L’arthrose (OA) est un rhumatisme chronique dont la prise en charge médicamenteuse repose principalement sur les antalgiques et anti-inflammatoires, ce qui justifie la nécessité de rechercher d’autres cibles thérapeutiques. L’une de ces cibles potentielles est la galectine 3, une lectine sécrétée dans l’articulation au cours de la pathogenèse de cette maladie. Cette lectine interagit avec ses ligands à la surface des cellules articulaires pour engendrer des réactions inflammatoires et des phénomènes de catabolisme matriciel au niveau des tissus ostéo-articulaires, ce qui en fait une cible intéressante dans le traitement de l’OA. Le 1e objectif de ce projet de recherche est de mieux caractériser les effets biologiques de la galectine 3 sur le métabolisme chondrocytaire. Le 2e objectif est de concevoir des formes tronquées de galectine 3 et le 3e objectif est de démontrer leur potentiel d’inhibiteur de la forme entière de galectine 3 dans l’articulation. Ces travaux montrent que la galectine 3 est un facteur pro-inflammatoire, pro-catabolique mais aussi anti-anabolique dans le chondrocyte. Plusieurs formes tronquées recombinantes de galectine 3 ont été produites. Des tests préliminaires d’activité biologique in vitro démontrent que dans certaines conditions, l’une d’elles inhibe partiellement les effets biologiques de la galectine 3 sur des chondrocytes humains. Ces travaux de recherche constituent la preuve de concept d’un projet global s’inscrivant dans une perspective de thérapie génique pour l’OA / Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic rheumatism which drug management is based on antalgic and anti-inflammatory drugs, which requires the need to search for other therapeutic targets. One of these potential targets may be galectin 3, a lectin secreted in the joint during the pathogenesis of the disease. This lectin binds its ligands on the surface of the joint cells and thus, leads to inflammatory reactions and matrix catabolism phenomena, making it an attractive target in the treatment of OA. The 1st aim of our research project was to characterize the biological activity of galectin 3 on chondrocyte metabolism. The 2nd aim was to design and produce several truncated forms of galectin 3. The 3rd aim was to evaluate the presumed galectin 3-inhibiting activity of the truncated forms. This objective is part from the perspective of gene therapy for OA. Our work shows that galectin 3 is a proinflammatory, procatabolic but also an antianabolic factor in chondrocytes. Several recombinant truncated forms of galectin 3 were designed and produced. Preliminary tests of biological activity in vitro show that the chosen truncated lectin partially inhibits the biological activity of galectin-3 on human chondrocytes under a few conditions. This work is the proof of concept of a broader project of which perspective is gene therapy in OA

Water scarcity induced by drought, temperature, and salinity has plagued agricultural sustainability in recent years with unprecedented revenue losses, raising concerns for worldwide food security. Recent studies have revealed unique botanical response mechanisms to combat water related stress, namely the expression of proteins known as the dehydrins. Dehydrin proteins have been shown to serve various intracellular protective functions. The gene for a SK5 type dehydrin from the arctic plant Cerastium arcticum (CaDHN) was introduced into tobacco plants and water deficit tolerance was evaluated. Plants overexpressing CaDHN displayed improved tolerance to salt stress, but no improvement was observed under drought stress. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The error free repair of DNA double strand breaks through the homologous recombinational repair pathway is essential for organisms of all types to sustain life. A detailed structural and mechanistic understanding of this pathway has been the target of intense study since the identification of bacterial recA, the gene whose product is responsible for the catalysis of DNA strand exchange, in 1965. The work presented here began with defining residues that are important for the assembly and stability of the RecA filament, and progressed to the identification of residues critical for the transfer of ATP-mediated allosteric information between subunits in the protein's helical filament structure. My work then evolved to investigate similar mechanistic details concerning the role of ATP in the human RecA homolog, Rad51. Results from non-conservative mutagenesis studies of the N-terminal region of one subunit and the corresponding interacting surface on the neighboring subunit within the RecA protein, led to the identification of residues critical for the formation of the inactive RecA filament but not the active nucleoprotein filament. Through the use of specifically engineered cysteine substitutions we observed an ATP-induced change in the efficiency of cross subunit disulfide bond formation and concluded that the position of residues in this region as defined by the current crystal structure may not accurately reflect the active form of the protein. These ATP induced changes in positioning led to the further investigation of the allosteric mechanism resulting in the identification of residue Phe217 as the key mediator for ATP-induced information transfer from one subunit to the next. In transitioning to investigate homologous mechanisms in the human pathway I designed a system whereby we can now analyze mutant human proteins in human cells. This was accomplished through the use of RNA interference, fluorescent transgenes, confocal microscopy and measurements of DNA repair. In the process of establishing the system, I made the first reported observation of the cellular localization of one of the Rad51 paralogs, Xrcc3, before and after DNA damage. In addition we found that a damage induced reorganization of the protein does not require the presence of Rad51 and the localization to DNA breaks occurs within 10 minutes. In efforts to characterize the role of ATP in human Rad51 mediated homologous repair of double strand breaks we analyzed two mutations in Rad51 specifically affecting ATP hydrolysis, K133A and K133R. Data presented here suggests that, in the case of human cells, ATP hydrolysis and therefore binding, by Rad51 is essential for successful repair of induced damage.

