Na Província Jesuítica do Paraguai, entre os anos de 1609 e 1768, os jesuítas fundaram as reduções de índios com o objetivo de civilizar e converter ao cristianismo os gentios. Nesse processo de redução houve a necessidade de deslocar as mulheres de suas atividades tradicionais. A partir das prescrições de gênero ocidentais foram conferidos às mulheres indígenas espaços restritos de atuação com a finalidade de diminuir o seu prestígio junto aos grupos ameríndios. Apesar da tentativa dos padres de impor uma rotina, circunscrevendo as mulheres ao espaço doméstico e/ou de confinamento, houve apropriações e resistências a este ordenamento sugerido. O trânsito intenso das mulheres, na construção criativa dos espaços de sociabilidade, faz delas agentes de mediação muito além do papel idealizado pelos jesuítas, restrito à maternidade e ao lar. Neste trabalho analiso o protagonismo feminino a partir dos relatos jesuíticos evidenciando um cotidiano mais matizado do que as narrativas inacianas supõem. / In the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, between the years 1609 and 1768, the Jesuits founded the reductions of Indians in order to civilize and convert the heathen to Christianity. This reduction process was necessary to move women from their traditional activities. From the Western genre prescriptions were granted to indigenous women restricted spaces of operation in order to reduce its prestige among the Amerindian groups. Despite the attempts of priests to impose a routine circumscribing women's domestic and / or confinement of space, resistance and appropriation was suggested this order. The heavy traffic of women in the creative construction of spaces of sociability makes them agents of mediation beyond the role envisioned by the Jesuits, confined to motherhood and home. In this paper I analyze the female protagonist from the Jesuit reports showing a more nuanced everyday narratives assume that the Ignatian.

Na Província Jesuítica do Paraguai, entre os anos de 1609 e 1768, os jesuítas fundaram as reduções de índios com o objetivo de civilizar e converter ao cristianismo os gentios. Nesse processo de redução houve a necessidade de deslocar as mulheres de suas atividades tradicionais. A partir das prescrições de gênero ocidentais foram conferidos às mulheres indígenas espaços restritos de atuação com a finalidade de diminuir o seu prestígio junto aos grupos ameríndios. Apesar da tentativa dos padres de impor uma rotina, circunscrevendo as mulheres ao espaço doméstico e/ou de confinamento, houve apropriações e resistências a este ordenamento sugerido. O trânsito intenso das mulheres, na construção criativa dos espaços de sociabilidade, faz delas agentes de mediação muito além do papel idealizado pelos jesuítas, restrito à maternidade e ao lar. Neste trabalho analiso o protagonismo feminino a partir dos relatos jesuíticos evidenciando um cotidiano mais matizado do que as narrativas inacianas supõem. / In the Jesuit Province of Paraguay, between the years 1609 and 1768, the Jesuits founded the reductions of Indians in order to civilize and convert the heathen to Christianity. This reduction process was necessary to move women from their traditional activities. From the Western genre prescriptions were granted to indigenous women restricted spaces of operation in order to reduce its prestige among the Amerindian groups. Despite the attempts of priests to impose a routine circumscribing women's domestic and / or confinement of space, resistance and appropriation was suggested this order. The heavy traffic of women in the creative construction of spaces of sociability makes them agents of mediation beyond the role envisioned by the Jesuits, confined to motherhood and home. In this paper I analyze the female protagonist from the Jesuit reports showing a more nuanced everyday narratives assume that the Ignatian.

In this work we apply the method of hydrodynamic reductions to study the integrability of the class of second order quasilinear equations.

Climate change is one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time, as it threatens the survival of human civilisation. With the increasing number of initiatives trying to address climate change, it is important to examine how effective they are and what other roles these initiatives can serve in transitioning society towards sustainability. This thesis investigates the role of one such initiative, carbon neutrality, within a strategic approach to sustainable development, based on the case study of the North American Credit Union (NACU). A scientific understanding of climate change and sustainability provide a strict evaluation of the carbon neutrality concept with its benefits and challenges, including the role of carbon offsets. Within this context, recommendations are provided for roles and actions that a financial organisation such as NACU can take in order to set high standards in this new and still evolving market of voluntary carbon offsets, while striving for full sustainability and leadership within the community.

