Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma metodologia de análise da variabilidade de agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados, que possa ser utilizada em Centrais para o controle de qualidade dos mesmos, objetivando à identificação da influência destas características no desempenho de componentes produzidos a partir dos RCD. Nos três primeiros capítulos, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica do assunto, identificando os pontos relevantes do tema, abordando desde Centrais de moagem até desenvolvimento sustentável. No quarto capítulo, discute-se a metodologia de análise proposta, analisando a experimentação realizada em Santo André e no laboratório de materiais de construção da Escola Politécnica da USP. No quinto capítulo, desenvolve-se a análise de resultados e discussões. Nesta etapa, é exposto o estudo da composição de agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados por análise de imagem. Apresentam-se resultados da variabilidade obtidos para os agregados graúdos reciclados de Santo André quanto à composição de fases por separação manual e outras propriedades como materiais pulverulentos, composição granulométrica, índice de forma, absorção e massa específica. Como conclusões, o estudo aponta para a presença da significativa variabilidade em agregados reciclados em todas as propriedades analisadas e a necessidade de realização das mesmas caracterizações para a fração miúda. O uso das propriedades, abosorção de água e massa específica para adeterminação dos teores de concreto e argamassa apresentou bons resultados, aconselhando-se o emprego para a determinação das composições das fases concreto e argamassa em amostras de Centrais de Reciclagem. Os ensaios de caracterização física dos agregados graúdos naturais devem ser empregados para caracterizar esses agregados. A homogeneização da composição deve ser realizada em período superior a dois dias para esta Central. Os agregados, quando empregados em situações mais nobres, devem possuir equipamentos de controle de qualidade, como tanques de flutuação e separação magnética. Constatou-se que a porcentagem retida no fundo pelo ensaio de granulometria e os teores de argamassa têm correlação linear positiva. A análise de imagem pode ser aplicada para o estudo da composição dos agregados graúdos de RCD recilados, pois seus princípios foram comprovados em experimentos de laboratório, quando os grãos são distribuídos de forma aleatória nos plano. / The main point of this research proposes one methodology which analyses the variability of coarse CDW (Construction and Demolition Waste) recycled aggregates, applied on the quality control of these aggregates. With these analysis, it can be identified the influence of this variability in components performances. In the first three chapters, it is done one review of the literature, discussing about recycling plants, sustainable development and other topics. In the fourth chapter, it is discussed the methodology, analysing the experimentation. In fifth chapter, it is presented the results and discussions. The results presents the evaluation of the composition of the coarse CDW recycled aggregates by digital image processing. There are results of the variability of coarse CDW recycled aggregates by properties like composition using manual technique, particle size distribution, particle shape analysis, absorption, specific density and fine particles (< 0,075 mm). To sum up, the study indicates the existence of variability in whole properties analysed and the necessity of doing characterisation on fine aggregates. One developed technique improves the evaluation of composition by manual technique, using absorption and determines the percentage on the composition of concrete and mortar phases. The other characterisations of the study developed for natural aggregates can be applied to these recycled aggregates. The variability control must be done after two days for this recycling plant. In best applications, reycling plants need equipment of quality control like float tank and air classifier. It can be inferred that the percentage of fine aggregates (< 4,8mm) in grading test have linear correlation with percentage of mortar phase in composition. The study of composition using digital image processing obtained good results.