Leptospirose é uma zoonose mundial que causa grandes prejuízos econômicos e sociais. Os mecanismos de patogenicidade da leptospira ainda não estão totalmente elucidados. Nesse trabalho foi avaliado o papel de três proteínas hipotéticas de superfície na patogenia da leptospirose: LIC11009, LIC11360 e LIC11975. Os genes foram clonados a partir do DNA da L. interrogans sorovar Copenhageni e as proteínas recombinantes foram purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade. RT-qPCR mostrou a transcrição dos genes em leptospiras. As proteínas recombinantes reagiram com soro de humanos diagnosticados com leptospirose. rLIC11009 induziu somente resposta imune Th1 em camundongos, enquanto que rLIC11360 e rLIC11975 induziram resposta Th1 e Th2. As três proteínas recombinantes se ligaram à laminina e plasminogênio, enquanto rLIC11360 e rLIC11975 também se ligaram à fibronectina plasmática e fibrinogênio. Em adição, rLIC11360 se ligou ainda aos reguladores do sistema complemento fator H e C4BP. Os resultados sugerem que as proteínas estudadas podem auxiliar a leptospira a evadir e invadir o hospedeiro. / Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis that causes great economic and social losses. The pathogenic mechanisms of leptospira are not yet fully elucidated. In this study we evaluated the role of three hypothetical surface proteins in the leptospiral pathogenesis: LIC11009, LIC11360 and LIC11975. Genes were cloned from DNA of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni and the recombinant proteins were purified by affinity chromatography. RT - qPCR data have shown that the genes are fully transcribed in leptospires. Recombinant proteins reacted with sera from humans diagnosed with leptospirosis. rLIC11009 induced Th1 immune response in mice, whereas rLIC11360 and rLIC11975 promoted both Th1 and Th2. The three recombinant proteins interacted with laminin and plasminogen while, rLIC11360 and rLIC11975, also interacted with plasma fibronectin and fibrinogen. In addition, rLIC11360 interacted with the complement regulators factor H and C4BP. These results suggest that the proteins tested can help leptospires to evade and invade the host.

O sistema de expressão de proteínas que utiliza baculovírus como vetor tem sido intensamente utilizado para a produção de proteínas recombinantes, pois ele permite a formação de modificações pós-traducionais e conta com um forte promotor, a poliedrina. Porém, em alguns casos, esse sistema não é tão eficaz, pois a infecção das células pelo vírus induz morte por apoptose, limitando a produção industrial de várias proteínas recombinantes de interesse. Reportamos a ocorrência de apoptose em cultivos de células de insetos e de mamíferos com depleção de nutrientes ou induzidos por agentes químicos e virais, e a suplementação dessas culturas com hemolinfa de Lonomia obliqua é capaz de estender a viabilidade da cultura evitando a morte por apoptose. Como objetivo, verificamos previamente o mecanismo de ação antiapoptótica de um isolado protéico da hemolinfa de L. obliqua. A identificação deste mecanismo poderá auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estratégias para controlar a apoptose nos cultivos permitindo a otimização da produtividade viral e de proteínas recombinantes. / The protein expression system using baculovirus as a vector has been intensively used for the production of recombinant proteins because it allows the formation of post-translational modifications and has a strong promoter, polyhedrin. However, in some cases, this expression system is not as effective because the infection of cells by baculovirus induces death by apoptosis, thereby limiting the industrial production of various recombinant proteins of interest. We report the occurrence of apoptosis in cultured insect cells and mammalian depleted of nutrients or induced by chemical and viral agents, and supplementation of these cultures with hemolymph of Lonomia obliqua is able to extend the viability of the culture avoiding death by apoptosis. This study aimed to determine in advance the anti-apoptotic mechanism of action of a protein isolated from hemolymph of L. obliqua. The identification of this mechanism may help develop strategies for controlling apoptosis in cell culture allowing the optimization of productivity of viral and recombinant proteins.

