Η ολοκληρωμένη εκτίμηση της θειολικής οξειδοαναγωγικής κατάστασης (ΘΟΚ) ενός οργανισμού ιστού ή κυττάρου είναι πολύ σημαντική καθώς οξειδοαναγωγικές αλλαγές των διαφόρων θειολικών μορίων συνδέονται με το οξειδωτικό στρες και με αρκετές ασθένειες. Η γενική ΘΟΚ (ΓΘΟΚ) χαρακτηρίζεται από τις συγκεντρώσεις ορισμένων συνόλων θειολικών μορίων στην αναγμένη και την οξειδωμένη μορφή τους (θειολικά οξειδοαναγωγικά ζεύγη). Αυτά τα ζεύγη μπορεί να είναι μη πρωτεϊνικά (non-protein ή NP) (όπως NPSH και NPSSNP με το NP να συμβολίζει οποιαδήποτε άλλη μη πρωτεϊνική θειόλη) ή πρωτεϊνικά (protein ή P) (όπως PSH, PSSP και PSSNP). Ειδικότερα, οι κυριότερες μη πρωτεϊνικές θειόλες γλουταθειόνη (GSH) και κυστεΐνη (CSH) μαζί με τα συμμετρικά, μεικτά δισουλφίδιά τους και τις οξειδωμένες τους μορφές (GSSG, PSSG, PSSC, NPGSHox, NPCSHox,) είναι τα οξειδοαναγωγικά ζεύγη τα οποία χαρακτηρίζουν την ειδική ΘΟΚ (ΕΘΟΚ), καθώς είναι εκείνα που απαντώνται σε υψηλότερη συγκέντρωση στους οργανισμούς. Στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία δεν υπάρχει μεθοδολογία για την ταυτόχρονη ποσοτικοποίηση των θειολικών μορίων που χαρακτηρίζουν τη ΘΟΚ των οργανισμών. Συνεπώς, στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η ανάπτυξη μιας νέας μεθόδου ποσοτικοποίησης τόσο της ΓΘΟΚ όσο και της ΕΘΟΚ, που να είναι εφαρμόσιμη σε όλους τους οργανισμούς. Για το διαχωρισμό πρωτεϊνικών και μη πρωτεϊνικών μορίων χρησιμοποιήθηκε το τριχλωροακετικό οξύ που σε ορισμένη συγκέντρωση (>5%) καταβυθίζει αποτελεσματικά όλες τις πρωτεΐνες. Ο ποσοτικός προσδιορισμός των δισουλφιδικών μορίων και οξειδωμένων μορφών (NPSSNP, PSSP, PSSNP, GSSG, NPGSHox, NPCSHox, PSSG και PSSC) πραγματοποιήθηκε μετά από αναγωγή τους (με το αντιδραστήριο tributyl phosphine), ενώ ο ποσοτικός προσδιορισμός των ελεύθερων θειολών (PSH, NPSH, GSH και CSH) πραγματοποιήθηκε χωρίς την αναγωγή τους. Ειδικότερα, η ποσοτικοποίηση των αναγμένων διθειολικών ομάδων (δισουλφιδίων) και των ελεύθερων θειολών έγιναν με τα αντιδραστήρια 4,4-dithiodipyridine (για τις -SH ομάδες των αναγμένων δισουλφιδίων, καθώς και για τις ελεύθερες NPSH και PSH), o-phthalaldehyde (για την GSH, GSSG και NPGSHox) και νινυδρίνη (για την CSH και την NPCSHox), σε συνδυασμό με κατάλληλη μαθηματική επεξεργασία βασισμένη στη στοιχειομετρία των αντιδράσεων αναγωγής. Η υψηλή ευαισθησία της μεθόδου (στο επίπεδο του nmol) την καθιστά εφαρμόσιμη ακόμη και σε βιολογικά δείγματα χαμηλής περιεκτικότητας σε θειόλες (όπως πχ. το οφθαλμικό και το εγκεφαλονωτιαίο υγρό). / The thiol redox state (TRS) is an essential condition of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells associated with all major biological processes. The general TRS (GTRS) part of it, is characterized by the levels of all thiol compounds of protein or non-protein origin in their reduced or oxidized form (thiol redox couples), while the specific TRS (STRS) by the levels of certain thiols, reduced and oxidized, free or membrane bound. The GTRS redox couples are composed of non-protein (NP) (such as NPSH and NPSSNP) or protein (P) (such as PSH, PSSP and PSSNP) thiols. On the other hand, the STRS redox couples are composed of the main non-protein thiol glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (CSH) together with their symmetric, mixed disulfides and oxidized forms (GSSG, PSSG, PSSC, NPGSHox, NPCSHox). In light of the fact that there is not available any appropriate method in literature for the simultaneous determination of the main thiol components that characterize TRS, a new method is developed for the purpose of this study for the quantification of GTRS and STRS, applicable to any organism. For the separation of protein from non protein thiols, trichloroacetic acid was chosen (at 5%) as the most effective protein precipitant. The determination of disulfides and oxidized forms (NPSSNP, PSSP, PSSNP, GSSG, PSSG, PSSC, NPGSHox and NPCSHox) was accomplished after their reduction with the tributyl phosphine (which, because of its hydrophobicity effectively reduces protein thiols as well), whereas the quantification of free thiols (PSH, NPSH, GSH and CSH) was accomplished without reduction. Reduced disulfides and free thiols were quantified by the more effective than DTNB 4,4-dithiodipyridine (for the determination of -SH groups of reduced disulfides as well as of free NPSH and PSH), o-phthalaldehyde (for the specific determination of GSH, GSSG and NPGSHox) and ninhydrin (for the specific determination of CSH and NPCSHox). The high sensitivity of the method (in the level of nmoles) makes it applicable even in biological samples of very low thiol concentration (such as ophthalmic or cerebrospinal fluid).

