This knowledge overview aims to examine the importance of decoding for students learning how to read and if it can be used as a tool to measure approximate future development in reading comprehension. The study aims to answer the questions “What does current research say about decoding and its implications for monolingual students and their future reading comprehension?” and “What tests are used by researchers to measure students decoding, reading comprehension and fluency”. Reading comprehension is explained as an umbrella term for several smaller groups. Mainly decoding, phonological awareness and language comprehension.  In this overview several scientific studies about decoding and its potential implications will be analyzed and compared with each other and prior research. This research was collected through the database ERIC (EBSCO) with key words with the purpose of finding scientific papers pertaining to the subject in question.  These studies examine students' current decoding abilities to try to distinguish what their reading comprehension levels will be in the future. These results are then followed up with reading comprehension tests to see if the approximations were correct.  The results indicate that the majority of researchers agree that decoding is a good way of estimating students' future performance and growth in reading comprehension. These results lay the foundation for further research that will examine three things: What is the best way to teach kids decoding in order to help with future reading, How do bi- and multilingual students feel about the Swedish subject in schools and how are students with dyslexia affected by the current strategy used to teach them to read. / Denna kunskapsöversikt ämnar att undersöka hur viktig avkodning är för elevers läsutveckling samt om den kan användas som ett verktyg för att mäta framtida läsförståelseutveckling. Frågeställningarna “Vad säger nuvarande didaktisk forskning om avkodning och dess implikationer för enspråkiga elevers framtida läsförståelse i grundskolan?” och “Vilka tester använder forskarna för att mäta elevers avkodning, läsförståelse och läsflyt?”. Läsförståelse används som ett paraplybegrepp för flera mindre delar. Främst avkodning, fonologisk medvetenhet och språkförståelse.  I denna översikt analyseras och jämförs flera forskningar om avkodning och dess potentiella implikationer, både med varandra och med tidigare forskning. Denna forskning samlades genom databasen ERIC (EBSCO) med hjälp av nyckelord med anledning av att hitta vetenskapliga studier som behandlade ämnet.  Forskningarna undersöker elevers avkodningsförmåga och försöker uppskatta hur deras läsförståelsenivåer kommer vara i framtiden. Resultaten grundas i läsförståelsetest för att se om de uppskattade resultaten var korrekta. Resultaten indikerar att majoriteten av forskarna var överens om att avkodning är ett bra verktyg för att uppskatta elevers framtida prestation och utveckling när det gäller läsförståelse. Resultaten lägger grund för vidare forskning som kommer undersöka tre saker: “Hur lär man elever att avkoda på bästa sätt för att ge dem bra förutsättningar inför deras framtida läsning?”, “Hur upplever flerspråkiga elever svenskämnet i skolan?” och “Hur påverkas elever med problematiken dyslexi av de nuvarande strategier som används för att lära dem läsa?

Dans cette thèse, nous avons examiné chez des apprentis lecteurs le traitement de l'information latérale en lecture de mots isolés et le comportement oculomoteur en lecture de texte. Dans un premier groupe d'expériences, nous montrons que les apprentis lecteurs présentent une sensibilité à l'information latérale. Cette sensibilité dépend des caractéristiques de cette information (linguistique versus non linguistique) mais elle varie également selon le degré de difficulté associée au traitement de l'information centrale (mots fréquents versus mots peu fréquents). Le contrôle des ressources attentionnelles serait moins efficace chez les apprentis lecteurs que chez les lecteurs experts. Un deuxième groupe d'expériences met en évidence une amélioration de la capacité à traiter l'information latérale au cours de l'apprentissage de la lecture. Les résultats montrent également des différences qualitatives entre les lecteurs débutants et les lecteurs experts dans l'initiation des traitements lexicaux à partir de l'information parafovéale. Dans notre troisième groupe d'expériences, les résultats montrent qu'en lecture de texte, les apprentis lecteurs fixent plus longtemps les mots et les refixent également plus souvent que les lecteurs experts. Au fur et à mesure de l'apprentissage de la lecture, la taille des saccades s'accroît. De plus, les effets de la longueur des mots et de la fréquence sont plus importants chez les lecteurs de CE2 que chez les lecteurs de CM2 ou les lecteurs experts. Les différences développementales mises en évidence sont principalement liées à des facteurs cognitifs plutôt qu'à des facteurs oculomoteurs. / This thesis explore in beginning readers processing of lateral information in isolated reading task and eye movement in text reading. In a first serie of experiments, we show that beginning readers are sensitive to the lateral information. This sensitivity depends upon the difficulty of