chambers tankar om boksamtal. Ett sådant ”samtal” bör enligt Chambers innefatta frågor om personliga upplevelser samt oklarheter och mönster läsaren stött på i texten. Resultatet grundar sig på intervjuer med tre yrkesverksamma lärare och observationer av respektive lärares elevgrupp vid undervisning i litteratursamtal. Utifrån det insamlade materialet går det att utläsa att lärarnas uppfattningar ibland går isär, liksom deras sätt att undervisa. Vad som också framkommer i resultatet är att teori och praktik inte alltid stämmer överens. Det som framkom i intervjuerna var följaktligen inte alltid synligt i observationerna. De slutsatser som kan dras är att undervisningen på skolan som undersöks inte helt bedrivs i enlighet med Chambers, men att det ändå finns potential i upplägget. Lektionerna som observerades har flera kopplingar till reciprok undervisning där Barbro Westlunds material om Läsfixare är särskilt framtonande.

Submitted by Denize Lourenço (biblicfp@cfp.ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-13T18:47:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEILA KALINE SILVA DE SOUZA - DISSERTAÇÃO PROFLETRAS 2018.pdf: 23402692 bytes, checksum: db3a8d2fb019eea996758662abfcf92a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T18:47:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEILA KALINE SILVA DE SOUZA - DISSERTAÇÃO PROFLETRAS 2018.pdf: 23402692 bytes, checksum: db3a8d2fb019eea996758662abfcf92a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / A escola tem o dever de ofertar um ensino que possibilite aos alunos reconhecerem, lerem, compreenderem e produzirem textos pertencentes a gêneros diversos. Nessa perspectiva, o desenvolvimento da competência leitora, foco do nosso trabalho, pode possibilitar aos sujeitos/alunos uma atuação mais autônoma e crítica no contexto em que estão inseridos. Para isso, é importante que o docente, ao realizar seu planejamento, selecione os textos, considerando os objetivos pretendidos para a turma e defina estratégias necessárias para o desenvolvimento de atividades de leitura, com vistas a auxiliar o aluno na construção de uma compreensão para o texto. Diante de tudo isso, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa-ação de abordagem qualitativa e descritiva, que partiu da inquietação de querer conhecer a rotina das aulas de leitura em duas turmas de oitavo ano, em uma Escola Pública Estadual, localizada na cidade de Petrolina- PE, a fim de entender se os direcionamentos, aplicados pelo professor, oferecem as condições necessárias para a concretização de um trabalho produtivo e relevante com a leitura. A análise dos dados coletados nos fez concluir que o docente colaborador demonstra ter consciência do seu papel de mediador no processo de ensino-aprendizagem, porém não consegue desempenhá-lo em sua prática, que ainda está bastante arraigada ao método tradicional. De acordo com os estudos bibliográficos, que serviram de aporte para este trabalho, principalmente, os que se referem às ideias defendidas por Solé (1998), Kleiman (1993,1995) e Marcuschi (2002, 2005, 2008), a eficiência no ensino de leitura só é possível por meio da aplicação de uma prática docente que considere, entre outras coisas, os conhecimentos prévios do aluno, o contexto social e cultural no qual estão inseridos e os anseios desses sujeitos por leituras que sejam significativas para eles. Assim, com a pretensão de contribuirmos, de forma positiva, para uma possível mudança na realidade escolar, estabelecemos como objetivo geral desta pesquisa: analisar a prática docente com vistas a produzir um material de apoio didático para o professor, apresentando uma proposta de ensino de leitura voltada para as práticas sociais do aluno. Essa proposta é estruturada em quatro oficinas, facilmente aplicáveis e que trazem como objeto de estudo textos, que possuem um alinhamento com a vida social dos discentes para os quais a sua aplicação é destinada. / Offering a teaching that provides to the students the reconnaissance, reading, comprehension and writing of texts belonging to the different genres is the function of the school. From that point of view, the development of reading competence, the focus of our work, aims empower the subjects/students to act with an autonomous and critical performance in the context where they are inserted. This way, when carrying out the planning, it is necessary that the professor selects the texts considering the intended goals to the group and he defines the needed strategies to the development of reading activities with a view to assist the student in production of a comprehension for the text. Therefore, we develop a research-action with an qualitative and descriptive approach that started from the concern to know the routine of reading classes in two groups of eighth grader of elementary school at a State Public School located on Petrolina city-PE, in order to understand if the applied directions by the professor offer the necessary conditions to the achievement of a productive and relevant action with the reading. The analyses of the collected data make us concluded us that the collaborator professor demonstrates the sense of his function to mediate the teaching-learning process, however he cannot performance it in his action that is still considerable rooted to the traditional method. According to the bibliographic studies that were the theoretical basis for this work, mainly those that refer to the ideas defended by Solé (1998), Kleiman (1993,1995) and Marcuschi (2002, 2005, 2008), the efficiency in teaching reading is only possible through applicability of a teaching practice that considers the students’ previous knowledge, the social and cultural context where they are inserted and their wishes for readings that are meaningful for them. Thus, with the pretension to contribute positively for a possible change in the school reality and according to the analyses of detected data, we establish as general objective of this research: to analyze the teaching practice in order to produce a teaching support material for the professor. It will be possible with the presentation of a teaching of reading proposal focused on the social practices of student. This proposal is organized by four workshops easily applied and they involve texts as object of study that have a concordance with the students’ social life whose application is destined.