As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) em baixos níveis são necessárias para as funções normais do espermatozoide, as quais estão envolvidas com a capacidade de fertilização. Entretanto, várias evidências demonstram que a produção excessiva de ERO leva ao estresse oxidativo, que por sua vez está relacionado à infertilidade masculina. Uma correlação positiva entre os níveis excessivos de ERO e concentrações anormais de espermatozoides, motilidade e morfologia tem sido descrita. Além disso, a capacidade antioxidante total do sêmen tem sido significativamente menor em casos de infertilidade comparado com casos férteis. O estresse oxidativo também tem sido relacionado ao envelhecimento e há evidências de que o acúmulo de radicais livres danifica o DNA do espermatozoide e prejudica a fertilização. A Organização Mundial da Saúde tem enfatizado a importância da avaliação do estresse oxidativo seminal e recomendado que cada laboratório estabeleça os valores de referência para os parâmetros do sêmen em sua população. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado redox no sêmen humano e sua correlação com os parâmetros do espermograma. Para tanto, avaliou-se a medida de ERO (quimioluminescência, QL), a atividade antioxidante (QL e catalase), a peroxidação lipídica (malondialdeído, MDA), a medida dos produtos avançados de oxidação proteica (AOPP) e apoptose/necrose (anexina/iodeto de propídeo, citometria de fluxo) no sêmen humano de homens saudáveis e férteis (Controles; n=7). As metodologias foram padronizadas para aplicá-las à análise do sêmen de homens que estavam em investigação de infertilidade (Pacientes; n=23), e correlacionar os resultados com os parâmetros do espermograma. Os principais resultados mostraram 1) a medida de ERO no sêmen de Pacientes sem alterações no espermograma (Pacientesa; n=9) foi maior do aquela para sêmen dos Pacientes com alterações no espermograma (Pacientesb; n=14) e dos Controles, sugerindo comprometimento da qualidade do sêmen pelo aumento de ERO, mesmo com espermograma normal; 2) não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto à peroxidação lipídica (MDA), aos AOPP, catalase e apoptose/necrose; 3) quanto às correlações entre os parâmetros analisados, observou-se: correlação positiva entre a medida de ERO no sêmen in natura e no sêmen lavado do grupo Pacientes, validando a utilização do sêmen in natura para esta metodologia; correlação positiva entre a medida de ERO in natura e a apoptose, número de espermatozoides e número de leucócitos somente para o grupo Pacientesb; correlação entre a medida de ERO in natura e a motilidade progressiva somente para o grupo Controle; correlação entre apoptose e número de espermatozoides nos grupos Pacientes e Pacientesa; estes resultados mostram correlações particulares em cada grupo e correlações compartilhadas, que caracterizam Controles e Pacientes. O perfil da presença e da ausência destas correlações no grupo Controle pode estabelecer um padrão de referência para as análises do estresse oxidativo no sêmen. Os resultados poderão contribuir para a aplicação da medida das ERO e das suas correlações com parâmetros do espermograma na análise de rotina do sêmen humano, para a investigação da infertilidade e de patologias do sistema reprodutor masculino. / Reactive oxygen species (ROS) at low levels are required for normal function of sperm, which are involved in fertilization capacity. However, evidences show that the excessive production of ROS leads to oxidative stress, which in turn is related to male infertility. A positive correlation between excessive levels of ROS and abnormal sperm concentration, motility and morphology has been described. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity of the semen has been significantly lower in cases of infertility compared with fertile cases. Oxidative stress has also been associated with aging and there is evidence that the excess of free radicals damages the DNA of sperm and impairs fertilization. The World Health Organization has emphasized the importance of the evaluation of seminal oxidative stress and recommended that each laboratory establish reference values for the parameters of semen in their population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the redox state in human semen and its correlation with semen parameters. For this purpose, we evaluated the measurement of ROS (chemiluminescence, CL), the antioxidant activity (CL and catalase), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), the advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and apoptosis / necrosis (annexin / propidium iodide flow cytometry) in semen of healthy, fertile men (Controls, n = 7). The methods were standardized to apply them to the analysis of semen of men who were in infertility investigation (Patients, n = 23), and to correlate the results with the parameters of sperm. The main results showed: 1) the measurement of ROS in the semen of patients with normal semen (Patientsa, n = 9) was higher than that for semen of patients with abnormal semen analysis (Patientsb, n = 14) and Controls, suggesting impairment of the quality semen by increasing ROS, despite normal semen; 2) no differences were found among the groups regarding to lipid peroxidation (MDA), the AOPP, catalase and apoptosis / necrosis; 3) concerning the correlations among the parameters analyzed, we observed: positive correlation between the measurement of ROS in semen in natura and washed semen of Patients group, validating the use of semen in natura for this method; positive correlation between the measurement of ROS in semen in natura and apoptosis, number of spermatozoa and leukocytes only for the Patientsb group; correlation between the measurement of ROS in semen in natura and progressive motility only for the Control group; correlation between apoptosis and number of spermatozoa in the groups Patients and Patientsa; these results show particular and shared correlations in each group, which characterize Controls and Patients. The profile of the presence and absence of these correlations in the Control group may establish a reference standard for the analysis of oxidative stress in the semen. These results may contribute to the use of the measurement of ROS and their correlations with semen parameters in routine analysis of human semen, for the investigation of infertility and disorders of the male reproductive system.