Orientador: Rony Farto Pereira / Banca: Maria Lúcia da Cunha Victório de Oliveira / Banca: Renilson José Menegassi / Banca: Alessandra Del Ré / Banca: Marco Antônio Domingues Sant'Anna / Resumo: O trabalho procura investigar os mecanismos de referenciação usados em produções de alunos de Ensino Médio para deixar pistas para que seu leitor faça inferências durante a leitura para produzir sentidos ao que lê. A reconstrução por inferenciação permite estabelecer o elo entre as informações explícitas e as implícitas no co-texto, em um determinado contexto. A inferência é uma estratégia muito importante para que se tome um texto como coeso e coerente, em termos de progressão referencial, colaborando de maneira decisiva para a produção de sentidos.A partir dos pressupostos da Lingüística textual e das teorias sobre leitura, apresenta a relação autor-texto-leitor no processo de produção e recepção do texto. Analisaram-se quantitativa e qualitativamente produções de textos de alunos de Ensino Médio nas quais se verificou o uso de seqüências pronominais, de repetições lexicais, das expressões nominais definidas, anáforas indiretas no texto ou referentes ao contexto, as quais permitem ao leitor fazer inferências e aturar como co-autor na produção dos sentidos. / Abstract: The work investigates the mechanisms of reference used in High School student’s productions in order to leave hints so that the reader com make inferences during the reading to produce meanings of what is being read. The reconstructions through inference permits to stablish the link among the explicit and implicit pieces of information in the co-text, in a determined context. The inference is a very important strategy to make a text cohesive and coherent, in terms of reference progression, contributing in a essencial way in the meaning production. From the textual linguistic and the theories about reading. The work presents the relationship author-text-reader in the process of text production and reception. It was analysed High School student’s productions in quality and amount in which it was verified the use of pronominal sequences, of lexical repetitions, of defined nominal expressions, indirect anaphora in the text or referred to the context, wich allow the reader to make inferences and act as co-author in the production of meanings. / Doutor

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Nesta pesquisa, elaboramos uma revisÃo crÃtica das caracterÃsticas de linguagem que tÃm sido apontadas, nas Ãreas de LingÃÃstica de Texto e da PsicanÃlise, para a conceituaÃÃo da fala do esquizofrÃnico. A revisÃo crÃtica feita da base teÃrica foi tambÃm realizada a partir de nossa experiÃncia clÃnica com os pacientes diagnosticados como esquizofrÃnicos, que atendemos em um hospital psiquiÃtrico, com o propÃsito de conseguir caracterizar e entender as especificidades da linguagem dos psicÃticos. Os estudos realizados seguiram duas orientaÃÃes. Por um lado, tentaram comprovar que o discurso do psicÃtico era incoerente. Para tanto se valeram do formalismo lingÃÃstico, principalmente dos conceitos de competÃncia e desempenho em Chomsky e da pragmÃtica com as mÃximas conversacionais de Grice. Por outro lado, tentaram comprovar que o âdiscurso do psicÃticoâ era coerente, a partir das consideraÃÃes sobre manutenÃÃo do tÃpico e sobre digressÃo postuladas pela SociolingÃÃstica Interacional e seu modelo de interaÃÃo face-a-face. Este trabalho traz uma contribuiÃÃo quase que essencialmente teÃrica, mas apresenta tambÃm alguma confirmaÃÃo empÃrica pautada pelo acompanhamento que fizemos a psicÃticos e pela anÃlise dos processos referenciais construÃdos na fala de cada um. Defendemos a tese de que mais importante do que avaliar a tessitura do texto do louco à proporcionar uma escuta pautada pela Ãtica de um desejo, nÃo importa se advindo de um psicÃtico ou neurÃtico / In this research we elaborate a critical review of language characteristics that has been pointed highlighted out in the areas of Text Linguistics and Psychoanalysis concerning the conceptuation of the schizophrenics speech. The critical review of the theoretical framework was also based on our own clinical experience with patients diagnosed as, which we assist in a psychiatric hospital, with the intent to characterize and understand the particularities of the psychotics language. The studies we carried out followed two lines. On one hand, they tried to reinforce the hypothesis that the psychotic discourse was incoherent. In order to do so that werelied on lingÃistic formalism, especially the concepts of competence and performance found in Chomsky, and pragmatics, with Griceâs conversational principles. On the other hand, they tried to prove that the psychotic discourse was coherent, taking into consideration the maintenance of topic and the digression postulated by the Interational SociolingÃistic approach and its model of face to face interaction. This work brings almost essentially a theoretical contribution, but also presents some empirical confirmation given by the observation of the psychotics we kept up with and by the analysis of the referential processes constructed in the speech of each patient. We defend the thesis that, rather than evaluating the organization of the text of the psychotic, it is more important to provide a listening approach guided by the ethics of a desire, no matter if it concerns a psychotic or a neurotic person