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar elevers intresse och lust till att läsa skönlitteratur och vilka strategier som används för att motivera till läsning. För att möjliggöra denna studie intervjuas femton elever i en klass fem och deras tre lärare genom en metod som kallas fokusgrupper. Fokusgrupper är en kvalitativ intervjumetod som grundar sig helt på deltagarnas personliga upplevelser och åsikter. Deltagare i fokusgrupper får i förhand information om vad som skall diskuteras vid intervjutillfället. Det är deltagarnas diskussioner och resonemang som sedan analyseras och används som data till examensarbetet. Resultatet av studien visar att deltagarnas läsning av skönlitteratur präglas av en rad olika faktorer som skall gynna läsningen. Den främsta och viktigaste faktorn för att gynna den skönlitterära läsningen är valet av skönlitterär bok, den skall helst vara tilltalande och spännande. / The aim of this study is to investigate which factors that affect students interest and desire to read fiction and what strategies are used to motivate reading. In order to enable this study, fifteen students are interviewed in class five and their three teachers through a method called focus groups. Focus groups are an interview method that takes place in the participens per- sonal experiences and opinions. Participants in focus groups receive prior information about what should be discussed before and at the interview session. It is the participants discussions and reasoning that are important and then analysed and used as data for the exam project. The results of the study show that the participants reading of fiction is characterized by a variety of factors that should benefit from reading. The primary and most important factor for favouring the literary reading is the choice of fiction literature, it should preferably be appealing and exciting.

Submitted by VANIA KELEN BELÃO VAGULA null (vaniakbel@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-09T22:05:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_VANIA_VAGULA_2016.pdf: 6298390 bytes, checksum: 4f6d72a6cba59ff2214c5fea42b462ef (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-12T14:55:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vagula_vkb_dr_prud.pdf: 6298390 bytes, checksum: 4f6d72a6cba59ff2214c5fea42b462ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T14:55:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vagula_vkb_dr_prud.pdf: 6298390 bytes, checksum: 4f6d72a6cba59ff2214c5fea42b462ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Esta tese de doutorado está vinculada à linha de pesquisa “Processos formativos, ensino e aprendizagem” do Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação da FCT/UNESP, campus de Presidente Prudente. É uma investigação-ação que versa sobre o ensino de estratégias metacognitivas de leitura, com textos de Hans Christian Andersen. Pautou-se em uma concepção dialógica de linguagem e de texto, tendo como aporte uma metodologia de ensino norte-americana que propõe ensinar as estratégias de maneira sistematizada, apresentando-as uma de cada vez, em contextos que propiciem aos leitores em formação presenciarem o uso delas por leitores mais experientes (professor), em trocas com seus pares e individualmente (alunos). Objetivou conhecer mais sobre as contribuições que o ensino de leitura por meio de estratégias metacognitivas poderia proporcionar para as relações entre o leitor e o texto. Para o processo investigativo que constitui esta tese foram escolhidas sete estratégias: visualização, conexões – texto-texto, texto-leitor e texto-mundo–, perguntas ao texto, previsão, inferência, sumarização e síntese. Com o intuito de gerar os dados analisados, foram realizadas observações, diagnósticos, entrevistas e oficinas de leitura em uma sala de 5° ano do ensino fundamental da rede municipal de ensino de Presidente Prudente. Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre a vida e obra de Andersen, uma descrição da intervenção e uma análise dos resultados obtidos nas oficinas com cada uma das estratégias, contemplando uma discussão sobre os avanços nas relações entre leitor e texto após a intervenção efetivada, como parte desta pesquisa. O processo investigativo permitiu conhecer mais sobre a metodologia de ensino de estratégias metacognitivas de leitura, tendo apontado algumas dificuldades para o trabalho com textos literários, que envolveram as estratégias de sumarização e síntese, bem como a necessidade de que os leitores em formação coordenassem, para a concretização das aprendizagens, as capacidades de compreender a estratégia ensinada, tomar consciência de seus próprios pensamentos, compreender o(s) gráfico(s) proposto(s) e realizar o registro escrito. A tese confirmou, ainda, o papel do conhecimento prévio como essencial para compreender o novo, sendo que a leitura de diferentes textos do mesmo autor e a aquisição de conhecimentos sobre Andersen trouxeram contribuições