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that function to maintain the hematopoietic compartment through self-renewal and differentiation capacities, as well as their downstream progeny, are susceptible to transformation resulting in the generation of the leukemic stem cell (LSC). Chief in the factors that control HSC regulation and protection of the HSC compartment is the cellular redox environment. Deregulation of the Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell (HSPC) redox environment results in loss of HSPC function and exhaustion. The characteristic developments of HSPC exhaustion via exposure to redox stress closely mirror phenotypic traits of hematopoietic malignancies, presenting the HSPC/LSC redox environment as a potential therapeutic target. While myelosuppression and HSPC exhaustion are detrimental side effects of classical chemotherapies, new approaches that differentially modify the HSPC/LSC redox environment may demonstrate LSC cytotoxicity while offering protection of normal HSPC function via differential activation of internal signaling pathways. Precisely how the redox environment and downstream signaling events are affected by these treatments remains unclear; thus highlighting the need for robust methods that evaluate the HSPC/LSC redox state. Because the glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG) redox couple heavily contributes to the management of HSPC function and redox environment, characterizing the GSH/GSSG redox potential at the HSPC level would provide great insight for therapeutic opportunities. However, accurate measurement the GSH/GSSG redox potential within HSPCs/LSCs has been difficult due to their inherently low numbers. Here, we describe the development and validation of a sensitive method used for the direct and simultaneous quantitation of both oxidized and reduced GSH via LC-MS/MS. We use these methodologies to establish a difference in GSH-GSSG half-cell reduction potentials between normal and malignant HSPCs and examine the therapeutic effect of a redox active MnSOD mimetic, Mn(III) mesotetrakis (N-n-butoxyethylpyridinium-2yl) porphyrin, MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (MnP), within these populations in vitro as well as within a human xenograft model in vivo. MnP demonstrates significant cytotoxic effects in several malignant models, while inducing an opposite cytoprotective effect in normal HSPC populations. The GSH/GSSG redox balance, specifically managed by glutathione reductase activity, is identified as a determining factor of MnP efficacy in various malignant populations. Treatment of the human myelodysplastic cell line (MDSL) offers mechanistic insights into MnP efficacy through hydrogen peroxide mediated activation of activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling. We identify the redox dependent activation of JunB, a known regulator of normal myeloid lineage HSC proliferation, as a transcriptional mechanistic mediator of MnP treatment induced AP-1 signaling resulting in malignant cytotoxicity. The development of this novel method allowing for the identification of targetable differences between normal and malignant cell populations has provided insight to the underpinnings of potential redox based therapies. Additionally, the finding that MnP can target varying cellular redox states and exert selective cytotoxicity in malignant over normal populations by re-gaining lost control of AP-1 signaling demonstrates the potential for development of safe therapeutics within a variety of clinical applications.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue. However, the mechanisms responsible for induction of ER stress are presently unclear. Proper ER redox state is crucial for oxidative protein folding and secretion and impaired protein folding in ER leads to induction of unfolded protein response and ER stress. However, while ER redox state is more oxidizing compared to the rest of the cell, its regulation is poorly understood. In order to determine the effects of ER redox state on development of ER stress and insulin resistance, several fluorescence-based sensors have been developed. However, these sensors have yielded results that are inconsistent with each other and with earlier non-fluorescence-based studies. In this study we attempted to develop and characterize a sensitive tool to study the ER redox state in adipocytes in real-time by targeting a new generation of redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) to ER. The roGFP1-iL sensor targeted to the ER is termed ‘eroGFP1-iL’ by convention. The ER-targeting eroGFP1-iL construct contains the signal peptide from adiponectin and the ER retention motif KDEL and has a midpoint reduction potential of -229 mV in vitro in oxidized and reduced lipoic acid. Despite having a midpoint reduction potential that is 50 