Textilindustrin utgör idag 37% av den totala industrin i Europa, en industri som klassas som en utav de mest miljöförstörande av alla industrier där den år 2015 släppte ut 1.2 miljarder ton koldioxid. En utav anledningarna till detta är de många miljöfarliga processer som ingår i den textila värdekedjan från en jungfruresurs till ett färdigt plagg. Dessa processer består av en extrem vattenanvändning som gör att 50% av det vattnet som använts inte kan återanvändas, utvinning och upptagning av olja, transporter världen över med båt, bilar och flygplan samt användning av ej förnybar energi i produktion. Trender kommer och går snabbare än vanligt i dagens modebransch och konsumenterna önskar att haka på dessa trender och shoppar allt mer. Att ett plagg då går igenom alla dessa miljöförstörande processer som skadar vår miljö för att användas en kort tid av en konsument och sen kasseras för att en ny trend har vuxit fram och nya plagg skall inhandlas. Textilföretag idag har insett att en förändring i hur de produktutvecklar måste ske för att minska miljöpåverkan som textilindustrin gör idag. Detta arbete består av en litteraturstudie samt en observation av ett fallföretaget. Litteraturstudien behandlar ämnet cirkulär ekonomi och dess sub-koncept. Observationen av fallföretaget består av intervjuer med utvalda personer i nyckelroller hos fallföretaget samt en undersökning av fallföretagets designunderlag. Resultatet visar hur fallföretaget produktutvecklar idag som senare jämförs i diskussionen där även de åtgärder som fallföretaget bör göra för att produktutveckla efter en cirkulär modell presenteras. / The textile industry today accounts for 37% of the total industry in Europe, an industry which is classified as one of the most environmentally damaging of all industries where in 2015 it released 1.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide. One of the reasons for this is the many environmentally hazardous processes that are part of the textile value chain from a maiden resource to a finished garment. These processes consist of an extreme use of water which means that 50% of the water used cannot be reused, extraction and uptake of oil, transports worldwide by boat, cars and aircraft and the use of non-renewable energy in production. Trends come and go faster than usual in today's fashion industry and consumers want to follow these trends and as a result, shop ever more. That a garment then goes through all these environmentally destructive processes that damage our environment for being used for a short time by a consumer and then discarded for a new trend has emerged and new garments have to be purchased. Textile companies today have realized that a change in how they develop products must be done to reduce the environmental impact that the textile industry is doing today. This work consists of a literature study and an observation of a case company. The literature study deals with the topic of circular economy and its sub-concept. The observation of the case company consists of interviews with selected persons in key roles of the case company and an examination of the case company´s tech-packs. The result shows how the case company is developing products today, which are later compared in the discussion where also the measures that the case company should take to product develop by a circular model.

Textilindustrin är den mest förorenande industrin efter oljeindustrin och ett mål är därför att arbeta med mer återvunna fibrer. Dock väljs ofta dessa alternativ bort av konsumenter även fast en viss efterfrågan har identifierats. Trots en ökad efterfrågan kopplat till hållbara val så besitter inte konsumenter kunskap kring miljöfrågor kopplade till de hållbara alternativen. Avsaknad av kunskap kan alltså vara en orsak till varför deras åsikter inte återspeglas i konsumtionsvalet, därmed uppstår frågan om det finns ett samband mellan kunskap och köpintentioner, eller vilka variabler som påverkar köpintentioner. Polyester är ett material som är mycket påfrestande för miljön och fortsätter vara populärt att använda. Detta har lett till föroreningar, ett avsevärt ökat utsläpp samt stora mängder PET-avfall till miljön. Produktionen av återvunnen polyester, rPET, är mer miljövänlig än produktion av nyproducerad polyester. Exempelvis, för varje kilo mekanisk återvunnen polyester minskar utsläpp av växthusgaser med 70% jämfört med växthusgasutsläpp orsakade av nyproducerad polyester. Då tidigare studier som använt sig av en omarbetad version av teorin Theory of Planned Behavior har visat att attityder, subjektiva normer, upplevd beteendekontroll samt kunskap påverkar intentioner testar denna studie om så även är fallet när de kommer till köpintentioner till rPET. Genom en kvantitativ enkätundersökning och med hjälp av en omarbetad version av teorin Theory of Planned Behavior undersöks om det finns ett samband mellan modellens variabler och köpintentioner till rPET. Resultatet visar att attityder och upplevd beteendekontroll har ett starkt samband med köpintentioner till rPET samt att det finns ett samband, dock negativt och svagare, mellan objektiv kunskap och köpintentioner till rPET. De andra variablerna, subjektiva normer och subjektiv kunskap, besitter inte ett signifikant samband med köpintentioner till rPET. Fortsättningsvis skiljde sig sambanden för variablerna mellan män och kvinnor. / The textile industry is the most polluting industry after the oil industry. Therefore, a goal is to work with more recycled fibers within the textile industry. However, these alternatives are often opted out by consumers despite the fact that a demand has been identified on the market. Previous studies have shown that even though the increased demand is associated with sustainable choices, consumers do not possess knowledge about the environmental issues related to sustainable alternatives. Lack of knowledge can be a reason for why consumers' opinions do not reflect on their consumption choices, hence the question arises whether there is a connection between knowledge and purchase intentions, or which variables do affect the purchase intention. Polyester has a negative impact on the environment but remains popular to use. This has led to pollution, significant increase of emissions, and large amounts of PET waste. The production of recycled polyester, rPET, is however more environmentally friendly than the one of newly produced polyester. For instance, for every kilogram of mechanically recycled polyester, the greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 70% compared to the greenhouse gas emissions caused by newly produced polyester. By using the revised model Theory of Planned Behavior, previous studies have shown that attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and knowledge affects intentions. Thus, this study aims to test whether this is the case or not when it comes to purchasing intention for rPET. By using a quantitative survey and a revised version of the model Theory of Planned Behavior, the revised model explores whether there is a relation between these variables and purchasing intentions towards rPET. The results show that attitudes and perceived behavioral control have a strong relation with purchasing intentions to rPET. Moreover, there is a relation, although negative and weaker, between objective knowledge and purchasing intentions to rPET. However the other variables, subjective norms and subjective knowledge, do not have a significant relation with purchasing intentions to rPET. Furthermore, the relation between the variables differ between the genders.