significativas para ampliar e aprofundar os conhecimentos dos alunos. A análise dos dados demonstrou também que a aprendizagem de estratégias com a metodologia adotada e sua prática em contextos reais de leitura com os textos selecionados pôde auxiliar na aproximação entre aluno e texto, facilitando a compreensão. Apontou, assim, avanços significativos para a formação dos sujeitos desta pesquisa, ajudando-os a se tornarem leitores ativos e a incorporarem as estratégias trabalhadas, como recursos amplos para estabelecerem diálogos ricos com os textos. / This doctoral thesis is linked to the line of research "training process, teaching and learning" of the Post-Graduate Program in Education of the FCT/UNESP, Presidente Prudente campus. It is an action research which deals with the teaching of metacognitive reading strategies from Hans Christian Andersen‟s work. The research was based on a dialogical conception of language and text, with the contribution of an American teaching methodology which proposes that strategies are taught in a systematic way, appearing one at a time in contexts that provide readers in training witnessing their use by more experienced readers (teacher), in exchange with their peers and individuals (students). It aimed at learning more about the contributions that reading instruction through metacognitive strategies could provide for the reading procedure. Regards to the investigative process that constitutes this thesis, seven reading strategies were chosen: visualizing, connections - text-to-text, text-toreader and text-to-world -, questioning, prediction, inferring, summary and synthesis. In order to generate the data analyzed, observations, diagnoses, interviews and reading workshops were performed in a room of 5th grade of elementary school in Presidente Prudente. This thesis presents a study on Andersen‟ life and work, the description of the intervention and analysis of the outcomes in workshops with each of the strategies, including a discussion on the progress in relations between reader and text after the intervention of this research. The investigative process allowed us to know more about the methodology of teaching metacognitive reading strategies, pointing out some difficulties to work with literary texts which involved summary and synthesis strategies as well as the needs for readers in formation coordinate, for achievement of learning, skills taught to understand the strategy, be aware of their own thoughts, understand the graphic(s) proposed and elaborate the written activities. The thesis also confirmed the role of prior knowledge as essential to understand the new one. Reading different texts by the same author and the acquisition of knowledge about Andersen has made significant contributions to expand and deepen students‟ knowledge. Data analysis also showed that the learning strategies with the methodology used, and its practice in real contexts of reading with the selected texts, could make the approach between student and text easier. It pointed, thus, significant advances for the formation of the subjects of this research, helping them to become active readers and to incorporate the strategies worked as ample resources to establish rich dialogues with texts.

One of the many core aspects of learning a language involves reading comprehension. Being able to not only read but understand and decipher the context of content is one of the many factors that are essential in order to fully comprehend a subject. Reading comprehension is this assignments main focus and we have delved into this category through a literature study.For this literature study, we have analyzed the research of multiple different theses as well as scientific articles. Various different studies have been made regarding reading comprehension. We however, have decided to primarily engage in the reading strategies that were originally formed by Palincsar and Brown. The research in which these two authors elaborated on a reading strategy called reciprocal teaching. The content of this assignment discusses the meaning of reciprocal teaching, its' benefits as well as the disadvantages of using the strategy.The reason why this reading comprehension strategy originated lies within the fact that many students were lacking in understanding what they were reading. This became an evident issue that had to be addressed as school results were gradually decreasing. As reciprocal teaching became some sort of phenomena, many countries wanted to implement the strategy into their schools - this includes Sweden.Throughout the many years in which the strategy has been used in schools all over the world, statistics have shown that reciprocal teaching is a valid method for increased knowledge in reading comprehension. In Swedish institutional schools, reciprocal teaching is being used on a daily basis. It has however translated and expanded itself into what is being called "läsfixarna" which this assignment will also discuss. The results show that reciprocal teaching is a fundamentally working strategy that has proven to improve reading comprehension.