mV higher than the previously determined midpoint reduction potential of the ER, eroGFP1-iL was found capable of detecting both oxidizing and reducing changes in the ER. In an attempt to determine the mechanisms by which roGFP1-iL detects oxidizing changes, we found that, first, glutathione mediated the formation of disulfide-bonded roGFP1-iL dimers with an intermediate excitation fluorescence spectrum resembling a mixture of oxidized and reduced monomers. Second, glutathione facilitated dimerization of roGFP1-iL, which in effect shifted the equilibrium from oxidized monomers to dimers, thereby increasing the molecule’s reduction potential compared with a dithiol redox buffer like lipoic acid. From this study, we concluded that the glutathione redox couple in ER significantly raised the reduction potential of roGFP1-iL in vivo by facilitating its dimerization while preserving its ratiometric nature, which makes it suitable for monitoring oxidizing and reducing changes in ER with high reliability in real-time. The ability of roGFP1-iL to detect both oxidizing and reducing changes in ER and its dynamic response in glutathione redox buffer between approximately -190 and -130 mV in vitro suggest a range of ER redox potential consistent with those determined by earlier approaches that did not involve fluorescent sensors. Our primary aim in developing eroGFP1-iL as a redox-sensing tool was to be able to assess whether redox changes represent an early initiator of ER stress in obesity-induced reduction in high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin in circulation. Hypoxia is a known mediator of redox changes. We found that oligomerization of HMW adiponectin was impaired in the hypoxic conditions observed in differentiated fat cells. The redox-active antioxidant ascorbate was found capable of reversing hypoxia-induced ER stress. Lastly, we demonstrated that changes in ER redox condition is associated with ER stress response and is implicated in the mechanism of action of the insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone and desensitizing agent palmitate. Using the redox sensing property of eroGFP1-iL, palmitate was found to be an effective modulator of redox changes in the ER and troglitazone was found to cause oxidizing changes in the ER. The action of palmitate in causing aberrant ER redox conditions was associated with aberrant HMW adiponectin multimerization. Palmitate-induced ER stress was ameliorated by troglitazone. Taken together, the data suggest a potential role of ER redox changes in ER stress and impaired protein folding in adipocytes.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-08-09T22:31:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) daniel_almeida_freitas.pdf: 2420619 bytes, checksum: eef5412551343ea7660ddfdaac19b6e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-10-05T19:33:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) daniel_almeida_freitas.pdf: 2420619 bytes, checksum: eef5412551343ea7660ddfdaac19b6e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-05T19:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) daniel_almeida_freitas.pdf: 2420619 bytes, checksum: eef5412551343ea7660ddfdaac19b6e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / O treinamento f?sico de intensidade leve e moderada est?o associados a efeitos neurais ben?ficos, contudo o exerc?cio de alta intensidade cont?nuo a efeitos neurais mal?ficos, pouco ? conhecido sobre os efeitos do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade em ingl?s high intensity interval training (HIIT) em par?metros neuroqu?micos e de mem?ria. O presente estudo avaliou em ratos da linhagem Wistar os efeitos de 6 semanas de HIIT sobre o estado redox, concentra??o de mediadores inflamat?rios fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-?), interleucina 1-beta (IL-1?), interleucina 6 (IL-6) e interleucina 10 (IL-10) e do fator neurotr?fico derivado c?rebro, do ingl?s brain derived neurothrophic factor (BDNF) no hipocampo e c?rtex cerebral. Al?m disso, foi avaliado o desempenho nas tarefas de reconhecimento espacial de objeto (hipocampo-dependente) e tarefa de reconhecimento de novo objeto (c?rtex-dependente). O presente estudo aprovado pela Comiss?o de Experimenta??o Animal (CEUA-UFVJM) sob n?mero de protocolo (031/2015). Ap?s 6 semanas de HIIT, os animais apresentaram redu??o de 28,57% do conte?do de esp?cies reativas ao ?cido tiobarbit?rico (TBARS) e aumento de 75% da atividade da enzima super?xido dismutase (SOD) e de 50,83% da capacidade antioxidante total pelo m?todo de redu??o do ferro (FRAP - ?Ferric reducing ability of plasma).no hipocampo. Al?m disso, o HIIT reduziu a concentra??o de mediadores neuroimunes no hipocampo (TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6 e IL-10) respectivamente em (24,8%;13,9%; 33,93% e 16,33%), aumentou a concentra??o de BDNF em 60,21% e n?o interferiu no desempenho dos animais nas tarefas de reconhecimento espacial de objeto e reconhecimento de novo objeto. Nenhum dos par?metros investigados foram alterados no c?rtex cerebral. O presente estudo mostrou efeito positivo de 6 semanas de HIIT espec?fico por regi?o cerebral, sendo que tais modifica??es resultaram em efeitos neurais ben?ficos no hipocampo de animais submetidos a um treinamento for?ado. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / Although High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is associated with neuroprotection, there is no information available on the balance of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as redox status, expression of neurotrophins and their impacts on different neural substrates and cognitive function. The present study evaluated the effects of a 6 weeks HIIT protocol on redox homeostasis, concentration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1?), interleukin 6 (IL -6) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of Wistar rats.In addition, we evaluated the performance in the object spatial recognition tasks (hippocampus-dependent) and the new object recognition task (cortex-dependent). After 6 weeks of the HIIT protocol, the animals showed a reduction in the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and an increase in the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) and in the total antioxidant capacity evaluated by the iron reduction method (FRAP - Ferric reducing ability of plasma) in the hippocampus. In addition, HIIT reduced the concentration of neuroimmune mediators in the hippocampus (TNF-?, IL-1?, IL-6 and IL-10), increased BDNF concentration and did not interfere in the performance of animals in the object recognition task. None of the investigated parameters were altered in the cerebral cortex. The present study was the first to show positive effect of 6 weeks of HIIT on specific brain-region, and such modifications result in a neuroprotective effect in the hippocampus of animals submitted to the stress of forced training.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Michel D. Ransom / Factors governing potassium fixation and release are poorly understood. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of clay mineralogy and structural iron oxidation state on potassium fixation. Five reference clays and two soil clays were used to capture a range in mineralogical compositions and potassium behaviors. Reference clays used were illite (IMt-1), kaolinite (KGa-1b), montmorillonite (STx-1b), nontronite (NAu-2), and vermiculite (VTx-1). Soil clays used were from the upper 15 cm of a Belvue loam (BEL) and a Cherokee silt (CHE). Potassium fixation capacities were measured on unaltered as well as sodium dithionite reduced forms of each clay. Ferrous and total iron contents were determined photometrically using 1, 10-phenanthroline. Potassium fixation was measured by potassium saturating the clays and washing off exchangeable and solution potassium with solutions of magnesium chloride; samples were then acid digested and the amount fixed was calculated as the amount of potassium in the acid digestion minus the amount originally in the sample. BEL released potassium rather than fixed it while CHE tended to release potassium in the unaltered form and fix potassium in the reduced form. Structural iron reduction significantly impacted the amounts of potassium fixed by VTx-1 and NAu-2, which had the highest total iron contents of all the clays evaluated. NAu-2 and VTx-1 both on average fixed less than 1 mg K g clay[superscript]-1 in the unaltered form and an average of 6 and 11 mg K g clay[superscript]-1, respectively, in the reduced form. Regardless of being in the unaltered or reduced form, KGa-1b fixed essentially no potassium and IMt-1 and STx-1b fixed intermediate amounts of potassium—2 to 4 mg K g clay[superscript]-1 on average. The effects of clay mineralogy and structural iron oxidation state on potassium fixation can largely be explained through an understanding of layer type, layer charge, and charge distribution. In order for potassium fixation to occur, interlayer sites need to be accessible and available. Generally, the greater the negative layer charge the greater the amounts of fixation, with tetrahedral layer charge favoring fixation more than octahedral layer charge, and layer charge being a function of structural iron oxidation state.

O diabetes gestacional (DG) é uma condição definida como intolerância a carboidratos e hiperglicemia, com início no segundo trimestre da gravidez. Trabalhos desenvolvidos por nosso grupo mostraram que a progesterona (PG) é capaz de causar a morte de células pancreáticas, por um mecanismo dependente da geração de radicais livres, o que poderia contribuir para o desenvolvimento do DG. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito da PG, na presença ou não de antioxidantes, na expressão de genes relacionados ao estresse oxidativo e na defesa oxidante em células pancreáticas da linhagem RINm5F. As células foram incubadas com PG 0,1, 1,0 e 100 &#181M por 6 ou 24 h, na presença ou não dos antioxidantes vitamina E e C. Após a incubação, foram realizados ensaios de viabilidade celular e fragmentação do DNA. A PG, não causou perda da integridade da membrana das células RINm5F, porém, ela promoveu fragmentação do DNA em, aproximadamente, 40% das células RINm5F e MCF-7 (controle positivo), enquanto que os antioxidantes vitamina E e C reduziram tal fragmentação. A partir da extração do RNA e síntese de cDNA foi investigada a expressão de 84 genes envolvidos no estresse oxidativo e defesa antioxidante. Dos 84 genes, cinco deles tiveram sua expressão aumentada em no mínimo, duas vezes em, pelo menos, duas concentrações diferentes, independentemente do tempo de incubação, ou nas mesmas concentrações em tempos diferentes, como os que codificam para a proteína de choque térmico a1a (Hspa1a), glutationa peroxidase 6 (Gpx6), dual oxidase 1 (Duox1), heme oxigenase 1(Hmox1) e estearoil-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1). Esses genes, juntamente com a peroxirredoxina 4 (Prdx4), desempenham importante papel na fisiologia da célula pancreática e/ou DG. A expressão desses genes também foi estudada na pré-incubação das células RINm5F com as vitaminas E e C. Tais antioxidantes, de forma geral, foram capazes de aumentar a expressão de