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo desarrollar un plan de negocios para la constitución de una empresa proveedora de chatarra ferrosa para SIDERPERU y aprovechamiento de los subproductos de esta actividad. La empresa se enfocará en cuatro productos: Maquila de Chatarra, aluminio, cobre y plomo, para los cuales se identifica una oportunidad de negocio, sustentada en que actualmente el acopio y proceso de la chatarra metálica es realizado ya sea por pequeños recolectores informales, o por las mismas empresas fundidoras de metales las cuales emplean recursos en una actividad que no es el objetivo principal de su negocio. Para determinar la viabilidad se realizó un análisis previo del sector de procesamiento de chatarra y subproductos en nuestro país, donde se evidenció que las empresas que realizan la maquila (acopio, selección y clasificación) son en mayoría informales, sin una organización estructurada lo que no les permite obtener rentabilidad en los procesos internos. A través de diversas herramientas para el análisis estratégico del negocio, se realizó un diagnóstico tanto externo como interno, concluyendo que existe un mercado demandante en crecimiento y una oferta que no cubre la totalidad de las necesidades. Dentro del análisis económico financiero realizado, se calcularon los diferentes indicadores que permitieron determinar la rentabilidad del negocio, además se definió el plan de financiamiento, la estructura de costos y se estimó el estado de resultados. Se concluye que es recomendable la inversión en el negocio por el concepto novedoso, la oportunidad en el mercado y la rentabilidad esperada. / The objective of this research work is to develop a business plan for the constitution of a supplier of ferrous scrap for SIDERPERU and use of the by-products of this activity. The company will focus on four products: Processed metal scrap, aluminum, copper and lead, for which a business opportunity is identified, supported by the fact that currently the collection and processing of metal scrap is carried out either by small informal collectors, or by the same metal smelting factories which use resources in an activity that is not the main objective of their business. To determine the viability, a previous analysis of the scrap and by-products processing sector in our country was carried out, where it was shown that the companies that carry out the process (collection, selection and classification) are mostly informal, without a structured organization, which is not allows them to obtain profitability in internal processes. Through various tools for the strategic analysis of the business, an external and internal diagnosis was made, concluding that there is a growing demanding market and an offer that does not cover the totality of the clients' needs. Within the economic and financial analysis carried out, the different indicators that allowed determining the profitability of the business were calculated, in addition the financing plan, the cost structure and the income statement were estimated. It is concluded that investment in the business is recommended due to the novel concept, the opportunity in the market and the expected profitability. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente proyecto es un cargador solar ecológico que puede ser transportado en todo momento debido a su tamaño compacto y su poco peso de 150 gramos. Además, almacena la energía del sol y la luz led para luego cargar tu dispositivo en cualquier momento. Se desarrolla su viabilidad en base a una investigación realizada a hombres y mujeres de 18 a 39 años de los niveles socioeconómicos A, B y C. Por lo tanto, el análisis permite identificar a un grupo de personas que necesitan cargar su celular en momentos importantes durante el día pero que no encuentran lugar donde conectarlo o no tienen un cargador. Para validar la solución se utilizó un prototipo del producto el cual fue presentado al público y especialistas para que salga al mercado. Por último, se realizó un concierge para calcular la intención de compra del producto y proyectar sus estados financieros, los cuales, están respaldados por pertinentes desarrollos estratégicos que llevan a cabo un plan de negocio.

Increased water demand attributed to population expansion and reduced freshwater availability caused by saltwater intrusion and drought, may lead to water shortages. These may be addressed, in part, by use of recycled water. Spatial patterns of recycled water use in Florida and California during 2009 were analyzed to detect gaps in distribution and identify potential areas for expansion. Databases of recycled water products and distribution centers for both states were developed by combining the 2008 Clean Water Needs Survey database with Florida’s 2009 Reuse Inventory and California’s 2009 Recycling Survey, respectively. Florida had over twice the number of distribution centers (n 1/4 426) than California (n 1/4 228) and produced a larger volume of recycled water (674.85 vs. 597.48 mgd (3.78 mL/d1/4 1 mgd), respectively). Kernel Density Estimation shows the majority of distribution in central Florida (Orlando and Tampa), California’s Central Valley region (Fresno and Bakersfield), and around major cities in California. Areas for growth were identified in the panhandle and southern regions of Florida, and northern, southwestern, and coastal California. Recycled water is an essential component of integrated water management and broader adoption of recycled water will increase water conservation in water-stressed coastal communities by allocating the recycled water for purposes that once used potable freshwater.