the central word that is under processing, but also upon the nature of the lateral information (linguistic versus non linguistic). Control of the visual attention could be less developped in beginning readers that in expert readers. In a second serie of experiments, our results indicate that increased reading skill goes hand in hand with the ability to extract more information from lateral vision. Differance are also evidenced between beginning readers and expert readers in the way initiation of the lexical processing from lateral information is achieve. In a third serie of experiments, results show that in text reading, beginning readers make shorter saccades, had higher fixation durations and higher refixation probabilities than in older or expert readers. Developmental differences that are evidenced are mainly linked to cognitive processes than oculomotor processes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:57:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Aparecida Pasqual Fernandes.pdf: 3040700 bytes, checksum: c5332efb75824298dd2c5940f1aa9b1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-09 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The schooling success in the initial grades of elementary school is an important factor for the satisfactory development in the school process, in view on the fact; this is the period that necessary academics repertoires to learning of all the contents that surround the schooling environment are taught. The difficulties in learning of reading have been studied in different approaches, such as the Behavior Analysis, that has investigated the efficacy on the stimulus equivalence paradigm, involving teaching of words and phrases. Besides, the stimulus equivalence paradigm also helped to the elaboration of educational software Mestre®, present in some of these studies. The current study had the goal of implementing a word-reading teaching proposal to eight students from the second grade of elementary school, with a diagnosis of insufficient repertoire. After evaluating the participants repertoire of previous reading, it was carried out a procedure of teaching twenty-four words formed by simple and complex syllables, developed by conditional discriminated tasks by matching process according to the model (MTS) and the choice according to the model of constructed responses (CRMTS) that were programmed with the assistance of Mestre®. The relations between dictated words (A) and picture (B) and between dictated word (A) and printed word (C) were taught. In the tasks that involved constructed responses, the relation between printed word (C) and letters that were composed the printed word (E) and between the dictated word (A) and letters that were composed the spoken word (E) were trained. After these trainings, emergency tests of non-trained relations (B-C and C-D) were executed, such as expressive reading, involving relation C-D. Also reading generalization tests composed by 15 words formed by 15 simple syllables, 15 complex syllables and 5 phrases were carried out. The results show that all the participants, but one who, did not finish the teaching program, obtained satisfactory performance levels in tests which involved reading of the training words. In relation to reading generalization of simple words, two participants reached 100% of rightness, one reached level of 93,3%, one reached level of 60% and two of them presented results less than 30%. In reading of complex syllables words, two participants reached a level further than 80% of rightness, two participants presented results less than 40%, while the others did not read any of the presented words. In relation to phrases, only one participant presented null performance; the others read more than one phrase, and one of them read the five proposed ones. For such results, more superior to the ones obtained in the evaluation of previous repertoire, it was concluded that teaching proposal permitted amplification of reading repertoire of all participants and that is possible, teaching relation between different modalities of stimuli through Mestre®, making the generalized of reading emergency possible, including the bigger units, such as phrases / O sucesso escolar nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental é fator importante para o desenvolvimento satisfatório do processo de escolarização, visto que é neste período que são ensinados os repertórios acadêmicos necessários à aprendizagem dos demais conteúdos que circulam no ambiente escolar. As dificuldades na aprendizagem de leitura têm sido objeto de estudo em diferentes abordagens, entre elas a Análise do Comportamento, que tem investigado a eficácia do paradigma de equivalência de estímulos na ampliação de repertório de leitura, envolvendo ensino de palavras e de frases. Além disso, tal paradigma serviu de base, também, para a elaboração do software educacional Mestre®, presente em alguns desses estudos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo implementar uma proposta de ensino de leitura de palavras a oito alunos de segunda série do ensino fundamental, com diagnóstico de repertório insuficiente. Após avaliar o repertório prévio de leitura dos participantes, realizou-se um procedimento de ensino de 24 palavras