in English - The Status of Child Soldiers in International Refugee Law The main aim of this thesis is to investigate to what extent the international refugee law protects children who flee from armed forces recruitment. The chosen problem was solved using the question whether it is possible to grant a refugee status according to the 1951 Refugee Convention, or a status complementing the refugee status according to regional regulatory instruments, to a child who flees from armed forces recruitment. The conception of the refugee status was divided into constituent elements and it was considered whether children who flee from recruitment into armed forces and former child soldiers comply with attributes of these elements. The first examined element is the inclusion clause. In this part, the thesis examined the following questions: Is recruitment of children into armed forces and their use in hostilities a form of persecution? Can such children be considered a particular social group? Can rejection of participation in armed forces by such children be considered holding a political opinion? Is there a causal link between persecution and membership to a particular social group or between persecution and holding a political opinion in the context of children who flee from recruitment into armed forces?...

Trafficking in persons for sexual purposes is a modern form of slavery which causes serious violation of fundamental human rights. Despite that, trafficking victims are often left without international protection. Furthermore, the majority of the victims of trafficking for sexual purposes are women. In this thesis the author examines the international refugee law from a feminist perspective to determine why some actions are capable of international attention and protection while others are not. The international regulation for combating trafficking, so called anti-trafficking measures, are rather comprehensive. However, these measures focus on eliminating trafficking through prevention and prosecution and do not give much, if any, protection to the victims of trafficking. Instead protection can be found in the refugee convention and the complementary protection under non-refoulement. The refugee law has been criticised for its gender bias and male norm which affect women’s possibility to be granted international protection. As a result of this, persecution or other serious harm that mostly affects women, such as trafficking for sexual purposes, are seen as gender-specific and not as a part of the core definition of a refugee. Trafficking victims from the EU who seek protection in another country in the union faces the most obstacles, since citizens from the EU are not recognised to be in need of international protection because of the presumption that countries in the EU are democratic and safe. This presumption is questionable since the majority of the trafficking victims in the Union are from a country in the EU. The feminist analysis on the refugee law aim to examine to what extent women’s need for international protection in relation to trafficking is fulfilled.

This thesis examines the extent to which Italy can instrumentalize international law to eschew protection responsibilities for migrants in distress at sea. In doing so, this study delimits itself by focusing on three legal cases: Aquarius, Hirsi Jamaa, and GLAN. These cases are analyzed against relevant international legal doctrine by means of Martti Koskenniemi’s deconstructive method, in order to explicate the political maneuvering embedded in the international legal framework. By adopting B.S. Chimni’s theory on the non-entrée regime, this thesis finds that Italy exploits the legal ambiguity in international law, in order to distance themselves from rescue and protection obligations. Conclusively, instead of creating a legal framework that is responsive to the protection needs of boat migrants, international law simultaneously enables Italy to barter off responsibility for refugees in distress at sea. Thus, this thesis contributes with a critical perspective to international law related to migrants in distress at sea.

Šiame baigiamajame darbe įrodinėjama, kad tarptautinių organizacijų teikiama apsauga neatitinka Kvalifikavimo direktyvos 7 str.2 d. nurodytų reikalavimų. Bendrojoje baigiamojo darbo dalyje aptariami bendrieji tarptautinių organizacijų požymiai. Specialiojoje nagrinėjama tarptautinių organizacijų, kaip apsaugos teikimo subjekto, specifika išskiriant probleminius aspektus. Pirmojoje baigiamojo darbo dalyje aptariama tarptautinių organizacijų samprata, subjektiškumas ir jo teorijos. Taip pat atkreipiamas dėmesys į tarptautinių organizacijų ir valstybių tarptautinio teisinio subjektiškumo skirtumus lyginant valstybių bei tarptautinių organizacijų gebėjimą atlikti tam tikrus teisinius veiksmus. Antrojoje baigiamojo darbo dalyje analizuojama apsaugos teikimo subjekto samprata 1951 m. konvencijoje bei Kvalifikavimo direktyvoje, išskiriant esminius šių teisės aktų skirtumus apibūdinant apsaugos teikimo subjektą. Trečiojoje baigiamojo darbo dalyje aptariami efektyvios apsaugos kriterijai bei analizuojama, ar tarptautinės organizacijos pagal savo pobūdį gali teikti efektyvią apsaugą šalies gyventojams. Ketvirtojoje baigiamojo darbo dalyje nagrinėjama kai kurių tarptautinių organizacijų veikla tam tikrose kilmės valstybėse, ir analizuojama, ar jų atliekami veiksmai yra pakankami tam, kad asmenims būtų garantuojama Kvalifikavimo direktyvos 7 str.2 d. minima apsauga. Baigiamojoje darbo dalyje autorė pateikia išvadas, kuriose apibendrinami baigiamojo darbo tyrimo rezultatai. Nurodoma... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this final work it is argued that international organizations do not provide protection that is qualified as it is required in Qualification directive article 7 second part. In the common part of this work it is discussed about common features of international organizations. In the special part there is discussed about international organizations such as the security supplying subject specifics marking out problematic aspects. In the first part of this work there is discussed about international organization conception, personality and theories. Also attention is directed to international organizations and nations of the international legal personality differences comparing nation and international organizations abilities to perform legal actions. In the second part of this work there is discussed about security supplying subjects conception that is formed in year 1951 Convention and Qualification directive, highlighting most important legal acts defying security producing subject differences. In the third part of this work there is discussed about effective security criteria and analyzing how international organizations can offer effective security for citizens by its nature. In the fourth part of this work there is discussed about some international organizations activities in some kind of countries and analyzing if their actions are sufficiently efficient for guaranteed security mentioned in article 7 second part of Qualification directive. In the end author... [to full text]