Many highway and hydraulic structures in North America have been reported to be affected by alkali aggregate reaction (ASR). It is anticipated that most of these structures will be demolished as they approach the end of their service lives. Recycling demolished concrete as aggregates in new concrete is an option that not only reduces the amount of construction demolition waste (CDW) disposed in landfills but also lessens the consumption of non-renewable resources such as natural aggregates. However, the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in new concrete requires detailed research to make sure that the durability of the recycled material is not compromised, especially if the RCA had been previously affected by ASR. In this research project, coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is reclaimed and processed from distinct members (i.e. foundation blocks, bridge deck and columns) of an ASR-affected overpass after nearly 50 years of service. RCA concrete mixtures incorporating 50 and 100% replacement are manufactured and stored in conditions enabling further ASR development. Mechanical (i.e. Stiffness Damage Test - SDT) and microscopic (Damage Rating Index - DRI) analyses are performed at a fixed “secondary” induced expansion of 0.12%. Results show that the overall performance of the ASR-affected recycled mixtures depends upon the “past” condition of the RCA particles. Moreover, the DRI was able to capture the “past” and “secondary” induced expansion and damage of affected RCA while the SDT only detected the “secondary” distress development. Lastly, an adapted version of the DRI was proposed to further evaluate the overall damage of recycled concrete along with properly displaying “past” and “secondary” induced distress.

El presente trabajo de investigación abarca distintos temas relacionados a cómo se llevará a cabo la formulación e implementación de la marca de moda sostenible, Berthana, que ofrece prendas de vestir exclusivas y elaboradas en base a materiales ecoamigables como el poliéster reciclado y el algodón orgánico en el mercado de Lima, Perú. El objetivo de este proyecto es presentar un modelo de negocio rentable que ofrezca a posibles inversionistas un plan de negocio sostenible. El trabajo de investigación comenzó con el proceso de ideación del proyecto, donde se describe el modelo de negocio. Luego, se realizó la validación del problema a través del desarrollo de experimentos. Posteriormente, se definió los segmentos de clientes, así como el tamaño de mercado frente a la solución propuesta. Después, se realizó el diseño y desarrollo del plan concierge que permitió elaborar la proyección de ventas, junto a otras variables, para los tres años que dura el proyecto. Con base en los resultados proyectados, se elaboró el Plan Estratégico, Plan de Operaciones, Plan de Recursos Humanos, Plan de Marketing y Plan de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial para el proyecto. Finalmente, la elaboración del Plan Financiero permitió conocer la factibilidad del proyecto a través del reconocimiento de las ventas proyectadas, inversión, costos, gastos y capital de trabajo. Fue fundamental, además, el apoyo en diferentes indicadores financieros y ratios para medir la efectividad de la administración de la empresa, para controlar los costos y gastos y, de esta manera, convertir ventas en ganancias para los accionistas. / This research work covers different topics related to how the formulation and implementation of the sustainable fashion brand, Berthana, will be carried out, offering exclusive clothing made from eco-friendly materials such as recycled polyester and organic cotton in Lima, Peru. The objective of this project is to present a profitable business model that offers to potential investors a sustainable business plan. The research work began with the project ideation process, where the business model was described. Then, the validation of the problem was carried out through the development of experiments. Subsequently, the customer segments were defined, as well as the size of the market compared to the proposed solution. Then it was made the design and development of the janitor plan that analyzed the preparation of sales projections, along with other variables, for the three years that the project lasts. Based on the projected results, it was prepared the Strategic Plan, Operations Plan, Human Resources Plan, Marketing Plan and Corporate Social Responsibility Plan for the project. Finally, the preparation of the Financial Plan would detect the feasibility of the project through the recognition of projected sales, investment, costs, expenses and working capital. In addition, we rely on different financial indicators and ratios to measure the transformation of the company's administration, to control costs and expenses and, in this way, convert sales into profits for shareholders. / Trabajo de investigación

Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) are green building components that are primarily used for residential wall construction. Unlike most polystyrene based ICF variants, the Faswall ICFs used in these experiments were significantly denser because they were made from recycled wood particles and cement. The current design approach for structures constructed with this type of wall form only allows the designer to consider the contribution of the reinforced concrete cores. Previous research has shown that this approach may be conservative. This project experimentally evaluated the lateral structural response of these types of grid ICF walls under increasing amplitude of in-plane cyclic loading. Two different height-to-length (aspect) ratios (approximately 2:1 and 1:1) were investigated, as was the effect of simultaneous gravity load. Furthermore, the reinforced concrete grid was exposed for each aspect ratio in order to examine the contribution of the ICF blocks to the lateral response. Analyses of hysteretic behaviors and failure modes indicated conservatism in the current design approach for estimating lateral strength and ignoring the beneficial contribution of the ICF blocks to overall performance. The presence of the wall forms increased the lateral shear capacity of the walls by an average of 42% (compared to the walls with forms removed), while also increasing the deformation capacity by an average of 102%. Furthermore, by considering an additional gravity load of 10 kips-per-lineal-foot (klf), the shear resistance of the walls increased by 32% (versus walls only subjected to self-weight), on average, and the deformation capacity of the walls increased by an average of 19%. Comparisons of the experimental results to several design equations led to the recommendation of a design equation that was previously accepted for another type of ICF system.