formadas por sílabas simples e complexas, desenvolvido por meio de tarefas de discriminação condicional por procedimento de escolha de acordo com o modelo (MTS) e de escolha de acordo com o modelo com respostas construídas (CRMTS) que foram programadas com o auxílio do Mestre®. Foram ensinadas as relações entre palavra ditada (A) e figura (B) e entre palavra ditada (A) e palavra impressa (C). Nas tarefas envolvendo respostas construídas, foram treinadas as relações entre palavra impressa (C) e letras que compunham a palavra impressa (E) e entre palavra ditada (A) e letras que compunham a palavra falada (E). Após o treino das relações citadas, foram conduzidos testes de emergência de relações não treinadas (B-C e C-B), bem como de leitura expressiva, envolvendo a relação C-D. Foram conduzidos, também, testes de generalização de leitura compostos por 15 palavras formadas por sílabas simples, 15 formadas por sílabas complexas e por 5 frases. Os resultados mostram que todos os participantes, exceto um que não finalizou o programa de ensino, obtiveram índices de desempenho satisfatórios nos testes envolvendo a leitura das palavras treinadas. Em relação à generalização de leitura de palavras com sílabas simples, dois participantes atingiram 100% de acertos, um atingiu o índice de 93,3%, um atingiu o índice de 60% e dois deles apresentaram resultados inferiores a 30%. Na leitura de palavras com sílabas complexas, dois participantes atingiram índices acima de 80% de acertos, dois participantes atingiram índices inferiores a 40%, enquanto que os demais não leram nenhuma das palavras apresentadas. Em relação às frases, apenas um participante apresentou desempenho nulo; os demais leram uma ou mais frases, sendo que um deles leu as cinco frases propostas. Por tais resultados, muito superiores aos obtidos na avaliação do repertório prévio, conclui-se que a proposta de ensino permitiu a ampliação do repertório de leitura de todos os participantes e que é possível, ensinando-se as relações entre as diferentes modalidades de estímulos, por meio do Mestre®, possibilitar a emergência de leitura generalizada, inclusive de unidades maiores, como frases

L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi fou estudiar longitudinalment l'adquisició lectora (català i castellà), de 2n. a 5è. cursos d'Educació Primària, en una mostra de 214 alumnes (101 nenes i 113 nens) d'una escola pública catalana, a partir dels resultats obtinguts en les Proves Psicopedagògiques d'Aprenentatges Instrumentals (P.P.A.I.; Canals, Carbonell, Estaún i Añaños, 1988), aplicades a principi i final de cada curs. Les P.P.A.I. valoren la velocitat i exactitud de descodificació lectora a través de la lectura de textos diferents per a cada curs, i la comprensió lectora mitjançant exercicis diferents per a cada curs (ordenar frases, executar ordres escrites, respondre qüestions sobre el contingut d'un text...).Els resultats van ser:-La majoria de la mostra, escolaritzada en català, amb independència de la llengua més parlada a casa (català o castellà), van desenvolupar progressivament i de forma similar les habilitats lectores (català i castellà) iniciades en cursos anteriors, aconseguint a finals de 5è. l'automatització dels procés de descodificació lectora en ambdues llengües.-La velocitat lectora pràcticament es va triplicar, passant d'unes 40 paraules/minut inicials a unes 130 paraules /minut a finals de 5è.- L'exactitud lectora també va augmentar i, a finals de 5è., la majoria de la mostra llegien sense quasi errors d'exactitud.-La comprensió lectora cada cop fou més elaborada i la majoria es van afrontar progressivament, amb èxit, a activitats més complexes de comprensió lectora.-En general, el desenvolupament de les habilitats lectores va ser bastant similar en els dos sexes, però a finals de 5è. es van detectar més nens que nenes amb nivell baix (descodificació i/o comprensió) i més nenes que nens amb nivell alt (descodificació i/o comprensió).-Els subjectes que es van situar en un nivell mig (descodificació i/o comprensió) a 2n., van ser els que més es van mantenir en el mateix nivell fins a 5è. En canvi, els que a 2n. mostraven nivells extrems (alt o baix), van evolucionar de forma més variable.-Es va observar que les habilitats adequades de descodificació lectora no van implicar, necessàriament, haver desenvolupat un bon nivell de comprensió lectora. I al revés, un bon nivell de comprensió no sempre va correlacionar amb un nivell correcte de descodificació.