Magister Legum - LLM

This thesis deals with the protection of children in international refugee law. The status of a person seeking international protection under international law is primarily regulated by the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. However, this Convention does not expressly address the specific situation of the child asylum seeker. By adopting a binding Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the broad catalogue of basic civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children has been confirmed. It includes the right of a child seeking international protection to obtain the necessary protection and humanitarian assistance when the child wants to exercise its rights under the CRC or other conventions of international law of human rights. CRC includes, inter alia, four fundamental principles, the elimination of discrimination, the right to life, survival and development, respect for the child's position and the principle of the best interests of the child. The goal of this thesis is to determine whether and how the position of the child seeking international protection under the international refugee law has been influenced by the CRC and by the principle of the best interests of the child. The thesis is divided into four chapters, the first two chapters deal with the historical...

The major thrust of refugee protection worldwide is directed towards providing assistance to refugees in emergency situations. In South Africa, a large number of refugees have moved beyond this initial emergency phase such that the extended nature of their refugee status has left them in a state of continuous vulnerability. Their prolonged exile has led to violations of various rights recognised by international law and South Africa’s own constitutional and refugee law. Faced with restricted access to rights, refugees in South Africa live in poverty, are frustrated, and do not realise their full potential, to say nothing about the overt and brutal attacks they constantly face as victims of xenophobia. Their continued status as refugees deprives them of opportunities and subjects them to constant fear of harassment and exploitation. Even though neither the UNHCR nor the South African government has classified refugees living in South Africa as being in a protracted situation, many refugees have been in South Africa for five years or longer, with no durable solution in sight. This thesis highlights the plight of refugees in protracted refugee situation in South Africa and recommends suitable solutions to the problems this situation raises.