This study estimates an energy sector model consisting of interfuel substitution model and an aggregate energy and non-energy input demand system that incorporates short-run and longrun structural adjustment parameters. The study finds that all fuels in the energy aggregate are Morishima substitutes and that there are significant sectoral variations in magnitude of the elasticities. This indicates that economic instruments should be considered for energy policy but such policies should take into account not only differences in technology used across sectors but also the systematic distribution of costs when the relative prices of fuels change. Estimates of long-run elasticities for aggregate input demands indicate that energy-capital input ratios adjust faster than labour-capital input ratios. This suggests that investment policy should take into consideration tradeoffs between environmental gains and employment implicit in the production structure of the Malawian economy as both capital and labour demands have dynamic interactions with energy in the long-run with potential significant cumulative impacts on the environment. Using results and gaps noted from the partial equilibrium analysis, the study also evaluated general equilibrium impacts of reducing fossil and biomass fuel use by production activities while investing in more hydroelectricity. The results show that carbon emissions and forest resource depletion due to energy use, respectively, can be reduced by imposing environmental taxes aimed at inducing a shift from biomass and fossil fuels to hydroelectricity. More significantly, there are at least three dividends from inducing a shift in the energy mix in that the economy can attain GDP at least equal to the value before imposition of environmental taxes in addition to reducing carbon emissions and deforestation. Further, redistributing the environmental tax revenues to reduce direct taxes on households leads to better income distribution. These findings have direct policy relevance to the contemporary challenges to sustainable development under the added burdens of climate change. Most importantly is what developing countries can do to strategically position themselves in global agreements on financing for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The general equilibrium estimate of direct environmental cost associated with the use of fossil and biomass fuels is close to the moderate estimate of social cost of deforestation in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP). This is significant because in the absence of estimates of damages of secondary impacts of both carbon emissions and deforestation, the optimal energy tax as inferred from the general equilibrium model corresponds to the annual growth rate in the economy’s energy intensity. In addition, since short-run to medium term environmental impacts are critical when data on secondary damages are unavailable, it would be prudent to target growth in intensities of use of fuels that contribute to the economy’s footprint on the environment. The study also proposes alternatives to carbon emission taxation that could complement the current legislation on land use by agricultural estates. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Small and medium toilet manufacturing businesses in Peru face significant problems such as low productivity because of a high rate of production losses. To address this issue, the present study proposes the application of a lean manufacturing technique, such as the Poka-Yoke model, which improves the production flow within the company by implementing a transportation cart with a safety system to help reduce material falls during the manufacturing process. The results showed a 24% increase in productivity and reduction in problems of damaged products that did not meet quality standards, thus preventing their subsequent reprocessing. / Revisión por pares

The purpose of this paper was to determine the immediate impact of reductions in public grazing on livestock production in the United States. This was accomplished by the use of linear programming techniques. Different grazing reduction simulations were utilized to determine the short and long run effects of across-the-board reductions in public grazing. The United States was divided into 13 regions. The 11 western states were considered as individual regions. Special emphasis was placed on the effects of grazing reduction on Utah. The availability and utilization of feed and livestock products during a "normal year", 1978, were considered in this study. Adjustments in the feed and livestock economies were noted through the simulated reduction in available public grazing lands. Recommendations and possible implications of such actions were also included.

In order to make a profit in any earthmoving operation it is important to plan the operation, select the appropriate equipment and use the haul units efficiently in order to obtain the maximum productivity. Maximizing productivity is one of construction project management personnel's primary objectives, but can also be one of their greatest challenges. The need for effective productivity planning is obvious since productivity ultimately translates into profit. In order to plan an earthmoving operation it is important to understand the travel times of the hauling equipment. Travel time is a variable that, in turn, depends upon other variables associated with the haul unit, and the haul road conditions. Presently there is no travel time model that appropriately considers these factors and simulates the interactions among them such that more detailed analysis could be performed. Such a model needs to be developed. The objective of this research is to develop a detailed model to simulate the travel time considering, in the amount of detail needed, the variables upon which travel time is dependent. The key in the development of the model is the calculation of acceleration. The simulation of how instantaneous acceleration varies may be a complex procedure because instantaneous acceleration is a function of numerous variables, many of which are in turn functions of the velocity and position, which are themselves integral functions of acceleration. The acceleration of a vehicle is dependent on the vehicle characteristics, road conditions, and operator. It is very difficult to consider changes in instantaneous acceleration by using analytical procedures. A numerical method should be used in order to analyze the complex system and determine the travel time or velocity profile of the vehicle. MATLAB software was used to analyze and solve the complex system numerically. A model that considers that the machine is working at full capacity was developed. It considers the variables that affect travel time in the amount of detail needed. The impact that the operator has in the machine performance can be highlighted after a comparison of the results obtained with actual field data, once the model is calibrated. / Master of Science

A Theory of Algorithms course is essential to any Computer Science curriculum at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also considered to be difficult material to teach or to learn. In particular the topics of Computational Complexity Theory, reductions, and the NP-Complete class of problems are considered difficult by students. Numerous algorithm visualizations (AVs) have been developed over the years to portray the dynamic nature of known algorithms commonly taught in undergraduate classes. However, to the best of our knowledge, the instructional material available for NP-Completeness is mostly static and textual, which does little to alleviate the complexity of the topic. Our aim is to improve the pedagogy of NP-Completeness by providing intuitive, interactive, and easy-to-understand visualizations for standard NP Complete problems, reductions, and proofs. In this thesis, we present a set of visualizations that we developed using the OpenDSA framework for certain NP-Complete problems. Our paradigm is a three step process. We first use an AV to illustrate a particular NP-Complete problem. Then we present an exercise to provide a first-hand experience with attempting to solve a problem instance. Finally, we present a visualization of a reduction as a part of the proof for NP-Completeness. Our work has been delivered as a collection of modules in OpenDSA, an interactive eTextbook system developed at Virginia Tech. The tutorial has been introduced as a teaching supplement in both a senior undergraduate and a graduate class. We present an analysis of the system use based on records of online interactions by students who used the tutorial. We also present results from a survey of the students. / Master of Science