Återvinning av olika varor i dagens samhälle är viktigt för att uppnå minskad miljöpåverkan. Genom att minska uttaget av jungfruligt material och istället använda återvunnet material kan en positiv klimatpåverkan erhållas. Att eliminera linjära materialflöden till fördel för cirkulära flöden kan ekonomisk vinning uppfyllas via affärsmodeller inom cirkulär ekonomi. Byggsektorn står för en betydande del av miljöpåverkan och resursanvändningen, samt genererat avfall i samhället. Därmed finns stora möjligheter att öka cirkularitet genom bättre system för återvinning och därmed främja en mer hållbar framtid. Från NCC gavs ett uppdrag med syfte att undersöka hur stor andel återvunnet material som byggdes in i deras bostadsprojekt. Genom intervjuer med deras leverantörer undersökte denna studie hur stor andel återvunnet material som deras mest använda byggvaror bestod av. Dessa byggvaror var betong, armering, mineralull, cellplast, gips och kök. Vidare undersöktes vilka möjligheter till återvinning som fanns för respektive vara. Syftet var också att, utöver detta, finna mer miljövänliga alternativ för byggbranschen i allmänhet och i synnerhet för de produkter som i dagsläget har störst förbättringspotential. Resultatet visar att andelen återvunnet material för respektive byggvara var varierande, från 0 % till 96 %. Tillsammans bidrar dessa värden till en total andel för NCC’s bostadsprojekt på 8,5 %. Kunskapen och möjligheten till att öka andelen återvunna material som byggvarorna innehåller finns hos leverantörerna. En faktor till detta var att andrahandsvärdet varierade stort samt att det saknas ekonomiska incitament för att sortera byggavfallet. Slutsatsen är därför att det krävs en ökad kostnad för att ta ut jungfruligt material i kombination med att det måste kosta mer att deponera. Med andra ord, förbrukat material ska inte ses som avfall utan som en resurs för att cirkulär ekonomi ska kunna förverkligas i samhället och därmed bidra till positiv miljöpåverkan och förbättrad resurshushållning. Utbildning, samarbete och personligt engagemang är faktorer som krävs för att denna samhällsomställning ska kunna ske. / Recycling of waste is important for the environment in today ́s society. Through less use of new raw material and increased use of recycled material, the climate change can be battled. To eliminate linear flow of material in favour of circular is a part of circular economy. The construction industry contributes to a significant part of both the energy consumption and the amount of waste, and therefore has great opportunities to recycle NCC wants to know how much recycled material they used in their housing projects. Through interviews with their suppliers, this study investigates how much recycled material some of their most used building goods (for example concrete, reinforcement and isolation) contained. Further, the opportunities for recycling of the different types of building goods were analysed. The purpose was also to find more eco-friendly alternatives to the construction industry in general and in particular to the goods which had the largest potential of improvement. The result showed that the proportion of recycled material varied and the total proportion for NCC’s housing projects was low. The knowledge and the opportunities to increase the proportion is known by the suppliers but the majority of the building goods consists a general low proportion. One factor was that the second hand value was varied. Another was that there were no incentive for recycling, which leads to a lack of motivation at the worksite. The conclusion is therefore that waste should be seen as a resource in order to implement circular economy to a greater extent and to contribute to the climate in a positive way. Education, collaboration and personal engagement is factors which is needed to fulfil this adaptation of the society.