Refugee camps, mostly located in the Global South, host millions of human beings and mirror the overburden and incapacity of humanitarian response. If these places were once supposedly created to aggregate asylum-seekers temporarily, now they have become the norm for prolonged stays where future generations grow.This thesis explores the viability of the UNHCR’s durable solutions for Rohingya Refugees- local integration, resettlement, and repatriation. Moreover, it questions the role of non-state actors when it comes to decision-making in refugee governance. The analysis is conducted through a critical interpretive synthesis. The selected literature was scrutinized and linked to theoretical concepts such as human security, securitization of migration, legal pluralism, and complex interdependence.In summary, the literature analyzed shares a unanimity that, although conditions in the camps are unsustainable for permanent stays, efforts to build better futures for refugees are not being explored enough. This is mainly due to a reluctance of States to accept refugees on behalf of their integrity and security, in the sense that refugees are perceived as threats to their sovereignty. In this sense, potential efforts by non-state actors to provide a sustainable future for refugees fall behind: in a scenario where national security prevails, keeping refugees in the camp seems to be the safest choice.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2018-01-15T12:31:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tainan Henrique Siqueira.pdf: 1213456 bytes, checksum: 6d320ab740e020411f45ed21152941c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-15T12:31:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tainan Henrique Siqueira.pdf: 1213456 bytes, checksum: 6d320ab740e020411f45ed21152941c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / The refugee is an individual who has been forced to leave his country of origin and has come to an asylum state due to persecution motivated by race, religion, nationality, political opinion and belonging to a specific social group. In Brazil, the concept of refugee, besides the persecution factor, is also applied to every individual who left a State of origin because of "grave and widespread human rights violations." The Country of Origin Information (COI) is a tool used by decision-makers during the applicant's Refugee Status Determination (RSD) procedure of refugee. Among decision makers using the COI in Brazil, the government, through the National Committee for Refugees (CONARE), is the main actor. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation is to analyze how CONARE understands and uses the COI in its RSD procedure, based on the main international guidelines adopted by the most respected actors within this theme. The general evidence found shows that the practices adopted by CONARE do not follow some international recommendations - such as: the independence of the institutions of eligibility for refugee status and COI research; updating and using COI reports from trusted sources; cooperation within the COI; and training of COI eligibility actors and researchers - due to structural difficulties. The conclusion suggests that institutional cooperation within the COI can be an alternative of improving COI use according to international recommendations. / O refugiado é todo indivíduo que, de forma forçada, saiu do seu Estado de origem e foi para um Estado de asilo em função da perseguição motivada por: raça, religião, nacionalidade, opinião política e pertencimento a um grupo social específico. No Brasil, o conceito de refugiado, além do fator perseguição, é aplicado também a todo indivíduo que saiu de um Estado de origem em razão de ¿graves e generalizadas violações de direitos humanos¿. O Country of Origin Information (COI), em português, conhecido como ¿Informação sobre o Estado de Origem¿, é uma ferramenta utilizada pelos tomadores de decisão, durante o procedimento de Determinação do Status de Refugiado (RSD, na sigla em inglês) do solicitante de refúgio. Entre os tomadores de decisão que utilizam a COI, no Brasil, o governo, através do Comitê Nacional para os Refugiados (CONARE), é o principal ator. Por isso, o objetivo dessa dissertação é analisar como o CONARE entende e utiliza a COI em seu procedimento de RSD, tendo como base as principais diretrizes internacionais adotadas pelos atores mais respeitados dentro dessa temática. As evidências gerais encontradas demonstram que as práticas adotadas pelo CONARE não seguem algumas recomendações internacionais - como: a independência dos órgãos de elegibilidade do status de refúgio e de pesquisa em COI; atualização e utilização de relatórios COI de fontes confiáveis; cooperação institucional no âmbito da COI; e capacitação dos atores de elegibilidade e pesquisadores COI - devido a dificuldades estruturais. A conclusão sugere que a cooperação institucional no âmbito da COI pode ser uma saída para o aperfeiçoamento do uso da COI, de acordo com as recomendações internacionais.

En caso de desplazamiento masivo, resulta imposible determinar inmediatamente de manera individual los temores de persecución de las personas que integran el grupo. Precisamente, ante la realidad desconsoladora de la promoción de una protección internacional exclusivamente aplicable a un tipo de refugiados casi inexistente, la cada vez menos frecuente determinación en grupo y prima facie de refugiados, la proliferación de estatutos subsidiarios, el aumento del desplazamiento interno y las restricciones que imponen los Estados por motivo de seguridad nacional u orden público, se consideró que un estudio sobre la protección de los flujos masivos podría facilitar la obtención de una visión general del estado actual de la protección temporal y de las obligaciones que se han desarrollado para hacer frente a tales contingencias. A partir del planteamiento inicial de los retos y obstáculos legales que este fenómeno ha planteado para los Estados receptores y para la evolución del Derecho internacional de los refugiados y de la inexistencia de un régimen jurídico internacional universal que regule la protección de los flujos masivos, se ha elaborado una construcción doctrinal y práctica sobre la protección de esta situación en el Derecho internacional, sistematizando los distintos elementos que se han ido incorporando a esta protección colectiva.Se ha analizado la protección de los flujos masivos con el ánimo de dotar de rasgos positivos a un concepto que ha sido considerado como un avance negativo en el ámbito de la protección internacional. Y es que la protección temporal no tiene por qué reducir estándares de protección ni tampoco sustituir a la protección internacional clásica, que es la de los refugiados. / In cases of mass displacement, it is not possible to determine immediately the individual fears of persecution of those persons belonging to the larger group. It is precisely in view of the promotion of an international legal framework of protection exclusively applicable to an almost inexistent category of refugees; of the progressively less frequent group determination and prima facie determination for refugees; of the proliferation of subsidiary statutes; and of the increase in internal displacement and the restrictions imposed by States due to national security and public order, that it was considered important to undertake a study about the protection of large groups who are displaced to provide a comprehensive view of the current approach to temporary protection and of States' obligations vis a vis this reality. Taking into account the challenges and legal obstacles that mass influx situations have caused to recipient countries, to the evolution of International Refugee Law, and to the non-existence of an international universal judicial regimen that regulates the protection of mass refugee groups, this thesis has developed a doctrinal and practical construction about this form of protection in International Law, systematizing all the different elements that have been included in this collective kind of protection.Mass influx protection has been analysed with the intention of highlighting positive aspects of a concept that has been considered a negative advance in the international protection framework. Temporary Protection need not reduce protection standards nor substitute the classic international protection given to refugees.