Hmox1 e Prdx4, genes com funções antioxidantes, e de diminuir de Scd1, um gene com função pró- oxidante. Ao nível citoplasmático, verificou-se que as quantidades das proteínas Hmox1 e Prdx4 também foram moduladas pela da PG e/ou vitamina E e C. Os resultados sugerem que esses antioxidantes apresentam importante papel na proteção da células RINm5F contra o dano oxidativo induzido pela PG. Desta forma, os resultados obtidos nesse projeto, em conjunto, devem colaborar para melhor compreensão da patogênese do DG, abrindo novas perspectivas não só para elucidação do mecanismo molecular envolvido na ação da PG sobre células pancreáticas e sua relação com o DG, mas para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento dessa doença baseadas na terapia com antioxidantes / Gestational diabetes (GD) is a condition defined as carbohydrate intolerance and hyperglycemia, beginning in the second trimester of pregnancy. Studies developed by our group have shown that progesterone (PG) is able to cause pancreatic cells death, by a mechanism dependent on the generation of free radicals, which could contribute to the development of GD. The aim of this work was to study the effect of PG, in the presence or absence of antioxidants, on the expression of genes related to oxidative stress and oxidant defense in pancreatic cells of the RINm5F lineage. Cells were incubated with 0.1, 1.0 and 100 µM PG for 6 or 24 h, in the presence or absence of vitamin E and C antioxidants. PG did not cause loss of membrane integrity of RINm5F cells, however, it promoted DNA fragmentation in approximately 40% of the RINm5F and MCF-7 cells (positive control), whereas vitamin E and C antioxidants reduced such fragmentation. From the RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis was investigated the expression of 84 genes involved in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. Among of 84 investigated genes, five of them had their expression increased, in the minimum 2-fold in, at least, two different concentrations independent of incubation time (6 or 24 h), or at the same concentrations at different times, such as those that encoding for heat shock protein a1a (Hspa1a), glutathione peroxidase 6 (Gpx6), dual oxidase 1 (Duox1), heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) and stearoyl-CoA denaturase 1 (Scd1). These genes, together with the peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4), play an important role in pancreatic cell physiology and/or DG. The gene expression was also studied in the preincubation of RINm5F cells with vitamin E and C. These antioxidants were generally able to increase the Hmox1 and Prdx4 expression, genes with antioxidant functions, and decrease the Scd1 expression, a gene with pro-oxidant function. At the cytoplasmic level, it was found that the amounts of Hmox1 and Prdx4 proteins were also modulated by PG and / or vitamin E and C. The results suggest that these antioxidants play an important role in the RINm5F protection cells against the oxidative damage induced by PG. Thus, the results obtained in this project, together, should contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of DG, opening new perspectives not only to elucidate the molecular mechanism involved in the action of PG on pancreatic cells and its relationship with DG, but for the development of strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disease based on antioxidant therapy

O efeito de alterações no estado de óxido-redução (redox), tanto pelo aumento no estado oxidativo quanto pelo aumento no estado redutor, foi avaliado sobre a funcionalidade de ilhotas pancreáticas, através da análise da secreção de insulina estimulada pela glicose (GSIS), metabolismo da glicose e oscilações intracelulares de cálcio. O aumento no estado oxidativo inibiu a funcionalidade da célula pancreática. Entretanto, diminuição no estado oxidativo pela adição de antioxidantes exerceu efeito dual sobre a funcionalidade da célula <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946 pancreática, na qual pequenas alterações no estado redox estimularam a GSIS, enquanto alterações maiores suprimiram este efeito positivo. Adicionalmente, o conteúdo das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) foi modulado por mudanças na concentração de glicose. Agudamente, o aumento na concentração de glicose suprimiu o conteúdo de EROs, que pôde ser correlacionada com o aumento na atividade da via de formação de NADPH, a via das pentoses-fosfato. Sob estes aspectos, alterações no estado redox podem ser parte do processo da GSIS. / The effect of changes in the oxidation/reduction (redox) state over pancreatic islet function was analyzed by shifts toward oxidative or reducing environments. Pancreatic cell function was analyzed by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), glucose metabolism and intracellular calcium oscillations. Redox modulation favoring the oxidative state inhibited pancreatic cell function. However, the suppression of the oxidative state by antioxidant treatment exerted a dual effect on pancreatic <font face=\"Symbol\">&#946 cell function, where small changes were positively correlated with an increase in insulin secretion, while higher changes suppressed GSIS. Additionally, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was modulated by changes in glucose concentration. Increasing concentrations of glucose acutely suppressed ROS content, what was correlated with the activation of the NADPH source, the pentose-phosphate pathway. Thus, the intracellular adjustment of ROS content may be part of the insulin secretion mechanism in response to glucose.

Στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη της σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης όπως εκφράζεται στις τέσσερις βασικές μορφές της στους μυκηλιακούς μύκητες S. rolfsii, R. solani, S. sclerotiorum και S. minor σε σχέση με τη θειολική οξειδοαναγωγική κατάσταση (ΘΟΚ), αλλά και με το οξειδωτικό στρες, στo πλαίσιο της θεωρίας της οξειδωτικώς επαγόμενης σκληρωτικής διαφοροποίησης (που προτάθηκε από το εργαστήριό μας το 1997). Ως μάρτυρες για τους υπό μελέτη μύκητες χρησιμοποιήθηκαν αντίστοιχα μη σκληρωτιογόνα στελέχη. Στη διαμόρφωση της ΘΟΚ συμμετέχουν πολλά μη πρωτεϊνικά, πρωτεϊνικά και μεικτά θειολικά και δισουλφιδικά συστατικά, ανάμεσα στα οποία η γλουταθειόνη θεωρείται ο κύριος συνδετικός κρίκος. Επειδή στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία δεν υπήρχε κατάλληλη μεθοδολογία για τον υπολογισμό όλων των παραγόντων της ΘΟΚ για την εκπλήρωση του στόχου της μελέτης, αναπτύχθηκε μια νέα μέθοδος εφαρμόσιμη εκτός από τους υπό μελέτη μύκητες σε όλους τους οργανισμούς. Παράλληλα, αναπτύχθηκε και μια νέα μέθοδος για την εξειδικευμένη ποσοτικοποίηση του μικρο-κατακερματισμένου DNA, καθώς στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία οι περισσότερες υπάρχουσες μέθοδοι ήταν ποιοτικές και όχι εξειδικευμένες ως προς το μέγεθος των θραυσμάτων DNA. Επιπρόσθετα, η εκτίμηση των οξειδωτικών βλαβών στο DNA έγινε και με τη μέτρηση ενός γενικού δείκτη αυτών των βλαβών (εγκοπές και σπασίματα) με υπάρχουσα μέθοδο ύστερα από σημαντική τροποποίησή της. Επιπλέον, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ποσοτικοποίηση της ειδικής ενεργότητας των βασικών ενζύμων που μετέχουν στη ρύθμιση της ΘΟΚ και της σχετιζόμενης με τη ΘΟΚ ενδογενούς βιταμίνης C, καθώς και η ποσοτικοποίηση της οξειδωτικής καταστροφής των μεμβρανικών λιπιδίων. Επιπλέον, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν συγκεκριμένοι εξωγενείς τροποποιητές της ΘΟΚ. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης επιβεβαίωσαν την αναγκαιότητα της ανάπτυξης των νέων μεθόδων για την ποσοτικοποίηση των παραμέτρων της ΘΟΚ και των οξειδωτικών βλαβών στο DNA ως προς την εξαγωγή πιο ασφαλών συμπερασμάτων για τη συσχέτιση της ΘΟΚ με το οξειδωτικό στρες. Συγκεκριμένα, δείχθηκε ότι οι τέσσερις μορφές σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης εξαρτώνται άμεσα από το οξειδωτικό στρες, και ότι η σχετιζόμενη με αυτό ΘΟΚ μεταβάλλεται με διαφορετικό τρόπο σε κάθε μορφή σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό βασίστηκε στη διαπίστωση (α) της ύπαρξης διαφορετικών για κάθε μορφή διαφοροποίησης ενδογενών θειολικών παραμέτρων της ΘΟΚ και αντιοξειδωτικών ενζύμων και (β) διαφορετικών προφίλ-διαβαθμίσεων των συγκεντρώσεων των παραμέτρων της ΘΟΚ και των δεικτών οξειδωτικού στρες. Επιπρόσθετα, ο άμεσος αντιοξειδωτικός ρόλος των ενδογενών μη πρωτεϊνικών θειολικών (με –SH ομάδα) παραμέτρων της ΘΟΚ στη σκληρωτιακή διαφοροποίηση επιβεβαιώθηκε και από τη μείωση της τελευταίας κατά την τεχνητή αύξηση αυτών των παραμέτρων ύστερα από τη χορήγηση τροποποιητών της ΘΟΚ, γεγονός που θα μπορούσε να αποδοθεί στην εξ αυτών αύξηση της ενδογενούς γλουταθειόνης και της κυστεΐνης. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό ενισχύεται και από την ανάλογη αντιοξειδωτική επίδραση των χορηγούμενων θειολών-τροποποιητών της ΘΟΚ Ν-ακετυλοκυστεΐνη (που ανιχνεύτηκε και ενδοκυτταρίως) και γλουταθειόνη και της μη πρωτεϊνικής θειολικής ουσίας-μάρτυρα διθειοθρεϊτόλη. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι παρόλο που τα επίπεδα της ενδογενούς γλουταθειόνης και του δισουλφιδίου της καθώς και η μεταξύ τους αναλογία συσχετίζονται συνήθως με το οξειδωτικό στρες στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, στην παρούσα μελέτη διαπιστώθηκε ότι δεν συμβαδίζουν με τους αποδεδειγμένους δείκτες του οξειδωτικού στρες υπεροξείδωση των λιπιδίων και οξειδωτικές βλάβες του DNA. Έτσι, ο ρόλος των ενδογενών θειολικών παραμέτρων της ΘΟΚ στη σκληρωτιακή διαφοροποίηση αποδεικνύεται περίπλοκος, ένεκα του ότι δεν δρουν μόνο ως άμεσοι αντιοξειδωτές αλλά και ως υποστρώματα των βασικών ενζύμων που εμπλέκονται στη ρύθμιση της ΘΟΚ. Τέλος, και στους τέσσερις τύπους σκληρωτίων ανιχνεύθηκαν υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις θειολικών παραμέτρων της ΘΟΚ και βιταμίνης C, καθώς και ενζύμων που μετέχουν στη ρύθμιση της ΘΟΚ, υποδηλώνοντας ότι ο πιθανός στόχος της συσσώρευσης όλων των παραπάνω παραμέτρων της ΘΟΚ στα σκληρώτια είναι η αξιοποίησή τους για αντιοξειδωτική προστασία των υφών του μυελού του πυρήνα τους κατά το χρονικό διάστημα της αναπτυξιακής τους στασιμότητας, μέχρι να βρεθούν σε κατάλληλες συνθήκες για βλάστηση. / The aim of this dissertation was the study of sclerotial differentiation, represented by four basic sclerotial types expressed by the filamentous fungi S. rolfsii, R. solani, S. sclerotiorum and S. minor in relation to thiol redox state (TRS) and oxidative stress under the theory of the oxidative induction of sclerotiogenesis (proposed by our lab in 1997). Non-sclerotium producing fungi were used as controls of the corresponding wild type strains. TRS is known to be comprised of many non-protein, protein and mixed thiol and disulfide components, with glutathione being the central component. Since there was not available any appropriate method for the determination of all TRS components, a new method was developed for the purpose of this study and its applicability was