-Després de classificar la mostra en tres subgrups (mig, alt i baix) a partir dels resultats en descodificació i comprensió en català de l'última valoració de 5è., es van observar evolucions bastant paral·leles entre els subgrups en velocitat i comprensió, mantenint-se cada subgrup en el nivell que els definia al llarg dels diferents cursos. Però un 6,54% de la mostra, amb dificultats de comprensió lectora en català a finals de 5è, va experimentar, respecte la mostra i el seu propi rendiment en la primera valoració de 5è., una important disminució de la comprensió lectora a finals de 5è. / The main objective of this thesis has been to do a longitudinal study of reading acquisition (catalan and castilian) with children from the second to the fith year of primary school. The sample used was a group of 214 students (101 girls and 113 boys) studying in a State Catalan school and the study was carried out using the results obtained in the Proves Psicopedagògiques d'Aprenentatges Instrumentals (P.P.A.I.; Canals, Carbonell, Estaún and Añanos, 1988) given at the beginning and at the end of each school year. The P.PA.I. test the speed and accuracy of reading decodification through the reading of different texts for each course and also reading comprehension through different exercises for each of the courses (ordering sentences, executing reading orders, answering questions about the content of a text...)The following results were obtained:-The majority of the sample, instructed in catalan independently of the language most spoken at home (catalan or castilian) developed the reading abilities (catalan and castilian) initiated in previous years progressively and similarly, automatizing the process of reading decodification at the end of the fifth year.-The reading speed nearly tripled going from 40 words per minute initially till 130 words per minute at the end of the fifth year.-The reading accuracy also increased and a the end of the fifth year most students were able to read without hardly making any errors of accuracy.-Reading comprehension also increased and most students were progressively able to succeed in more complex reading comprehension activities.-In general, the development of reading abilities was pretty similar in both sexes but at the end of the fifth year there were more boys with a low level of decodification and/or comprehension and more girls than boys with a higher level of decodification and/or comprehension.-The subjects with a mid level of decodification and/or comprehension in the second level were the ones who remained in the same level in the fifth year. On the other hand, the subjects who showed extreme levels (high or low) developed in a more variable way.-We also observed that the subjects who developed fair abilities of reading decodification did not necessarily develop a good level of reading comprehension. On the contrary,a good level of comprehension did not always correlate with a fair level of decodification.-After classifying the sample in three subgroups (high, medium and low) through the results obtained in decodification and comprehension in catalan from the last assessment in the fifth year we observed quite paralell evolutions between the subgroups in speed and comprehension, each of the subgroups maintaining in the same level along the different courses. But there was a 6.54% of the sample with difficult reading comprehension in catalan that at the end of the fifth year showed an important decrease in reading comprehension compared to the first assessment given at the beginning of the fifth year.

Les études longitudinales en milieu scolaire débutant en maternelle permettent une analyse des facteurs propres à l'enfant et à son environnement impliqués dans le développement de la lecture et de la réussite scolaire. Cependant, les études visant à analyser l'influence longitudinale de ces facteurs dès l'école maternelle restent exceptionnelles en France. Une étude épidémiologique initiée en 2001 dans la Communauté Urbaine de Creusot Montceau (Saône-et-Loire, France) avait comme objectif l'examen des contributions des facteurs propres à l'enfant et des variables environnementales dans l'acquisition de la lecture et la réussite scolaire dès la maternelle (3-6 ans) jusqu'au milieu de l'école élémentaire (CE2, 8-9 ans). Le travail de thèse présenté a permis le prolongement de la période de recueil de donnés jusqu'à la fin du collège (3ème, 14-15 ans) représentant une période de suivi de 10 ans dans la population générale. L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'identifier les facteurs propres à l'enfant (cognitifs, académiques et comportementaux) et des variables environnementales (facteurs sociodémographiques et caractéristiques familiales) dans le développement de la lecture à la fin de l'école primaire (CM2) et la réussite scolaire à la fin du collège (3ème). Les échantillons comprenaient 829 enfant inscrits en Grande Section de Maternelle pendant l'année scolaire 2001-2001 (Cohorte 1, 90% de l'échantillon initial) suivis jusqu'à la fin du collège (année scolaire 2010-2011) et 812 enfants de Grande Section de Maternelle durant l'année 2003-2004 (Cohorte 3) suivis jusqu'à la fin de l'école élémentaire (Cours Moyen 2, année scolaire 2008-2009). En Grande Section de Maternelle, le recueil de données a compris l'évaluation des compétences cognitives, académiques et comportementales des enfants, ainsi que le recueil des informations concernant le contexte familial. Les mesures de réussite scolaire ont compris les résultats des enfants dans les évaluations nationales réalisées à la fin du collège pour la Cohorte 1, (Diplôme National du Brevet) et les performances des enfants dans une mesure standardisée de lecture de mots à la fin de l'école élémentaire pour la Cohorte 3 (ODEDYS, Jacquier-Roux, Valdois & Zorman, 2002). Les compétences de traitement phonologique, la connaissance de lettres et le comportement attentif étaient les prédicteurs le plus significatifs de la lecture de mots au Cours Moyen 2. Le signalement par les parents d'antécédents