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:44:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2786770 bytes, checksum: 765a711ad5281a16759dda5c5e821908 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-20 / This research is in Applied Linguistic field of study, specifically in Mother TongueTeaching and it emerged from the need of understanding how we read and which resources are used on text reading and on textual genres composed by verbal and nonverbal language, also called multimodal texts and genres. It also comes from the need of understanding how thepresence of visual elements such as infographics influence the reading. In this way, we investigated the reading of a scientific report accompanied by an infographic, aiming to understanding how university students read and process the genres composed by verbal and nonverbal language, how they act, which reading strategies they make use and how the infographic influences the reading. In order to achieve our aims, we divided the participants in to two groups. One of them read a complet report accompanied by an infographic (text A) and the other one only read a verbal text from the report without that infographic (text B). Both of the groups were submitted to three methods of data collection: the verbal protocol, the list of reading strategies and the understanding questionnaire. The first method was applied to observe the reading perception, the procedures adopted and some reading strategies. The reading inventories were applied to observe the strategies used and the questionnaires were used to evaluate the understanding. Each method was elaborated according to the text that every group of readers had access. In our analyses, we found that, besides ensuring more flexibility on chosen ways of reading, the presence of infographic contributes to a superior retention of the information and a better comprehension of the details described on it. However, its presence was not able to improve the global comprehension of the text. In relation to the reading of multimodality genres, we found out that despite the similar characteristics to the reading of verbal texts, it also owns specific particularities of the nonverbal language which include the spatial organization, the use of colors and size. All of these needs to be considered on reading, because they contribute to the meaning making of the process. We also checked that almost 60% of the readers showed that they acted strategically, establishing inferences, seeking correlations between the verbal and the nonverbal language, selecting relevant information to make the images, the infographic and parts of the reports meaningful. However, we evidenced some readers showed difficulties to understand the infographic visual information and to express the possible relation in its visual organization. Concerning the reading strategies, we found out that the use of strategies contributed to the readers of text A, with info graphic, and of the text B, without info graphic, had a good comprehension. The study also revealed a necessity of the teaching of reading to focus on the comprehension of strategies, mainly the multimodal ones. / Esta pesquisa inscreve-se na área da Linguística Aplicada, mais especificamente no ensino de Língua Materna, e foi motivada pela necessidade de entendermos como lemos e que recursos são usados na leitura de textos compostos pela linguagem verbal e não verbal, os chamados textos multimodais, bem como pela necessidade de entender como a presença de elementos visuais, como os infográficos influenciam a leitura. Dessa forma, investigamos a leitura de uma reportagem de divulgação científica acompanhada por um infográfico, buscando observar como alunos universitários leem e compreendem gêneros compostos pela linguagem verbal e não verbal, como agem, que estratégias de leitura usam, bem como de que maneira a presença do infográfico influencia a leitura. A fim de alcançarmos nossos objetivos, dividimos os participantes em dois grupos, um grupo leu a reportagem na integra, acompanhada pelo infográfico (texto A) e o outro leu somente o texto verbal da reportagem, sem a presença do infográfico (texto B). Esses dois grupos foram submetidos a três métodos de coleta de dados: o protocolo verbal, o inventário de estratégias de leitura e o questionário de compreensão. O primeiro foi aplicado para observarmos as percepções de leitura, os procedimentos adotados e a algumas estratégias de leitura. Os inventários de leitura foram aplicados para observarmos quais estratégias foram usadas e os questionários de compreensão foram utilizados para avaliar a compreensão. Cada um desses métodos foi elaborado de acordo com o texto ao qual cada grupo de leitores teve acesso. Em nossas análises constatamos que a presença do infográfico, além de garantir maior flexibilidade nos caminhos de leitura escolhidos, contribui também para maior retenção de suas informações e melhor compreensão dos detalhes nele descritos, porém sua presença não foi capaz de ampliar a compreensão global do texto. Quanto à leitura dos gêneros multimodais verificamos que, apesar de ter características semelhantes à leitura de textos verbais, ela também possui particularidadesespecíficas da linguagem não verbal, que inclui a organização espacial, o uso de cores, tamanho, que precisam ser considerados na leitura, pois contribuem para a construção do sentido. Verificamos ainda que quase 60% dos leitores mostraram ter agido estrategicamente estabelecendo inferências, buscando correlações entre a linguagem verbal e não verbal, selecionando informações relevantes para a construção do significado de imagens e do infográfico como um todo e também de partes da reportagem. Porém, evidenciamos que boa parte dos leitores mostraram dificuldades na compreensão de informações visuais do infográfico e das possíveis relações expressas em sua organização visual. Quanto às estratégias de leitura, constamos que o uso de estratégias contribuiu para que os leitores do texto A, com o infográfico, e do texto B, sem infográfico, tivessem uma boa compreensão dos textos. O trabalho ainda revelou que o ensino de leitura precisa se profundar no uso de estratégias para a compreensão de diferentes textos, principalmente dos multimodais.