A utilização de células humanas para a produção do fator VIII de coagulação recombinante (rFVIII) visa obter padrões de glicosilação equivalentes aos encontrados na proteína normal. O objetivo do trabalho foi obter um processo de produção do rFVIII em biorreator em perfusão, devido à sua labilidade térmica. Foram realizados estudos preliminares em Spinner e biorreator utilizando uma linhagem de rHeLa, cujos resultados embasaram os estudos com a linhagem produtora rSkHep. Foram utilizados microcarregadores nos cultivos com esta linhagem devido à dificuldade de adaptação da mesma à suspensão. Ensaios preliminares identificaram a melhor condição de cultivo com 3 g/L Mic e 1 cel/mic e, a partir destes valores, realizou-se um ensaio em perfusão, com tempo de residência de 24 h, no qual as variáveis controladas foram mantidas constantes durante três tempos de residência. A concentração de rFVIII obtida foi semelhante 2 UI/ mL. / The interest in using human cells for the recombinant coagulation factor VIII (rFVIII) lies in obtaining glycosylation patterns similar to the ones found in the normal protein. The objective of this work was to obtain a process for rFVIII production in bioreactor, in perfusion mode, due to the thermal lability of the protein. Using a recombinant HeLa cell line adapted to suspension growth a group of studies in a bioreactor in batch mode were performed. These results were the basis for the studies performed with the producing cell line rSkHep. Microcarriers (micc) were used due to the harshness to adapt the cell line to suspension and to serum-free medium. Preliminary tests identified the best culture condition with 3 g micc/L and 3 cell/micc and, from its values, it was performed a bioreactor study in perfusion mode, with a residence time of 24 hours. The controlled variables were kept constant for three residence times. The maximum rFVIII concentration obtained was 2 UI/mL.

A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por bactérias patogênicas do gênero Leptospira. No mundo, aproximadamente 500.000 casos são reportados a cada ano, com 10% de taxa de mortalidade. Atualmente, vacinas contra leptospirose são compostas por células inativadas e são ineficazes em diferentes aspectos. Após analise do genoma, os genes LIC11121, LIC11087, LIC11228 e LIC11084 foram escolhidos para caracterização da imunogenicidade de suas respectivas proteínas. Esses genes foram clonados no vetor de expressão pAE e as proteínas recombinantes foram purificadas. Os resultados sugerem que essas proteínas podem estar localizadas na membrana externa, são imunogênicas, possivelmente expressas durante a infecção e que podem ter envolvimento em mecanismos de evasão do sistema imune e de patogenicidade da bactéria. Além disso, em um de dois experimentos, a proteína rLIC11084 induziu imunidade protetora parcial em hamsters imunizados frente desafio letal. / Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of genus Leptospira. In the world, nearly 500,000 cases are reported each year, with 10% of mortality rate. Currently, vaccines against leptospirosis are composed by inactivated cells that are ineffective in many aspects. After genome analysis, the genes LIC11121, LIC11087, LIC11228 e LIC11084 were chosen for immunogenicity characterization of their respective proteins. These genes were cloned in the pAE expression vector and the proteins encoded by LIC11087, LIC11228 and LIC11084 were purified. The results suggest the localization of these proteins in the bacterial outer membrane, are immunogenic, are possibly expressed during infection and may have involvement in mechanisms of immune system evasion and pathogenicity. Moreover, in one of two experiments, the rLIC11084 protein induced partial protective immunity of immunized hamsters against lethal challenge.

Sílicas mesoporosas, como a SBA-15, constituem-se de partículas de óxido de silício que, devido às suas propriedades físico-químicas apresentam potencial adjuvante. Para entender os mecanismos de ação da SBA-15, camundongos foram imunizados, pelas vias oral e/ou subcutânea (s.c.), com a proteína recombinante HBsAg ou ovalbumina (OVA) e apresentaram aumento significativo nos títulos de anticorpos específicos após imunização s.c. com ambos os antígenos em sílica; entretanto, somente a administração de HBsAg: SBA-15 induziu a produção de anticorpos pela via oral. O efeito da sílica na ativação de células dendríticas foi verificado após incubação com diferentes concentrações de SBA-15, indicando aumento na produção de IL-6, na proliferação e produção de IFN-g por linfócitos T após a apresentação de OVA ou seus peptídeos. A resposta de linfócitos T in vivo mostrou aumento na resposta imune celular de animais que receberam a sílica, mas não indicou a indução da resposta de linfócitos T citotóxicos. Esses resultados confirmam o efeito adjuvante da SBA-15, principalmente para a resposta de anticorpos, e indicam que a sílica pode aumentar a disponibilidade dos antígenos às APC, auxiliando na apresentação antigênica. / Amorphous silicon oxide particles named SBA-15 are promising adjuvant vectors due to its physicochemical properties and the aim of this study is to explore how they might act in promoting immune responses. Mice were orally and/or subcutaneously (s.c) immunised with the recombinant protein HBsAg or ovalbumin (OVA), showing a significant increase in the antibody titers after s.c. immunisation with both antigens in silica; however, only the administration of HBsAg: SBA-15 induced antibody production after oral immunisations. The activation of dendritic cell by silica was assessed by pulsing those cells with different concentrations of the particles, suggesting the interference of SBA-15 in the production of IL -6 and in T cell proliferation as well as IFN-g production by T lymphocytes after presentation of this protein or its peptides in vitro SBA-15 was able to enhance T cell responses in vivo but did not allow OVA to induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. These preliminary data confirm that SBA-15 acts as an adjuvant for antibody responses and suggest that its effects may reflect enhanced availability of antigen, rather than direct effects on antigen presenting cells such as DC.