Language production is characterized by an unlimited expressive capacity and creative flexibility that allows speakers to rapidly generate novel and complex utterances. In turn, listeners interpret language "on-line", incrementally integrating diverse representations to create meaning in real-time. A challenge for theories of language has been to understand how speakers generate, integrate, and maintain representations in service of language use and processing and how this is accomplished in the brain. Much of this work has focused prefrontal cortex mechanisms such as "working memory". The goal of this dissertation is to understand the role of the hippocampal declarative memory system (HDMS) in language use and processing, specifically in referential processing and narrative construction. To test the role of the hippocampus in referential processing, healthy comparisons, brain damaged comparisons (BDC), individuals with bilateral hippocampal damage participated in an eyetracking experiment in which individuals viewed scenes and listened to short stories. The amount of time participants spent looking at the characters after a pronoun reference was recorded. Healthy comparisons and BDC participants preferentially targeted the first mentioned character while participants with hippocampal damage did not, suggesting that the hippocampus plays a role in maintaining and integrating information, even in short discourse history. In a second experiment, participants with bilateral hippocampal damage and healthy comparisons told narratives multiple times over the course of a month. The narratives were analyzed for the number of words, the number of episodic details, the number of semantic details, the number of editorials and the consistency of details over the multiple tellings. The patients with hippocampal damage told stories that were significantly shorter, more semanticized and less consistent from telling to telling than healthy comparisons. The final goal of this study was to understand the effects of unilateral hippocampal damage on language processing. Individuals with unilateral hippocampal damage participated in all of the previous experiments. It was predicted that individuals with left hippocampal damage would perform worse than individuals with right hippocampal damage, and their performance was significantly impaired across measures. This suggests that the left hippocampus may be particularly important for processing linguistic material outside of even verbal memory.

A Bell in the Storm - Persistent unexplained pain and the language of the uncanny in the creative neurophenomenal reference is a doctoral work comprised of three parts. Part 1 is an exegesis Persistent unexplained pain and the language of the uncanny in the creative neurophenomenal reference; Part 2 is The Plays, A Bell in the Storm (produced by deckchair theatre in May, 2005) and the radio play To Fall Without Landing (produced by the Australian Broadcasting Commission for Radio National in October 2005); and, Part 3 the book of monochord poems, Secrets of the Driftwood.

Artemisia Gentileschi’s Susanna and the Elder’s trilogy consisting of her 1610, 1622 and 1649 paintings is a self referential series based on the artist’s own feelings of betrayal by the men in her life. These works are comprised of her first canvas showing youthful fear, and a very importantly timed work in mid-career symbolizing commercial success. In these, she relates the Apocryphal tale of Susanna and the Elders to events that are happening to Gentileschi at each stage of her life and career, aging the figures of Susanna and the Elders along with the appropriate time in her own life. In the final canvas of the trilogy, Gentileschi brings the work to full circle, using the story to make peace with her past by visualizing a reconciliation with her father Orazio, from whom she had been estranged from her most of her career, both as parent and as artistic mentor.