extended to any organism. Additionally, another new method was developed for the quantification of small-sized fragmented DNA, since the existing methods were qualitative and not discriminating DNA size. Complementarily, oxidative damage of DNA was also estimated by a general DNA damage (nicks and fragments) marker by a published method that was significantly modified. TRS was also evaluated by the measurement of the specific activity of certain enzymes that regulate it, by the quantification of the TRS-related antioxidant vitamin C, as well as by the determination of oxidative damage on membrane lipids. Certain exogenous TRS modulators were also used. The results of this study verified the need for the development of the new methods for the determination of TRS parameters and oxidative damage of DNA, since their use allowed a more accurate estimation of the relation of TRS with oxidative stress. Specifically, it was found that the four studied types of sclerotial differentiation are directly related with oxidative stress, and that TRS components are variously formed and dependent on the type of sclerotial differentiation. This conclusion was based on (a) the existence of different (for each type of sclerotial differentiation) endogenous TRS thiol parameters and TRS-related antioxidant enzymes and (b) the different profiles-concentration gradients of TRS parameters and oxidative markers. Moreover, the direct antioxidant role of the endogenous TRS non-protein thiol parameters in sclerotial differentiation was verified by the decrease of the latter during the endogenous increase of those parameters after administration of the specified TRS-modulating substances. This could be attributed to the resulting by those substances increase of the endogenous glutathione and cysteine. This result was also supported by the antioxidant effect of the administered TRS-modulating thiol substances N-acetylcysteine (which was traced also intracellularly) and glutathione, and of the non-protein control-thiol dithiothreitol. It is worth noting that in spite of the fact that endogenous glutathione, its disulfide, and their resulting ratio are usually considered as oxidative stress markers, it was found that in this study these markers are not in accordance with the specific markers of oxidative stress lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in the evaluation of the role of oxidative stress and TRS in sclerotial differentiation. Thus, the role of the thiol parameters of TRS in sclerotial differentiation is very complicated in light of the fact that they do not act only as direct antioxidants but also as substrates of the studied TRS-related enzymes. Finally, in all sclerotial types have been found high levels of intracellular thiol parameters of TRS and vitamin C as well as enzymes that participate to TRS regulation, implying that their possible role is to provide antioxidant protection of the hyphae of the sclerotial medulla until the environmental conditions become appropriate for their germination.

In advanced stages, cardiac disease causes millions of deaths each year. Superoxide anions (O₂^.-) and their derivative peroxynitrite (ONOO^-) contribute to cardiac disease pathogenesis, yet strategies to reduces these reactive oxygen species through antioxidants in large scale clinical trials have largely been unsuccessful. Better understanding of pathways regulating enzymatic sources of O₂^.- like NADPH oxidases, uncoupled nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) and mitochondrial oxidases are required to regulate myocardial oxidative stress in patients with advanced stages of cardiac disease. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gaseous signalling molecule generated by transsulfuration pathway enzymes cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST). H₂S regulates oxidative stress in animal models and shows promise for cardiovascular therapeutic strategy. This thesis investigates whether H₂S/CSE biology is related to human myocardial redox state in a cohort of individuals with advanced cardiac disease (Oxford Heart, Fat, Vessels Cohort; Ox-HVF). Individuals with varying levels of myocardial oxidative stress and function were extensively phenotyped for H₂S biology. Individuals with high myocardial oxidative stress from NADPH oxidases and NOSs were found to have high expression of myocardial CSE. To examine first the positive association with NADPH oxidase activity, CSE expression was examined after myocardial oxidative injury and CSE was found to be redox-sensitive. Furthermore, direct effects of two exogenous H₂S donors (NaHS and GYY4137) demonstrated a direct regulation of O₂^.- from NOSs in myocardium from individuals with advanced cardiac disease, further supporting H₂S's direct role in the regulation of NOS biology. Finally, identification of a SNP in CSE further demonstrated CSE's causal role in the regulation of O2.- generation from mitochondrial oxidases. Taken together, we demonstrate for the first time that H₂S and CSE biology are linked to human myocardial redox state and have a causal role in redox regulation in the human heart. These findings suggest H₂S/CSE biology are important endogenous regulators of myocardial redox state in humans and continued exploration of these pathways may develop novel therapeutic strategies against myocardial oxidative stress in cardiac disease.