A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por bactérias patogênicas do gênero Leptospira. O sequenciamento do genoma completo de L. interrogans sorovar Copenhageni tem permitido a obtenção e caracterização de proteínas potencialmente envolvidas na patogênese desta bactéria, como lipoproteínas e proteínas de membrana externa. Neste trabalho, foram estudados três genes, OmpL1, LIC10731 e LIC10645, dos quais o gene OmpL1 foi o mais frequente em diferentes espécies de Leptospira. As proteínas recombinantes foram purificadas por cromatografia de afinidade ao metal. As três proteínas recombinantes promoveram resposta humoral e celular após imunização em camundongos. Ensaios de adesão mostraram que as proteínas se ligam à laminina e plasminogênio, e adicionalmente a proteína OmpL1 se liga ao fibrinogênio e fibronectina plasmática. A proteína OmpL1 foi bastante reativa com soro de pacientes de leptospirose. Os resultados sugerem que as proteínas referentes aos genes estudados podem desempenhar um papel na patogênese da bactéria. / Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic bacteria of genus Leptospira. Annotation of the genome sequences of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni allows the identification and characterization of proteins potentially involved in the pathogenesis of this bacterium, such as lipoproteins and outer-membrane proteins. The present study characterized three genes, OmpL1, LIC10731 and LIC10645, and one of them, OmpL1, was the most frequent among different species of Leptospira. The recombinant proteins were purified by metal-chelating chromatography. All three recombinant proteins promoted humoral and cellular response after immunization in mice. Binding assays showed that all proteins interact to laminin and plasminogen, and additionally protein OmpL1 binds to fibrinogen and plasma fibronectin. OmpL1 was highly reactive with positive-leptospirosis human sera. The results suggest that the proteins encoded by these genes may play a role in the bacterium pathogenesis.

As aminoacil-tRNA sintetases catalisam fielmente a ligação do aminoácido ao seu tRNA cognato. A triptofanil-tRNA sintetase (TrpRS) catalisa a ligação de triptofano e alguns análogos de triptofano ao tRNATrp. 1-metiltriptofano (1MW) e 1-metil-7-azatriptofano (1M7NW) não são reconhecidos pela TrpRS, mas possuem características espectroscópicas convenientes para estudos de fluorescência em complexos multiprotéicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é modificar o sítio ativo da TrpRS de E.coli, visando promover a catálise da ligação de 1MW e 1M7NW ao tRNATrp in vivo e permitir a incorporação destes em proteínas recombinantes. Com base numa análise da estrutura da TrpRS:Trp-AMP de B. Stearothermophilus, foram produzidos quatro mutantes de TrpRS de E. coli, com substituição do Asp 135 por Ala (D135A), Cys (D135C), Ser (D135S) e Thr (D135T). Estas proteínas foram superexpressas nas condições utilizadas para a incorporação de análogos de Trp. Através de ensaio de fluorescência do 1MW, pôde-se observar uma pequena incorporação deste nas TrpRS mutantes. Construiu-se um novo vetor de expressão no qual os TrpRS mutantes seriam expressos de forma constitutiva e uma segunda proteína, troponina C F29W, seria expressa de forma induzível. No entanto, não se observou incorporação do 1MW nestas proteínas. Ensaios de atividade in vitro, de formação de triptofano-hidroxamato e de intercâmbio de pirofosfato da TrpRS e mutantes indicaram uma baixa atividade dos mutantes utilizando triptofano como substrato. Os mutantes D135C e D135S apresentaram um considerável aumento (aproximadamente 24 vezes) na especificidade para 1MW em comparação ao Trp. A anotação do genoma da Xanthomonas indicou que a TrpRS deste organismo possui 88 aminoácidos extras na região C-terminal, o que é incomum para procariotos (somente observado em Xyllela e Pseudomonas). Clonou-se, expressou-se e purificou-se a TrpRS da Xanthomonas, com e sem os 88 aminoácidos extras. Observou-se atividade enzimática em ensaios de formação de triptofano-hidroxamato e intercâmbio de pirofosfato nas quais a TrpRS sem os 88 resíduos C-terminais apresentou uma atividade um pouco menor que a enzima tipo selvagem. / Abstract not available.