The present study investigated the reliability and robustness of a new mnemonic strategy - self-imagination - in a group of memory-impaired individuals with neurological damage. Despite severe memory deficits, almost all of the participants demonstrated a self-imagination effect (SIE) for recognition memory in study 1. Moreover, the ability to benefit from self-imagination was not affected by the severity of the memory deficit. In study 3, more than half of the participants showed a SIE on a task of event-based prospective memory. The data from study 2 suggest the SIE is not attributable to semantic processing or emotional processing and indicate that self-imagination is distinct from other mnemonic strategies. Overall the findings from the present study implicate self-imagination as a new and effective mnemonic strategy. The data also indicate that when it comes to memory there is something special about processing information in relation to the self.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of influencing behaviours concerning individualized viewing in relation to VoD-services (Video on Demand), and how this reflects the perceived viewing behaviour in terms of habits, content and social actions. Theory: The theory that primarily underpins this study is Jacob Bjur’s thesis Transforming Audiences. Bjur’s thesis provides an analytical model of individualized viewing behaviour that has been used in this study case. The model is founded on three central tenet areas of individualization, Habitualness that ensures habits, Socialness that refers to the social space and Referential space that ensures content/selection and viewership as a referential act. Method/Material: The study is based on a qualitative research method underpinned by focus groups interviews. Results: The research demonstrates strong tendencies towards an individualised viewing behaviour in the use of VoD-services. The study participants in the study feel that the habits they practice have become more individualised because of the constant availability and the wide range of selection that VoD enables. Users of VoD tend to divide their time watching, and select content differently than their family and friends. Since the individuals who participated in the case study feel that they follow their own habits, which often are irregular and have their own content preferences, they watch their own selected content alone.

Modes of address between speakers in Sweden and the U.K differ from each other, yet both countries are influenced by similar mass media and aspects of globalization that otherwise generally lean towards linguistic convergence. Survey data from students and teachers in UK and Sweden has revealed some noteworthy differences. Even though these are two Western European countries with rather similar cultures and conventions, their address systems have developed in relatively diverse ways. Therefore, this study aims to highlight the sociolinguistic aspects in the chosen languages, and how they play a role in the usage of address modes and referential terms in the two countries, primarily in schools, but other contexts are also considered. The purpose of the study is to establish how conventions regarding modes of address and referential terms vary between the two countries studied, and whether claims made following previous research satisfactorily account for such differences that might exists. Following a review of existing studies, primary qualitative research was conducted which involved interviewing students and teachers in Sweden, and this revealed which expectations and preferences are similar, and which differ, between the countries.  This study concluded that less formal modes of addressing in schools and other institutions are favoured in Sweden, whereas the UK generally adopts stricter forms of address, with hierarchial differences evident within the same institutions. This reveals one aspect of how discourse norms and sociocultural climates in the UK differ from those in Sweden. Swedish discourse norms appear to have been more influenced by globalization and mass media than the UK, and national culture and values appear to have a greater influence on the discourse norms in the UK.

El seguimiento referencial es abordado desde un enfoque funcional-cognitivo y desde una perspectiva tipológica dando cuenta de los mecanismos que esta lengua usa para codificar la referencia y mantener la cohesión a lo largo del texto. Este es un estudio sobre el discurso náhuatl. El análisis está basado en la Estructura de la Información (EI) y la Coherencia Discursiva que se ha documentado por medio del fenómeno lingüístico conocido como seguimiento de la referencia. / The reference tracking is introduced from approach cognitive-functionalist and from a typological view to shed light on the mechanisms that this language uses to codify the reference and keep cohesion along the text. This study is about Nahuatl discourse. The analysis is based on Information Structure (IS) and Discursive Coherence. It is explored through the linguistic phenomenon named reference tracking.

This thesis compiles a working corpus of Anglo-Saxon self-referential inscribed artifacts to examine how the inscriptions and supports utilize self-reference to push the viewer to understand the social and cultural significance of such objects. The inscriptions fall into two broad categories: personal inscriptions reinforce the prestige of the makers, owners, and commissioners associated with them, while impersonal inscriptions authorize philosophical and social discourse through the adoption of literary and oral types (i.e. genres). In addition to an analysis of specific artifacts—ranging from diminutive rings to monumental stone crosses—I provide a quantitative analysis that illustrates the different uses of languages, scripts, and object types. As opposed to literary texts, self-referential inscribed objects create internally complete hermeneutic units that connect the text’s discursive meaning with the function and significance of the thing itself. The inscriptions and their supports structure knowledge about Anglo-Saxon social relationships, liturgical practices, and cultural wisdom.