familiaux de difficultés de lecture était associé simultanément avec des difficultés de lecture et le comportement inattentif à la fin de l'école élémentaire. En 3ème année du collège, les compétences de langage oral, la connaissance de lettres, la mémoire verbal à court terme, le raisonnement perceptif (facteur non-verbal) et le comportement attentif des enfants en maternelle, ainsi que le niveau d'éducation des parents et le type de famille, ont prédit significativement la mesure de réussite scolaire générale à la fin du collège. En outre, les résultats ont montré l'influence de plusieurs caractéristiques familiales dont la nationalité du père, le mode de garde avant la scolarisation, les rituels d'endormissement et les antécédents familiaux de difficultés de lecture. Ces caractéristiques renvoient à des facteurs qui mettent un enfant en risque d'échec scolaire à la fin du collège. Ce travail contribue à la littérature scientifique existante concernant les facteurs propres à l'enfant et à son environnent familial liés à l'acquisition de la lecture et à la réussite scolaire. Les résultats permettent l'identification des facteurs familiaux mettant un enfant à risque d'échec scolaire. Il ont des importantes implications pour repérer le plus précocement possible les enfants à risque de développer des difficultés de lecture et d'échec scolaire et pour mettre en place des programmes d'intervention adéquats à ses difficultés dès le début des trajectoires académiques de l'enfant. / Longitudinal studies starting during kindergarten provide an appropriate method to investigate the child- and environmental-level factors that account for children's reading and academic achievement later in their educational trajectories. In France, studies designed to follow-up children longitudinally from kindergarten onwards remain scarce. An epidemiological study started in 2001 in the Urban Community of Creusot Montceau (Saône-et-Loire, France) sought initially to identify the factors associated with children's reading acquisition and academic achievement from preschool (3-6 years) to the middle of elementary school (Grade 3, 8-9 years). The PhD project reported here aimed to extend the original design of data collection to the end of middle school (Grade 9, 14-15 years) spanning a 10-year follow-up period in the general population. This work aimed to investigate the specific contributions of child-level factors (cognitive-academic skills, behavior problems) and environment-level factors (sociodemographic and family characteristics) for children's subsequent reading acquisition at the end of elementary school (Grade 5), as well as academic achievement at the end of middle school (Grade 9). The samples of analysis comprised 829 kindergarteners in the 2001-2002 school year (Cohort 1, 90% of the initial sample) followed through the end of middle school (Cohort 1, 2010-2011 school year) and 812 kindergarteners in the 2003-2004 school year (Cohort 3), from which a sub-sample of 154 participants was followed through the end of elementary school (2008-2009 school year). At kindergarten, assessment included measures of children's cognitive-academic and behavioral skills, as well as family background characteristics. Outcome measures were composed of children's results in the national evaluations performed at the end of middle school for Cohort 1 ("Diplôme National du Brevet") and of children's scores in standardized measures of word reading achievement at the end of elementary school for Cohort 3 (ODEDYS, Jacquier-Roux, Valdois & Zorman, 2002). The results indicated that children's phonological processing skills, letter knowledge and attentive behavior were the most robust predictors of word reading achievement at Grade 5. In addition, parental reports of familial antecedents of reading difficulties also contributed to predict word reading at Grade 5 and were specifically associated with both reading difficulties and inattention behavior at this grade level. At Grade 9, children's oral language skills, letter knowledge, short-term verbal memory, perceptual reasoning (non-verbal cognitive ability) and attentive behavior at kindergarten predicted significantly the outcome measure of general academic achievement at Grade 9, together with parental educational level and family structure. Moreover, results indicated the influence of several family characteristics referring to father's nationality, type of early childcare, language-based bedtime routines and familial antecedents of reading difficulties as risk factors for children's subsequent academic underachievement. The present work contributes to the extant literature regarding the child- and family-level factors associated with subsequent reading acquisition and academic achievement from kindergarten to elementary and middle school. Importantly, these results allowed the identification of novel familial risk factors that influence negatively children's subsequent academic trajectories. These findings have important implications regarding the child and family factors that should be targeted during kindergarten in order to prevent children's subsequent reading and academic difficulties and to promote adequate intervention strategies early in children's educational trajectories.